scholarly journals Antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella Typhi in India

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (02) ◽  
pp. 070-073 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kavita Nagshetty ◽  
Shivannavar T. Channappa ◽  
Subhashchandra M. Gaddad
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Dilution Method ◽  
Major Public Health Problem

Background: Typhoid fever continues to remain a major public health problem, especially in regions such as Gulbarga, due to poor sanitation and personal hygiene. Gulbarga region is often prone to enteric fever outbreaks and is an endemic region of typhoid fever. Enteric fever caused by Salmonella Typhi has not been adequately explored in this region. Methodology: A total of 95 isolates of S. Typhi collected from different clinical and environmental sources were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility according to the CLSI guidelines. MIC of resistant isolates to various antibiotics was performed by agar dilution method. Results: Of the total isolates studied, 10% were found to be multidrug resistant (MDR) (defined as resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol and co-trimoxazole). There was a decrease in the susceptibility to ciprofloxacin of S. Typhi with MIC showing an upward trend (0.125-4µg/mL). Concurrently, there has been an increase in the number of isolates sensitive to all antibiotics except nalidixic acid. Conclusion: MDR S. Typhi continues to be an important public health issue in Gulbarga. Presence of quinolone resistance and associated low-level ciprofloxacin resistance is a concern and requires further study.

scholarly journals A study on clinical profile of typhoid fever in children

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 1067
Author(s):  
Ranganatha A. Devaranavadagi ◽  
Srinivasa S.
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
Antibiotic Sensitivity ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Common Symptom ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Sensitivity Pattern ◽  
Wide Range

Background: Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella typhi. It is a major public health problem in India. Typhoid fever is endemic in many developing countries. Wide variations in the clinical manifestations of typhoid fever make its diagnosis a challenging task. This study was conducted to understand the wide range of clinical manifestations, complications and antibiotic sensitivity patterns of typhoid fever in children.Methods:Prospectively, 113 children admitted in pediatric unit with confirmed Typhoid fever from September 2015 to December 2016 at KIMS hospital, Bangalore were included. In each case, age, sex, presenting complaint, laboratory investigations and antibiotic sensitivity pattern are collected and analysed.Results: Out of 113 cases, 72 cases (63.8.1%) were males, 41 cases (36.2%) were females. The most common age group was 5-10 years. The most common symptom was fever, seen in 100% cases, followed by anorexia (61%), vomiting (44%) and abdominal pain (18%). The most common sign observed was toxic look in 68% of the cases, followed by coated tongue in 49% and hepatomegaly in 44%. Leucocytopenia was found in 34% of cases. Eosinopenia was found in 39% of cases. Anaemia was found in 16% of cases. Thrombocytopenia was found in 15% of cases. Blood culture was positive in 20% of cases. Use of municipal water for drinking was found in 65% of cases. Outside eating was found in 40% of cases. Unhygienic practices were found in 64% of cases. Duration of hospital stay varied from 3-10 days. No mortality reported.Conclusions:Typhoid fever is most commonly observed with unhygienic practices and eating of unhealthy outside food. This major public health issue can be tackled by bringing awareness among people regarding disease transmission and its various preventive measures. 

scholarly journals Multidrug-resistant typhoid fever: a review

2011 ◽  
Vol 5 (05) ◽  
pp. 324-337 ◽  
Author(s):  
Syed Ahmed Zaki ◽  
Sunil Karande
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
English Language ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Public Health Education ◽  
Abdominal Distension ◽  
Clinical Results ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Handling Practices

Introduction: Multidrug-resistant typhoid fever (MDRTF) is defined as typhoid fever caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi strains (S. Typhi), which are resistant to the first-line recommended drugs for treatment such as chloramphenicol, ampicillin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Since the mid-1980s, MDRTF has caused outbreaks in several countries in the developing world, resulting in increased morbidity and mortality, especially in affected children below five years of age and those who are malnourished. Methodology: Two methods were used to gather the information presented in this article. First PubMed was searched for English language references to published relevant articles. Secondly, chapters on typhoid fever in standard textbooks of paediatric infectious diseases and preventive and social medicine were reviewed. Results: Although there are no pathognomonic clinical features of MDRTF at the onset of the illness, high fever ( > 104°F), toxaemia, abdominal distension, abdominal tenderness, hepatomegaly and splenomegaly are often reported. The gold standard for the diagnosis of MDRTF is bacterial isolation of the organism in blood cultures. Ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone are the drugs most commonly used for treatment of MDRTF and produce good clinical results. Conclusion: MDRTF remains a major public health problem, particularly in developing countries. Mass immunization in endemic areas with either the oral live attenuated Typhi 21a or the injectable unconjugated Vi typhoid vaccine, rational use of antibiotics, improvement in public sanitation facilities, availability of clean drinking water, promotion of safe food handling practices and public health education are vital in the prevention of MDRTF. 

scholarly journals Epidemiological Profile and Antimicrobial Resistance Pattern of Enteric Fever in a Tertiary Care Hospital of North India – a Seven Year Ambispective Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 125-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anuradha Makkar ◽  
Shilpi Gupta ◽  
Inam Danish Khan ◽  
Rajiv Mohan Gupta ◽  
KS Rajmohan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Tertiary Care Hospital ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
North India ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Drug Resistant

Introduction: Enteric-fever is a major public-health problem in developing countries emerging as multidrug-resistant, Nalidixic-acid resistant and extremely drug-resistant Salmonella (Pakistan, 2016), has intensified the use of WHO watch/reserve group antimicrobials such as azithromycin and meropenem. Methods: This ambispective-study was conducted on 782 non-repeat blood-culture isolates of S. Typhi, S. Paratyphi A and S. Paratyphi B obtained from 29,184 blood cultures received at a 1000-bedded tertiary-care hospital of North-India from 2011–2017. Identification and antibiograms were obtained by Vitek-2 compact and Kirby-Bauer’s disc diffusion with resistance to ampicillin, chloramphenicol and cotrimoxazole being labeled as multidrug-resistant. Decreased ciprofloxacin-susceptibility and ciprofloxacin-resistance were defined as MIC 0.125–0.5 and >1 μg/ml. Results: S. Typhi and S. Paratyphi A in a ratio of 3.9:1 were seen between July–September predominantly distributed between 6–45 year age group. Resistance to co-trimoxazole, chloramphenicol, ceftriaxone and azithromycin was 6.1%, 13.8%, 16.1 and 5.78% respectively. Multidrug-resistant S. typhi and S. paratyphi A were 2.73% and 1.91% respectively. Conclusion: Enteric-fever is a major public-health problem in India. Emergence of multidrug-resistant, Nalidixic-acid resistant and extremely-drug resistant Salmonella mandates ongoing surveillance for targeted empirical therapy and containment of spread. Repeated epidemics call for water, sanitation, hygiene and vaccination strategies to sustain herd-immunity.

The Epidemiology of Māori Suicide in Aotearoa/New Zealand

2000 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Nicole M. Coupe
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Suicide Rate ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Epidemiological Data ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Age Group ◽  
Aotearoa New Zealand

AbstractSuicide is a Māori Public Health Issue. Suicide rates in Aotearoa/New Zealand are amongst the highest in OECD countries in the 15-24 year age group and second only to Hungary in other age groups (WHO, 1996; Disley & Coggan, 1996). Suicide is the leading cause of death for young people under the age of 25 years in Aotearoa/New Zealand and a major public health problem (Coggan, 1997). Approximatel, 540 New Zealanders kill themselves each year (Rose, Hatcher, & Koelmeyer, 1999). The total Māori suicide rate (per 100 000) increased to 17.5 in 1997, compared to non-Māori (13.1), and the Māori youth suicide rate (33.9) far exceeded the equivalent non-Māori rate (24.3), reflecting the disparity between Māori and non-Māori (Ministry of Health, 1997). This paper aims to present epidemiological data on Māori suicide and then use the existing literature to discuss possible reasons for the high Māori rate.

scholarly journals Assessing the Impact of Drug Resistance on the Transmission Dynamics of Typhoid Fever

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Mushayabasa ◽  
C. P. Bhunu ◽  
E. T. Ngarakana-Gwasira
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Transmission Dynamics ◽  
Reproductive Number ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Drug Resistant ◽  
The Impact

Typhoid fever continues to be a major public health problem in the developing world. Antibiotic therapy has been the main stay of treating typhoid fever for decades. The emergence of drug-resistant typhoid strain in the last two decades has been a major problem in tackling this scourge. A mathematical model for investigating the impact of drug resistance on the transmission dynamics of typhoid fever is developed. The reproductive number for the model has been computed. Numerical results in this study suggest that when a typhoid outbreak occurs with more drug-sensitive cases than drug-resistant cases, then it may take 10–15 months for symptomatic drug-resistant cases to outnumber all typhoid cases, and it may take an average of 15–20 months for nonsymptomatic drug-resistant cases to outnumber all drug-sensitive cases.

scholarly journals Evaluation of Typhidot (IgM) for Early Diagnosis of Typhoid Fever

2009 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zohra Begum ◽  
Md Akram Hossain ◽  
AKM Shamsuzzaman ◽  
Md Monjurul Ahsan ◽  
AKM Musa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Culture ◽  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Predictive Value ◽  
Serological Test ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity ◽  
Culture Positive

Typhoid fever still continues to be a major public health problem, particularly in many developing countries. A simple, reliable, affordable and rapid diagnostic test has been a long-felt need of the clinicians. We, therefore, prospectively evaluated the sensitivity and specificity of Typhidot (IgM), a serological test to identify IgM antibodies against Salmonella typhi. The study was carried out in the department of Microbiology, Mymensingh Medical College, Mymensingh between June, 2006 and July, 2007, on a total of 100 samples from clinically suspected patients to have typhoid fever. Blood culture as well as Typhidot test were performed for each of the cases. Out of 100 clinically diagnosed typhoid fever, 14 were blood culture positive for S. typhi and 73 were Typhidot (IgM) positive. Among 14 culture positive cases, 13 (92.85%) were Typhidot (IgM) positive. The test was also positive in 04 (20%) out of 20 febrile controls. None of the healthy controls was positive by Typhidot (IgM). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value of the test using blood culture as gold standard were 92.85%, 90.00%, 76.47% and 97.29% respectively for typhoid fever. Typhidot (IgM) test is rapid, easy to perform and reliable test for diagnosing typhoid fever, and useful for small, less equipped laboratories as well as for the laboratories with better facilities. Key words: Typhoid fever, Salmonella typhi, Typhidot (IgM) test   doi: 10.3329/bjmm.v3i1.2964 Bangladesh J Med Microbiol 2009; 03 (01): 10-13

scholarly journals Salmonella Typhi Infections and Effect of Fluroquinolones and Third Generation Cephalosporins in Clinical Outcome

1970 ◽  
Vol 31 (3) ◽  
pp. 216-221 ◽  
Author(s):  
UK Singh ◽  
AK Neopane ◽  
M Thapa ◽  
N Aryal ◽  
K Agrawal
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Nalidixic Acid ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
Enteric Fever ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Fluoroquinolone Resistance ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
Third Generation Cephalosporins ◽  
Culture Positive

Background: Enteric fever is a common public health problem in Nepal. The emerging fluoroquinolone resistance to Salmonella typhi is a major concern in every hospital and is a public health problem these days. Continuous antibiotic susceptibility patterns surveillance and standard treatment policies need to be established to control MDR typhoid. Objective: To detect the increasing pattern of fluoroquinolone resistant Salmonella typhi and to correlate its clinical response to third generation cephalosporins. Materials and Method: This is a cross- sectional prospective study conducted in the pediatric ward of Birendra Hospital, Kathmandu, from September 2009 to August 2010. Forty seven children aged between 3-14 years with the diagnosis of suspected, probable and confirmed cases of Enteric fever were enrolled in the study. Data was collected and statistical analysis was done using SPSS program. Result: Culture positive enteric fever was found in 21 cases (44.68%) and positive Widal test in 18 (38.29%). Among the culture positive cases, antibiotic sensitivity was highest for Ofloxacin (95.23%), followed by third generation Cephalosporins (Ceftriaxone, Cefixime) (90.47%). A significant number of isolates were resistant to Nalidixic acid (71.42%). All cases were successfully treated with parenteral antibiotics followed by oral third generation cephalosporins without any complications and/or mortality. Conclusion: There is an increasing trend to fluoroquinolone resistant Salmonella typhi. Third generation cephalosporin can be the appropriate antibiotic for treatment.of clinically suspected cases of Enteric fever and to minimize the risk of increasing emergence of MDR enteric fever including Nalidixic acid resistant Typhoid.(NARST). Key words: Cephalosporin; drug resistance; Enteric fever; Fluoroquinolone; Salmonella typhi. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jnps.v31i3.5361 J Nep Paedtr Soc 2011;31(3): 216-221

scholarly journals HUBUNGAN PERSONAL HYGIENE DENGAN KEJADIAN INFEKSI CACING OXYURIS VERMICULARIS PADA SISWA KELAS 1 SDN KEMIJEN 02 KELURAHAN KEMIJEN KECAMATAN SEMARANG TIMUR KOTA SEMARANG

2017 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Dewi Mayang Sari
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Healthy Lifestyle ◽  
Research Result ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Cross Sectional

Latar Belakang : Infeksi cacing merupakan masalah kesehatan masyarakat yang utama dan menyebabkan kurang gizi dan gangguan kognitif, dengan anak-anak sekolah biasanya mengalami beban penyakit terberat. Infeksi cacing Oxyuris Vermicularis juga dapat menyebabkan vulvitis akibat reaksi terhadap telur-telur cacing yang diletakkan di tempat ini. Tujuan Penelitian: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan personal hygiene dengan kejadian infeksi cacing oxyuris vermicularispada siswa kelas 1 SDN Kemijen 02 Kelurahan Kemijen Kota Semarang. Metode Penelitian: Desain penelitian yang digunakan survey analitik dengan pendekatan Cross Sectional. Responden yang menjadi subjek penelitian ini adalah semua siswa kelas 1 SDN Kemijen 02 Kelurahan Kemijen Kota Semarang. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan teknik Total Sampling dengan jumlah 40 responden. Hasil Penelitian: Berdasarkan hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa dari 40 responden sebagian besar terinfeksi cacing Oxyuris Vermicularis yaitu 22 (55%) anak dan sebagian besar mempunyai perilaku kebiasaan personal hygiene kurang baik yaitu 20 (87,0%) anak. Dari hasil uji Chi-Square menunjukkan ada hubungan yang signifikan antara personal hygiene dengan kejadian infeksi cacing Oxyuris Vermicularis (ρ value = 0.000). Untuk pihak sekolah dam masyarakat diharapkan dapat menerapkan kebiasaan Perilaku Hidup Bersih dan Sehat (PHBS). Serta untuk puskesmas dapat melakukan deteksi dini untuk infeksi cacing dengan melakukan pemeriksaan cacing secara teratur. Personal Hygiene; infeksi cacing Oxyuris Vermicularis  AbstractWorm infection is a major public health problem and cause malnutrition and cognitive impairment, with school children usually experience the heaviest burden of disease. Oxyuris vermicularis worm infections can also cause vulvitis due to a reaction to the worm eggs are laid in this place. This research will aims to determine the correlation of personal hygiene with the prevalence of worm infections oxyuris vermicularis pada first grade students of SDN 02 Kemijen Village Kemijen Eastern District of Semarang. Research design that used analytic survey with cross sectional approach. Respondents who is the subject of this study were all students in grade 1 SDN Kemijen 02 Sub Kemijen Eastern District of Semarang Semarang. Sampling using total sampling technique with a number of 40 respondents. Research result shows that of the 40 respondents largely Oxyuris vermicularis worm infected at 22 (55%) of children and most have personal hygiene habits of behavior is not good that 20 (87.0%) children. Of Chi-Square test results showed no significant relationship between personal hygiene with a prevalence of worm infections Oxyuris vermicularis (ρ value = 0.000). The school community is expected to implement the dam habit Clean and Healthy Lifestyle (PHBS). As well as to public health center can do for the early detection of worm infection by examining worms regularly. Key word : Personal Hygiene; worm infections Oxyuris Vermicularis

