scholarly journals THE CREATIVE WORK BY BIRUTĖ PALUKAITYTĖ-KASPERAVIČIENĖ, ONE OF THE FIRST LITHUANIAN URBAN PLANNERS / BIRUTĖS PALUKAITYTĖS-KASPERAVIČIENĖS, VIENOS PIRMŲJŲ LIETUVOS URBANISČIŲ, KŪRYBINĖS VEIKLOS PALIKIMAS

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 323-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Violeta Lakštauskienė

The article presents Birutė Palukaitytė-Kasperavičienė, one of the first urban planners in Lithuania. The article discloses the implemented projects by the urban planner, which received the letters of honor and different awards by the Soviet government. The peculiarities of urban structures created by this author are examined. The works by the urban planner are disclosed in the context of architecture and urban planning trends that prevailed in the Soviet period. A question is raised whether today, when discussions on the Soviet heritage conservation take place, we can identify the author’s work as a valuable feature of urban structure? Pristatoma Birutė Kasperavičienė – viena pirmųjų Lietuvos urbanisčių. Straipsnyje pateikiami įgyvendinti urbanistės projektai, tarybų valdžios įvertinti garbės raštais ir premijomis. Nagrinėjami autorės kurtų urbanistinių struktūrų savitumai. Atskleidžiama urbanistės kūryba tarybiniu laikotarpiu vyravusių architektūros ir miestų planavimo tendencijų kontekste. Keliamas klausimas, ar šiandien, vykstant sovietinio palikimo išsaugojimo diskusijoms, galime identifikuoti autorės kūrybą kaip miesto urbanistinės struktūros vertingąją savybę?

2010 ◽  
Vol 34 (4) ◽  
pp. 181-194
Author(s):  
Algis Vyšniūnas

On 27 January 1969 the list of urban heritage in Lithuania was officially declared, and therefore 62 cities and towns, with the exception of S˘iauliai, were given the status of local Lithuanian urban values. In 1980 the revised list of Lithuanian urban heritage again disregarded S˘iauliai. But the analysis of the current situation, estimating demands of urban development, has demonstrated the existence of a very clear historic urban structure in Šiauliai, which can be regarded as a valuable urban heritage territory. A lot of scientific research projects, urban planning documents, architectural and urban competitions strengthened an urban heritage argument with facts. The ways of legitimating an urban heritage status are obvious. The potential of urban development in the central part of S˘iauliai is enormous, but a balance between urban de- veploment and urban heritage conservation and preservation is also very important. The paper applies scientific statistical data and information received from the urban concept of Šiauliai and the analysis of the current urban structure. The information of the paper can be applied for creating a recommendable indicator system and urban development principles during the detailed planning process in Šiauliai. Santrauka 1969 m. sausio 27 d. LSSR kultūros ministro ir LSSR Ministrų tarybos valstybinio statybos reikalų komiteto pirmininko įsakymu Nr. 37/16 paskelbtas Lietuvos urbanistinių paminklų sąrašas. Taigi 62 miestai ir miesteliai buvo paskelbti vietos reikšmės urbanistikos paminklais, bet paminklų sąraše nėra Šiaulių miesto. Nėra ir 1980 m. patikslintame Lietuvos urbanistinių paminklų sąraše. Iš atliktos esamos padėties analizės, įvertinus urbanistinės plėtros poreikį ir potencialą, paaiškėjo, kad Šiaulių mieste yra labai aiški istoriškai susiklosčiusi urbanistinė struktūra, kuri, tinkamai respektuota, gali būti traktuojama kaip urbanistinio paveldo teritorija. Taip pat atlikta mokslinių darbų, galimybių studijų, teritorijų planavimo dokumentų, konkursinių projektų ir pan. analizė ne tik tą patvirtino, bet ir parodė būdus, kaip tą padaryti. Šiaulių miesto centrinės dalies urbanistinės plėtros potencialas didelis, bet labai svarbus plėtros ir apsaugos balansas. Straipsnio pobūdis – taikomasis, nes sukurtas rekomendacijų blokas, kuris leidžia parengti rekomendacinių užstatymo principų ir rodiklių kompleksą, kuriuo remiantis galima būtų rengti Šiaulių miesto centrinės dalies detaliojo plano reglamentus.


