scholarly journals A potential role for metastasis-associated in colon cancer 1 (MACC1) as a pan-cancer prognostic and immunological biomarker

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (6) ◽  
pp. 8331-8353
Author(s):  
Ye Hu ◽  
◽  
Meiling Wang ◽  
Kainan Wang ◽  
Jiyue Gao ◽  
...  

<abstract> <sec><title>Background</title><p>Metastasis-Associated in Colon Cancer 1(<italic>MACC1</italic>) is a validated biomarker for metastasis and is linked to survival. Although extensive experimental evidence indicates an association between <italic>MACC1</italic> and diverse cancers, no pan-cancer analyses have yet been performed for this marker, and the role of <italic>MACC1</italic> in immunology remains unknown.</p> </sec> <sec><title>Material and Methods</title><p>In our study, we performed the analysis of <italic>MACC1</italic> expression and its influence on prognosis using multiple databases, including TIMER2, GEPIA2, Kaplan-Meier plotter. <italic>MACC1</italic> promoter methylation levels were evaluated using the UALCAN database. Based on the TCGA database, we explored the relationship between <italic>MACC1</italic> and tumor mutational burden (TMB), microsatellite instability (MSI), immune checkpoints using the R programming language. We evaluated the association between <italic>MACC1</italic> and immune infiltration via TIMER and UALCAN.</p> </sec> <sec><title>Results</title><p>Our results revealed that abnormal DNA methylation may be an important cause for the different expression of <italic>MACC1</italic> across cancer types. Meanwhile, we explored the potential oncogenic roles of <italic>MACC1</italic> and found significant prognostic value. <italic>MACC1</italic> may be related to T-cell function and the polarization of tumor-associated macrophages, especially in STAD and LGG. Its expression was associated with immune infiltration and was found to be closely related to immune checkpoint-associated genes, especially CD274 and SIGLEC15, indicating that <italic>MACC1</italic> may be a potential immune therapeutic target for several malignancies. Our paper reveals for the first time the relationship between <italic>MACC1</italic> and cancer immunology.</p> </sec> <sec><title>Conclusions</title><p><italic>MACC1</italic> might act as a predictor for the immune response in cancer patients, and could also represent a new potential immunotherapeutic target.</p> </sec> </abstract>

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zijian Zhang ◽  
Jinggang Mo ◽  
Chong Jin ◽  
Hao Jiang ◽  
Zhongtao Liu ◽  
...  

Abstract Background: ATG101 plays a significant role in the occurrence and development of tumours by regulating autophagy. Our study aimed to research the correlation between the expression of ATG101 and tumour prognosis and its role in tumour immunity. Methods: First, integrated analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas and Genotype-Tissue Expression portals were used to analyse the expression of ATG101. Then, we used Kaplan–Meier curves for survival analysis. Next, we analysed the relationship between ATG101 expression and six immune cells, the immune microenvironment and immune checkpoints. Besides, we analysed the relationship between the expression of ATG101 and methyltransferase. Finally, we used GSEA to study the function of ATG101 in COAD and LIHC. Results: Integrated analysis showed that ATG101 was overexpressed in different tumours. Kaplan–Meier curves found that ATG101 was associated with poor prognosis in most tumours. We found that that ATG101 can be used as a target and prognostic marker of tumour immunotherapy for different tumours. We also found that ATG101 regulates DNA methylation. GSEA analysis showed that ATG101 may play a critical role in COAD and LIHC.Conclusions: Our study highlights the significance of ATG101 in the study of tumour immunity from a pan-cancer perspective.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenrui Ye ◽  
Cong Luo ◽  
Fangkun Liu ◽  
Zhixiong Liu ◽  
Fenghua Chen