Japanese Encephalitis (JE); The Fatal Public Health Issue In Uttar Pradesh, India : A Review

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Purnima Srivastava ◽  
Manindra Kumar Srivastava
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Japanese Encephalitis ◽  
Health Problem ◽  
East Asian ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Public Health Issue ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Viral Origin ◽  
Important Disease

Japanese Encephalitis (JE) an important disease of viral origin has attracted the attention of public health specialists in South East Asian Regions especially in the BBIN (Bangladesh, Bhutan, India & Nepal) countries due to its endemicity, high CFR and residual problems among survivors. JE has been occurring in the endemic form since long back particularly in northern states of India. Eastern parts of U.P. particularly Gorakhpur division is the worst hit division of Uttar Pradesh (UP) in India. U.P. alone is reporting nearly half of the cases found in whole India. Innocent children are the most common victims. This paper attempts to review the problem & emphasizes the need of identifying auxiliary feasible factors rather than concentrating on unfeasible, as despite of best efforts of state the disease is still a major public health problem.

scholarly journals TYPHOID FEVER

2011 ◽  
Vol 18 (02) ◽  
pp. 259-264
Author(s):  
ATIF SITWAT HAYAT ◽  
NAILA SHAIKH ◽  
SYED IQBAL AHMED SHAH
Keyword(s):  
Blood Culture ◽  
Typhoid Fever ◽  
Serological Test ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Salmonella Typhi ◽  
Major Public Health Problem ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Predictive Values ◽  
Laboratory Services ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity

Background: Typhoid fever is widely recognized as a major public health problem in developing countries. A simple, reliable and rapid diagnostic test is needed for clinicians especially in areas where laboratory services are limited. Objective: To evaluate sensitivity and specificity of typhidot (IgM), a serological test to identify IgM antibodies against salmonella typhi. Study Design: This was a prospective study. Setting: Northern Institute of Medical Sciences (NIMS) and Ayub Teaching Hospital Abbottabad. Period: 1st November 2009 to 31st August 2010. Methods: A total of 100 patients with clinically suspected typhoid fever were studied and divided into three main groups as A, B and C, with definite typhoid fever, typhoid suspects plus non-typhoidal illnesses and healthy controls respectively. Blood culture and typhidot (IgM) tests were conducted for all subjects included in the study. The validity of typhidot (IgM) test has been evaluated by determining the sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values. Results: In our study, majority (75%) were males and (25%) females with M to F ratio of 3:1. The mean age of study group was 26.31±11.8 (SD) years. Among 100 clinically diagnosed typhoid fever patients, 19 had positive blood culture for S.typhi and 71 were typhidot (IgM) positive. Out of 19 culture positive patients, 18 (94.73%) were true typhidot (IgM) positive, which was also falsely positive in 05 (20.83%) among 24 non- typhoidal febrile controls. None of the healthy controls was positive for typhoid (IgM) test. The sensitivity, specificity, negative and positive predictive values of typhidot (IgM) test using blood culture as gold standard were 94.73%, 90%, 97.72% and 78.26% respectively for patients having typhoid fever. Conclusions: Typhidot (IgM) test is a simple, reliable, rapid and valid diagnostic tool for typhoid fever especially in areas where laboratory services are limited.  

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