Author(s):  
Pavliv A ◽  
◽  
Shuldan L ◽  

The issue of impulse development of cities caused by different infrastructural factors is considered. It has been determined that rapid development of urban planning structure which occurred over a short period of time can be viewed as an effective urban planning impulse, with the exception of the following conditions, when they: a) did not lead to sustainable results, b) did not solve the basic problems of life support; c) originated from the modernist legacy of total urban planning, which considered the possibility of creating a large urban structure from scratch, based on a one-time master plan). According to the history of their development, urban structures fall into two major categories: evolutionary and impulse-based. Evolutionary category includes the cities which have developed gradually, without any significant spurts from the original core, through the long-term accumulation of complications. While the cities, which fall into the impulse-based category are characterized by a stage of sharp acceleration of development or a kind of a growth spurt, followed by either stabilization or a relative slowdown. Given the task set in this study, this category of the cities was selected as the object of further consideration. Based on the analysis of the source base, four basic factors of historical urban planning have been outlined, which can be considered as impulse factors in the form of clearly expressed changes - infrastructural, demographic, economic, myth-making. Taking Tenochtitlan, Stockholm and Alexandria as the example, the content and functional structure of infrastructural impulse changes have been outlined. By these we mean rethinking of life support systems, which leads to sharp population growth and employment diversification. To become a ‘growth spurt’ factor, such changes must contain a number of special qualities: convenience, accessibility and uniqueness. Convenience is the difference in the use of infrastructural benefits between the locality in which the impulse change takes place and other similar cities. Accessibility means the ability to use (access) the infrastructural benefits by as many residents as possible. While uniqueness stands for a feature or set of infrastructure features that are notably absent in the cities of the competing area.


Author(s):  
Paweł Piotr Szumigała ◽  
Karolina Olenia Szumigała

This paper attempts to present historical architectural and urban structures realized in the style of academic modernism on the example of the reconstruction of Le Havre. The reconstruction of Le Havre is a full-scale depiction of an urban structure in a unified modernist style, combining academic classicism and modernity. After years of experience in urban planning, the image of the reconstruction of Le Havre after the destruction of war is, in the context of contemporary urban planning concepts, an example of holistic urban thinking about urban space.


2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (55) ◽  
pp. 980-1005
Author(s):  
Tiago Santos

Considerando a dinâmica e a estrutura urbana de Belém no início do século XXI como expressão da acumulação das intervenções urbanas e das práticas de planejamento e gestão do espaço da cidade, analisa-se a genealogia do planejamento urbano para compreender a produção de um espaço que tem como característica a negação da natureza e a produção da desigualdade entre classes sociais. Nesse aspecto, identificou-se três períodos específicos que produziram impactos significativos na produção do espaço urbano de Belém: o terceiro quarto do século XVIII (1755 – 1777) com as reformas promovidas no período Pombalino na Amazônia, momento de expressão de uma modernidade urbana e arquitetônica; o final do século XIX e a primeira década do século XX (1890 – 1910), momento de ascensão da economia regional a partir da intensificação de atividades extrativas que produziram reformas urbanísticas com tons higienistas e; por fim, o período entre 1940 e 1970, que marcou uma série de propostas de planejamento com viés técnico-burocrático na produção do espaço. Do ponto de vista da metodologia adotada, estabeleceu-se como percurso de pesquisa: i) levantamento bibliográfico de caráter teórico e empírico da temática; ii) levantamento documental acerca das práticas de planejamento e intervenção dos períodos destacados com base em legislação, planos e projetos de cada um dos períodos; iii) coleta de iconografia representativa da época as quais as políticas foram executadas. Apresenta-se como resultados a hipótese de que a narrativa de uma pretensa ausência de planejamento como fator explicativo dos problemas da cidade é um discurso que não tem base na realidade, posto que historicamente é exatamente o oposto que a pesquisa indica, as modalidades de planejamento efetivadas em Belém acentuam problemas como a segregação socioespacial.Palavras-Chave: História, Planejamento Urbano, Modernidade, Belém.AbstractConsidering the dynamics and urban structure of Belém at the beginning of the 21st Century as an expression of the accumulation of urban interventions and planning and management practices of the city, the historical genealogy of urban planning is analyzed as a way of understanding production of a space that has as characteristic the negation of the nature and the production of the inequality between social classes. In this aspect, three specific periods were identified that produced significant impacts on the production of the urban space of Belém: the third quarter of the seventeenth century (1755 - 1777) with the reforms promoted in the Pombaline period in the Amazon, a time of expression of an urban and architectural design; the end of the nineteenth century and the first decade of the twentieth century (1890 - 1910), a time of great rise of the regional economy from the intensification of extractive activities that produced urban reforms with hygienic tones; and finally, the period between 1940 and 1970, which marked a series of planning proposals with a bureaucratic technical aproach in the production of space in Belém. This work established as following research methodology: i) survey bibliographical of theoretical and empirical character of the analyzed subject; ii) documentary survey of the planning and intervention practices of the highlighted periods based on municipal, state and federal legislation, as well as the master plans and development plans of the periods; iii) collection of iconography representative of the time to which the policies were executed in the urban space. The hypothesis is that the narrative of a supposed absence of planning as a factor of the city's problems is a discourse that has no basis in reality, since historically it is exactly the opposite that the research indicates, that is, the modalities in Belém accentuate problems such as socio-spatial segregation.Keywords: History, Urban Planning, Modernity, Belém.