BackgroundImmunotherapy has significantly improved patient outcomes, but encountered obstacles recently. CD96, a novel immune checkpoint expressed on T cells and natural killer (NK) cells, is essential for regulating immune functions. However, how CD96 correlating with immune infiltration and patient prognosis in pan-cancer remains unclear.MethodsHPA, TCGA, GEO, GTEx, Oncomine, TIMER2.0, PrognoScan, Linkedomics, Metascape, and GEPIA2 databases were used to analyze CD96 in cancers. Visualization of data was mostly achieved by R language, version 4.0.2.ResultsIn general, CD96 was differentially expressed between most cancer and adjacent normal tissues. CD96 significantly impacted the prognosis of diverse cancers. Especially, high CD96 expression was associated with poorer overall survival (OS) and disease-specific survival (DSS) in the TCGA lower grade glioma (LGG) cohort (OS, HR = 2.18, 95% CI = 1.79–2.66, P &lt; 0.001). The opposite association was significantly observed in skin cutaneous melanoma (SKCM) cohort (OS, HR = 0.96, 95% CI = 0.94–0.98, P &lt; 0.001). Notably, SKCM samples demonstrated the highest CD96 mutation frequency among all cancer types. Furthermore, in most cancers, CD96 expression level was significantly correlated with expression levels of recognized immune checkpoints and abundance of multiple immune infiltrates including CD8+ T cells, dendric cells (DCs), macrophages, monocytes, NK cells, neutrophils, regulatory T cells (Tregs), and follicular helper T cells (Tfh). CD96 was identified as a risk factor, protective factor, and irrelevant variable in LGG, SKCM and adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC), respectively. CD96 related genes were involved in negative regulation of leukocyte in LGG, however, involved in multiple positive immune processes in SKCM. Furthermore, CD96 was significantly associated with particular immune marker subsets. Importantly, it strongly correlated with markers of type 1 helper T cell (Th1) in SKCM, but not in LGG or ACC either.ConclusionsCD96 participates in diverse immune responses, governs immune cell infiltration, and impacts malignant properties of various cancer types, thus standing as a potential biomarker for determining patient prognosis and immune infiltration in multiple cancers, especially in glioma and melanoma.


2022 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fei Chen ◽  
Yumei Fan ◽  
Xiaopeng Liu ◽  
Jianhua Zhang ◽  
Yanan Shang ◽  
...  

Heat shock factor 2 (HSF2), a transcription factor, plays significant roles in corticogenesis and spermatogenesis by regulating various target genes and signaling pathways. However, its expression, clinical significance and correlation with tumor-infiltrating immune cells across cancers have rarely been explored. In the present study, we comprehensively investigated the expression dysregulation and prognostic significance of HSF2, and the relationship with clinicopathological parameters and immune infiltration across cancers. The mRNA expression status of HSF2 was analyzed by TCGA, GTEx, and CCLE. Kaplan-Meier analysis and Cox regression were applied to explore the prognostic significance of HSF2 in different cancers. The relationship between HSF2 expression and DNA methylation, immune infiltration of different immune cells, immune checkpoints, tumor mutation burden (TMB), and microsatellite instability (MSI) were analyzed using data directly from the TCGA database. HSF2 expression was dysregulated in the human pan-cancer dataset. High expression of HSF2 was associated with poor overall survival (OS) in BRCA, KIRP, LIHC, and MESO but correlated with favorable OS in LAML, KIRC, and PAAD. The results of Cox regression and nomogram analyses revealed that HSF2 was an independent factor for KIRP, ACC, and LIHC prognosis. GO, KEGG, and GSEA results indicated that HSF2 was involved in various oncogenesis- and immunity-related signaling pathways. HSF2 expression was associated with TMB in 9 cancer types and associated with MSI in 5 cancer types, while there was a correlation between HSF2 expression and DNA methylation in 27 types of cancer. Additionally, HSF2 expression was correlated with immune cell infiltration, immune checkpoint genes, and the tumor immune microenvironment in various cancers, indicating that HSF2 could be a potential therapeutic target for immunotherapy. Our findings revealed the important roles of HSF2 across different cancer types.


2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huantao Wen ◽  
Zitao Chen ◽  
Min Li ◽  
Qiongzhen Huang ◽  
Yuhao Deng ◽  
...  

Background: PDZ binding kinase (PBK) is a serine/threonine kinase, which belongs to the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MAPKK) family. It has been shown to be a critical gene in the regulation of mitosis and tumorigenesis, but the role of PBK in various cancers remains unclear. In this study, we systematically explored the prognostic and predictive value of PBK expression in 33 cancer types.Methods: Public databases including the cBioPortal database, GDSC database, GTEx database, CCLE database, and TCGA database were used to detect the PBK expression and its association with the prognosis, clinicopathologic stage, TMB, MSI, immune microenvironment, immune checkpoints, immune cell infiltration, enrichment pathways, and IC50 across pan-cancer. The statistical analyses and visualization were conducted using R software.Results: PBK expression is relatively high in most cancers compared to their normal counterparts, and this gene is barely expressed in normal tissues. High expression of PBK is significantly associated with poor prognosis and clinicopathologic stages I, II, and III in different cancers. Furthermore, PBK expression is strongly associated with TMB in 23 cancer types and associated with MSI in nine cancer types. Moreover, the correlation analysis of the microenvironment and immune cells indicated that PBK is negatively correlated with the immune infiltration levels but positively correlated with the infiltration levels of M0 and M1 macrophages, T cells CD4 memory activated, and T cells follicular helper. GSEA analysis revealed that the biological function or pathways relevant to the cell cycle and mitosis were frequently enriched at the level of high expression of PBK.Conclusion: These results revealed the oncogenic role of PBK, which is significantly upregulated in various cancers and indicated poor prognosis and immune infiltration in multiple cancers. It also suggested that PBK may serve as a biomarker in multiple tumor progress and patient survival.


2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaohong Liu ◽  
Qian Xu ◽  
Zijing Li ◽  
Bin Xiong

AbstractAquaporin 9 (AQP9), as an aquaglyceroporin, is expressed in many immune cells and plays important role in tumor initiation and progression. However, the relationship between AQP9 and tumor-infiltrating cells, and its prognostic value in cancers still require comprehensive understanding. Herein, we aimed to elucidate the correlations of AQP9 with prognosis and immune infiltration levels in diverse cancers. We detected the expression and survival data of AQP9 through Oncomine, TIMER, Kaplan–Meier Plotter and PrognoScan databases. The correlations between AQP9 and immune infiltrates were analyzed in TIMER database. Our results found that high AQP9 expression was significantly correlated with worse prognosis in breast, colon and lung cancers, while predicted better prognosis in gastric cancer. Moreover, AQP9 had significant association with various immune infiltrating cells including CD8+ and CD4+ T cells, neutrophils, macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs), and diverse immune gene markers in BRCA, COAD, LUAD, LUSC and STAD. AQP9 was also significantly correlated with the regulation of tumor associated macrophages (TAM). These results indicate that AQP9 can play as a significant biomarker to determine the prognosis and the immune infiltrating levels in different cancers. It might also contribute to the development of the immunotherapy in breast, colon, lung and gastric cancers.


2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peipei Gao ◽  
Ting Peng ◽  
Canhui Cao ◽  
Shitong Lin ◽  
Ping Wu ◽  
...  

Abstract Background: Claudin family is a group of membrane proteins related to tight junction. There are many studies about them in cancer, but few studies pay attention to the relationship between them and the tumor microenvironment. In our research, we mainly focused on the genes related to the prognosis of ovarian cancer, and explored the relationship between them and the tumor microenvironment of ovarian cancer.Methods: The cBioProtal provided the genetic variation pattern of claudin gene family in ovarian cancer. The ONCOMINE database and Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) were used to exploring the mRNA expression of claudins in cancers. The prognostic potential of these genes was examined via Kaplan-Meier plotter. Immunologic signatures were enriched by gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). The correlations between claudins and the tumor microenvironment of ovarian cancer were investigated via Tumor Immune Estimation Resource (TIMER).Results: In our research, claudin genes were altered in 363 (62%) of queried patients/samples. Abnormal expression levels of claudins were observed in various cancers. Among them, we found that CLDN3, CLDN4, CLDN6, CLDN10, CLDN15 and CLDN16 were significantly correlated with overall survival of patients with ovarian cancer. GSEA revealed that CLDN6 and CLDN10 were significantly enriched in immunologic signatures about B cell, CD4 T cell and CD8 T cell. What makes more sense is that CLDN6 and CLDN10 were found related to the tumor microenvironment. CLDN6 expression was negatively correlated with immune infiltration level in ovarian cancer, and CLDN10 expression was positively correlated with immune infiltration level in ovarian cancer. