scholarly journals Socio-demographic determinants of COVID-19 vaccine uptake in Russia in the context of mandatory vaccination of employees

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (4) ◽  
pp. 30-49
Author(s):  
Tatiana M. Maleva ◽  
Marina A. Kartseva ◽  
Sophia V. Korzhuk
Keyword(s):  
Adult Population ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Chronically Ill ◽  
Vaccine Uptake ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Firm Organization ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Socio Demographic Factors ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Mandatory Vaccination

The paper offers an analysis of socio-demographic factors determining uptake of COVID-19 vaccine in Russia in 2021. The study focuses in particular on the role of mandatory vaccination of workers in certain sectors of the economy. The study is empirically based on three rounds of a nationally representative telephone survey, conducted in February–October 2021, which investigated the situation and behaviour of a cross section of the Russian adult population in the context of the spread of coronavirus. The paper shows that the key factors behind vaccine uptake are age and education of the individual. People in older age groups and people with higher education are most inclined towards vaccination. By contrast, young people and people with low levels of education are least likely to be vaccinated. Other significant determinants of vaccination are experience of COVID-19 infection (self or a household member) and elderly or chronically ill members of the household. Among the employed, the economic sector where they work is an important determinant: workers in education, health care, and state and municipal administration are more likely to be vaccinated. The introduction of mandatory vaccination at a firm/organization with sanctions for unvaccinated employees has significant positive effect: the likelihood of an employee being vaccinated increases by 10 percentage points. The effect of mandatory vaccination is slightly greater for men than for women.

scholarly journals Religious Change and Secularisation in Scotland: An Analysis of Affiliation and Attendance

2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-162 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben Clements
Keyword(s):  
Religious Affiliation ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Religious Tradition ◽  
Religious Change ◽  
Social Surveys ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Similarity And Difference ◽  
Key Indicators

Building on Brown (1997) and Field's (2001) research into religious decline and secularisation in Scotland in the later decades of the 20th-century, this article uses data from recurrent social surveys, nationally-representative of the Scottish adult population, to assess the nature and extent of religious change in the 21st-century. It examines recent trends in religious affiliation and attendance in Scotland, compares key indicators in England and Scotland to assess areas of similarity and difference in terms of religion and secularity, and assesses the contemporary socio-demographic basis of affiliation and attendance in Scotland. The empirical results show that religious affiliation and attendance have further attenuated in Scotland in recent years, with a growing proportion of adults reporting that they were raised outside of any religious tradition. Indicators of secularity are most marked amongst younger age groups. The ‘haemorrhage of faith’ documented in the latter part of the 20th-century in Scotland has continued into the early part of the 21st-century.

Mandatory Vaccination

2021 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Providers ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Mass Vaccination ◽  
Vaccine Uptake ◽  
Childhood Vaccination ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Care Providers ◽  
Vaccination Programs ◽  
Mandatory Vaccination

Across the world, mass vaccination programs run by governments or third-sector organizations have saved countless lives; minimized human suffering; and maintained economic, social, and cultural functioning. Vaccination programs predominantly focus on diseases that once ravaged the infant and early childhood years. However, with significant global variation, vaccination programs also exist for adolescents, pregnant women, new parents, the elderly, and people with comorbidities as well as catch-up or booster programs for particular age groups or vaccines. Governments and organizations also run annual influenza vaccination programs for entire populations or key workers, and health-care and education workers may be subject to additional vaccination requirements. The commonality of all mass vaccination programs is that the state adopts a key role in planning, coordinating, and funding them, or implementing mechanisms to ensure vaccines’ receipt by populations. The state’s role makes mandatory vaccination a possibility. Numerous scholarship forms the evidence base for the safety, efficacy, and necessity of vaccines. However, vaccination as a practice has consistently been accompanied by a minority who doubt and refuse, either for some or all vaccines. Concern about refusal has grown in recent years. An extensive Oxford Bibliographies article, “Vaccine Hesitancy,” explains why doubt and refusal develop and persist, how scholars make sense of it, and how governments and health-care providers can address it. However, hesitancy is not the only determinant of suboptimal vaccine uptake. Vaccination programs can also fail to reach populations due to insufficient generation of demand, inefficient or inappropriate service provision, cost barriers, and access barriers. Understanding the determinants of undervaccination in any given region, country, or population group will be essential to determining what strategies, including mandatory vaccination, are appropriate. Mandatory vaccination is just one strategy among a suite of tools that governments and organizations can employ to increase uptake of vaccines by particular cohorts. Mandatory vaccination is receiving current attention due to governments in several high-income jurisdictions recently utilizing it to address parents’ vaccine hesitancy. However, as the scholarship in this article illuminates, many jurisdictions’ mandatory childhood vaccination policies predate current concerns around hesitancy. Mandates have long performed key roles in the governance of vaccination uptake, including in contexts where attention to other programmatic aspects or health promotion practices may be lacking. The author would like to acknowledge the assistance of Amy Morris in the writing of the Mandatory Vaccination of Health-Care Workers—Policies, Experiences, and Impact and the Mandatory Vaccination—Attitudinal Studies sections of this article.

scholarly journals Self-reported diabetes and quality of life: findings from a general population survey with the Short Form-12 (SF-12) Health Survey

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Jankowska ◽  
Dominik Golicki
Keyword(s):  
Quality Of Life ◽  
Representative Sample ◽  
Short Form ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Bodily Pain ◽  
Healthcare Providers ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Multi Stage ◽  
Nationally Representative

IntroductionTo compare health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in subjects with and without self-reported diabetes in a representative sample of the Polish general adult population.Material and methodsMembers of the general Polish population, selected with multi-stage stratified sampling, filled in the Short Form-12 (SF-12) questionnaire and answered a question about the diagnosis of diabetes. We estimated four types of outcomes: eight domain scores, physical component (PCS-12) and mental component (MCS-12) summaries, and a measure of overall health status weighted according to societal health preferences – SF-6D. We used multiple linear regression to examine the associations of sociodemographic characteristics with SF-12 summary indices.ResultsAmong 2938 respondents with complete SF-12 data, the prevalence of self-reported diabetes amounted to 8.5% (95%CI 7.5-9.6). Respondents with diabetes differed significantly from non-diabetic subjects in all SF-12 dimensions, with the most significant differences in physical functioning, general health, role physical and bodily pain (differences of means 31.9, 24.9, 24.1 and 22.3 points, respectively). Analysis across age groups showed that diabetes was associated with a mean decrease in PCS-12 and MCS-12 by 4.6 and 1.4 points, respectively. Female sex, advanced age, low education levels and treatment with insulin were independently associated with the impaired physical health of respondents with diabetes.ConclusionsWe provided a consistent description of HRQoL, measured using the SF-12 questionnaire, in subjects with self-reported diabetes and respondents without diabetes in a nationally representative sample of Polish adults. Identifying factors independently associated with worse HRQoL in respondents with diabetes may help healthcare providers target intervention programs more effectively.

scholarly journals Perceived Importance of Public Health Risks in Greece: A Nationwide Survey of the Adult Population

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (16) ◽  
pp. 8256
Author(s):  
Anna Tzortzi ◽  
Melpo Kapetanstrataki ◽  
Georgios Rachiotis ◽  
Vaso Evangelopoulou ◽  
Eleni Leventou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Risks ◽  
Perceived Risk ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Nationwide Survey ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Public Health Risks ◽  
The Individual

The current study is the first to examine the perceptions of the Greek public towards selected health risks and prioritize perceived risk importance and the needs to be addressed for public health promotion. Participants were asked to consider the individual importance of selected risks and the top three most important risks. Data collection took place on February 2020 in a representative sample of the adult Greek population. Differences between groups were assessed with Chi-square tests. Logistic regression models were used to identify perceptions based on participants’ characteristics. Analysis was conducted in Stata 14, and 1976 adults participated in the survey: 48% male and 52% female. Road accidents, cancer and air pollution and environmental protection were considered the top three most important public health risks. Differences were observed between sexes; females were more concerned regarding the importance of the examined public health risks, and between age groups, younger ages considered STDs and contraception more important than older ages. Finally, non-smokers considered exercise and smoking to be more important than smokers. This is the first study to present and grade the public’s perceptions on the importance of public health risks in Greece. Our study’s prioritization of health risks could aid health authorities in improving and promoting the overall public health in Greece.

scholarly journals Associations between neighbourhood deprivation and engagement in arts, culture and heritage: evidence from two nationally-representative samples

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Hei Wan Mak ◽  
Rory Coulter ◽  
Daisy Fancourt
Keyword(s):  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Neighbourhood Deprivation ◽  
Deprived Neighbourhoods ◽  
The Arts ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Socio Demographic Factors ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Arts Engagement ◽  
Representative Samples