Author(s):  
Ayman M. Zakaria Eraqi ◽  
Usama Hamed Issa ◽  
Mary A. A. Elminiawy

Developing informal settlements has become an important issue for improving urban structures in developing countries. An Informal Settlements Development Fund (ISDF) was presented to Egypt for supporting urban, economic, social and environmental plans. Development plans do not clearly take into account population priorities or satisfaction criteria. Furthermore, evaluating several alternatives was based on usual statistical methods that cannot deal with multiple criteria or complex problems, leading to imprecise results. Nowadays, adding value to the developed area, restoring cost, and studying social and economic plan impacts on the population, represent high priorities. In this study, a model concerns the optimal decision evaluation for multi-criteria in informal settlements development was proposed. Five clusters (criteria) were identified and included the efficiencies of urban structure, economic, social, and environmental, in addition to population satisfaction. Twenty one internal factors represented in nods were categorized under the five clusters and affecting proposed four alternatives. The model depended on the Analytic Network Process (ANP) technique which is used to support multi-criteria decision making. ANP was selected for its capability to deal with complex problems, create dependencies and feedbacks as well as use the relative weights of all interactions. This technique confirms a logical decision and accurate prediction amongst numerous alternatives. The model was validated and applied to an informal settlements area as a case study in Egypt. The results supported to use first alternative by 38.20%, while the ISDF results selected the third alternative. Moreover, the detailed analysis emphasized that the first alternative was more balanced between the social elements and the direct economic requirements of the population, while the third alternative tended to achieve restoring cost despite its negative social effects. Lastly, the proposed model can be used appropriately in similar cases to improve informal settlements.