Abstract Background Previous research has shown the benefits of arts and cultural engagement for physical, mental and social wellbeing. This engagement is socially and geographically patterned. Yet it remains unclear whether place-based attributes are associated with engagement behaviour independent of individual factors. Therefore, the aim of this cross-sectional study was to robustly disentangle associations between geographical deprivation and arts engagement from the individual socio-demographic factors that tend to correlate with residential locations. Methods Two different samples drawn from two representative surveys of adults living in England were compared – Understanding Society Wave 2 (2010/12) (N = 14,782) and Taking Part survey (2010/11) (N = 4575). Propensity score matching (PSM) was applied to investigate the association between neighbourhood deprivation (20% most deprived vs 20% least deprived) and arts engagement (arts participation, cultural attendance and museums and heritage engagement). Results Higher levels of neighbourhood deprivation were associated with lower arts, culture and heritage engagement independent of individuals’ demographic backgrounds, socio-economic characteristics and regional locations. When exploring subcategories of deprivation, similar results were obtained across deprivation domains. Results were also consistent when using more distinct categories of deprivation (i.e. 10% most deprived vs 10% least deprived) and when comparing people living in the 20% most deprived neighbourhoods with those living in the 40% medium-deprived areas. Conclusion This study is the first to apply a robust PSM technique to examine the association between neighbourhood deprivation and arts engagement using two nationally-representative samples. Results show that neighbourhood deprivation may act as a barrier that could prevent people from engaging in the arts, which in turn may exacerbate social and health inequalities. This highlights the importance of place-based schemes that focus on increasing individual motivation and capacity to engage in arts and cultural activities, especially in areas of high deprivation.

scholarly journals Measuring the Impact of Exposure to COVID-19 Vaccine Misinformation on Vaccine Intent in the UK and US

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Loomba ◽  
A. de Figueiredo ◽  
S. J. Piatek ◽  
K. de Graaf ◽  
H. J. Larson
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Vaccine Uptake ◽  
Major Step ◽  
Vaccination Rates ◽  
The Us ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Vaccination Campaigns ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Intent To Vaccinate

The successful development and widespread acceptance of a SARS-CoV-2 vaccine will be a major step in fighting the pandemic, yet obtaining high uptake will be a challenging task, worsened by online misinformation. To help inform successful COVID-19 vaccination campaigns in the UK and US, we conducted a survey to quantify how online misinformation impacts COVID-19 vaccine uptake intent and identify socio-economic groups that are most at-risk of non-vaccination and most susceptible to online misinformation. Here, we report findings from nationally representative surveys in the UK and the US conducted in September 2020. We show that recent misinformation around a COVID-19 vaccine induces a fall in vaccination intent among those who would otherwise “definitely” vaccinate by 6.4 (3.8, 9.0) percentages points in the UK and 2.4 (0.1, 5.0) in the US, with larger decreases found in intent to vaccinate to protect others. We find evidence that socio-econo-demographic, political, and trust factors are associated with low intent to vaccinate and susceptibility to misinformation: notably, older age groups in the US are more susceptible to misinformation. We find evidence that scientific-sounding misinformation relating to COVID-19 and vaccines COVID-19 vaccine misinformation lowers vaccination intent, while corresponding factual information does not. These findings reveal how recent COVID-19 misinformation can impact vaccination rates and suggest pathways to robust messaging campaigns.

Stability and change in adolescents' personality: a longitudinal study

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 447-459 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helle Pullmann ◽  
Liisa Raudsepp ◽  
Jüri Allik
Keyword(s):  
School Performance ◽  
Rank Order ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Personality Change ◽  
Reliable Change Index ◽  
Five Dimensions ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Reliable Increase

The present study examined three types of personality change and continuity (mean‐level, individual‐level, and rank‐order stability) over the 2‐year period in a nationally representative longitudinal sample of Estonian adolescents (N = 876) aged 12–18. According to the Reliable Change Index, 82.1% of adolescents maintained the same level on any given personality trait measured by the NEO Five‐Factorial Inventory (NEO‐FFI) indicating that the individual‐level continuity of adolescents did not differ compared to young adults. A reliable increase was found in Openness. Across the five dimensions, the average test–retest correlations were 0.51, 0.56 and 0.67, and the computed biennial stability values were 0.80, 0.83 and 0.89 for age groups 12 → 14, 14 → 16 and 16 → 18 years, respectively. Neither intelligence nor school performance moderated the differential continuity. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

scholarly journals Patterns of fruit and vegetable consumption among Iranian adults: a SuRFNCD-2007 study

2011 ◽  
Vol 108 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alireza Esteghamati ◽  
Sina Noshad ◽  
Arash Nazeri ◽  
Omid Khalilzadeh ◽  
Mohammad Khalili ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Vegetable Consumption ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Older Age ◽  
Fruit And Vegetable ◽  
Consumption Rates ◽  
Urban Rural ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