Kavkaz-forum ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Е.И. КОБАХИДЗЕ

В статье предлагается анализ Конституции Северо-Осетинской АССР 1978 г., отразившей этап развития ее государственности в советский период. Научное осмысление правовых аспектов истории Северной Осетии в статусе автономной республики, анализ ее места и роли в системе советской государственности во многом объясняет противоречия в реализации органами государственной власти республики функций политического самоуправления в эпоху «застоя» и «кризиса социализма». Анализ показывает, что декретированный ранней советской властью национальный суверенитет народов, населяющих советскую Россию, не нашел правового подтверждения в Конституции СССР 1977 г., на основе и в соответствии с которой были разработаны и приняты Конституции РСФСР и входящих в нее автономных республик, в том числе и СОАССР. Фиксация статуса автономной республики в качестве государственного образования без признания ее государственного суверенитета ограничивало пределы компетенции республиканских органов власти и управления и ставило их в фактическую зависимость от вышестоящих властно-управленческих структур даже в решении вопросов, отнесенных к ведению автономной республики. Все это вместе взятое превращало автономную республику в «квазигосударственное образование», высшие государственные органы которой действовали в режиме «местной власти». Противоречивые конституционные положения 1977-1978 гг., закрепленные в Основных законах СССР, РСФСР и СОАССР, стали одним из факторов деструкции советской власти и социалистической системы и последующего затем «парада суверенитетов» бывших автономных образований в пределах РСФСР. The article analyzes the 1978 Constitution of the North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, which reflected the stage of development of its statehood relevant to the Soviet period. Scientific comprehension of the legal aspects of the history of North Ossetia in the status of an autonomous republic, an analysis of its place and role within the system of the Soviet statehood largely accounts for the contradictions in the implementation by the republican state institutions of the functions of political self-government in the era of "stagnation" and "crisis of socialism". Analysis shows that the national sovereignty of the peoples inhabiting Soviet Russia, that was decreed by the early Soviet government, did not find legal confirmation in the USSR Constitution of 1977, on the basis and in accordance with which the Constitution of the RSFSR and its autonomous republics, including NOASSR, were elaborated and adopted. Fixing the status of the autonomous republic as a state entity without recognizing its state sovereignty limited the competence of the republican authorities and made them in fact dependent on the higher power structures even in resolving issues attributed to the jurisdiction of the autonomous republic. All this taken together turned the autonomous republic into a "quasi-state entity", the highest state bodies of which operated in the regime of "local power". Contradictory constitutional provisions of 1977-1978, enshrined in the Fundamental Laws of the USSR, RSFSR and NOASSR, became one of the factors of the destruction of the Soviet power and the socialist system and the subsequent “parade of sovereignties” of the former autonomous entities within the RSFSR.


Author(s):  
V.S. Teodoronsky ◽  
◽  
V.A. Leonova ◽  
K.K. Vardanyan ◽  
◽  
...  

The article examines the historical, landscape and urban planning features of Yerevan, which determined the planning structure and development of the city's greening system. The analysis of the city relief in terms of heights and natural types of landscapes is given. Particular attention is paid to the description of urban planning axes and compositional nodes of the landscaping system, created during the Soviet period according to the general plan of 1937.For the first time, the structure and types of tree plantations of squares and city streets are analyzed, depending on their functional purpose and location in the city. The description of the design solution for the Children’s railway in the gorge of Hrazdan river and the station building, as well as the widespread assortment of the trees and bushes in the city in the Soviet period. The main problems of the current state of the green areas of the center are considered and the directions of reorganization of the city greening system are given. The ways of solving existing problems by the introducing regulations for the preservation of existing plantings in center of Yerevan and the prospects for their development are proposed.


Arts ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 62
Author(s):  
Vilma Gradinskaite

The article presents an analysis of the development stages of synagogue research methodology in Lithuania during the four major historical periods of the country—Lithuania in the Russian Empire (1795–1918), Vilnius Region in the interwar period and the independent Republic of Lithuania (1918–1940), the Soviet period (1940–1990), and the independent Republic of Lithuania restored in 1990. Each chapter of the article deals with the issues of synagogue research, heritage conservation and management, while the part about the restored independent Republic of Lithuania and modern days includes topical issues related to synagogue restoration, commemoration and putting them into operation. The study uses two different sources: archival materials and publications. Written sources and publications are reviewed in chronological order and start from the end of the 18th century. The study employs several research methods—the historical descriptive method, the comparative method and the analysis method.


2018 ◽  
Vol 193 ◽  
pp. 01027
Author(s):  
Alla Baranova ◽  
Svetlana Kegeyan

In tsarist Russia during the Soviet period and till now the resort is recognized as a locality with curative factors. However, in recent years, tourists visit resorts more for the purpose of rest than for recovery. The number of health resorts is decreasing but the number of hotels is increasing. Due to neglect of the medical component in the resort the epidemiological and infectious tension is increasing. In this article on the example of the resort city of Sochi the characteristics of urban planning of the resort infrastructure are given taking into account the customer focus and the need for the development of medicine in the resort. Keywords: urban planning, resort infrastructure, customer focus


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