The aim of the present study was to describe the patterns of fruit and vegetable (F&V) intake in a nationally representative sample of the Iranian population. The data collected in the Third National Surveillance of Risk Factors of Non-communicable Diseases (SuRFNCD-2007) were used. In a sample of 3702 Iranian adult participants, patterns of F&V consumption were assessed using the WHO STEPwise method. Low F&V consumption was defined as intake of less than five servings of fruit and/or vegetable daily according to the WHO guidelines. F&V consumption was compared among different age groups, sex and urban/rural areas using complex sample analysis. On average, 1·26 servings of fruit and 1·32 servings of vegetables were consumed daily. Taken together, Iranian adults consumed 2·58 F&V servings per d, with females eating more than males (P ≤ 0·001). Moreover, there was a trend towards lower consumption rates in older-age categories (P = 0·003). Prevalence of low F&V intake (less than five servings daily) was 87·5 % and also tended to be higher in older-age categories (P = 0·004). Prevalence of low intake did not differ significantly among men and women or urban and rural areas. A high prevalence of low F&V consumption in the Iranian adult population was documented. These findings may guide health policy makers in developing specific plans to encourage adequate F&V intake.

scholarly journals Prevalence and Potential Determinants of COVID-19 Vaccine Hesitancy and Resistance in Qatar: Results from a Nationally Representative Survey of Qatari Nationals and Migrants between December 2020 and January 2021

Vaccines ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 471
Author(s):  
Salma M. Khaled ◽  
Catalina Petcu ◽  
Lina Bader ◽  
Iman Amro ◽  
Aisha Mohammed H. A. Al-Hamadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Side Effects ◽  
Multinomial Logistic Regression ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Female Gender ◽  
Total Sample ◽  
Vaccine Uptake ◽  
Vaccine Hesitancy ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
Nationally Representative ◽  
Strongly Agree

Global COVID-19 pandemic containment necessitates understanding the risk of hesitance or resistance to vaccine uptake in different populations. The Middle East and North Africa currently lack vital representative vaccine hesitancy data. We conducted the first representative national phone survey among the adult population of Qatar, between December 2020 and January 2021, to estimate the prevalence and identify potential determinants of vaccine willingness: acceptance (strongly agree), resistance (strongly disagree), and hesitance (somewhat agree, neutral, somewhat disagree). Bivariate and multinomial logistic regression models estimated associations between willingness groups and fifteen variables. In the total sample, 42.7% (95% CI: 39.5–46.1) were accepting, 45.2% (95% CI: 41.9–48.4) hesitant, and 12.1% (95% CI: 10.1–14.4) resistant. Vaccine resistant compared with hesistant and accepting groups reported no endorsement source will increase vaccine confidence (58.9% vs. 5.6% vs. 0.2%, respectively). Female gender, Arab ethnicity, migrant status/type, and vaccine side-effects concerns were associated with hesitancy and resistance. COVID-19 related bereavement, infection, and quarantine status were not significantly associated with any willingness group. Absence of or lack of concern about contracting the virus was solely associated with resistance. COVID-19 vaccine resistance, hesitance, and side-effects concerns are high in Qatar’s population compared with those globally. Urgent public health engagement should focus on women, Qataris (non-migrants), and those of Arab ethnicity.

Nonspecific Chronic Back Pain: Sixth Edition Approaches

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (5) ◽  
pp. 14-15
Author(s):  
Jay Blaisdell ◽  
James B. Talmage
Keyword(s):  
Back Pain ◽  
Chronic Back Pain ◽  
Intervertebral Disk ◽  
Key Factors ◽  
Sixth Edition ◽  
Whole Person ◽  
Class 1 ◽  
A Cell ◽  
Intervertebral Disk Herniation ◽  
The Individual

Abstract Ratings for “non-specific chronic, or chronic reoccurring, back pain” are based on the diagnosis-based impairment method whereby an impairment class, usually representing a range of impairment values within a cell of a grid, is selected by diagnosis and “specific criteria” (key factors). Within the impairment class, the default impairment value then can be modified using non-key factors or “grade modifiers” such as functional history, physical examination, and clinical studies using the net adjustment formula. The diagnosis of “nonspecific chronic, or chronic reoccurring, back pain” can be rated in class 0 and 1; the former has a default value of 0%, and the latter has a default value of 2% before any modifications. The key concept here is that the physician believes that the patient is experiencing pain, yet there are no related objective findings, most notably radiculopathy as distinguished from “nonverifiable radicular complaints.” If the individual is found not to have radiculopathy and the medical record shows that the patient has never had clinically verifiable radiculopathy, then the diagnosis of “intervertebral disk herniation and/or AOMSI [alteration of motion segment integrity] cannot be used.” If the patient is asymptomatic at maximum medical improvement, then impairment Class 0 should be chosen, not Class 1; a final whole person impairment rating of 1% indicates incorrect use of the methodology.

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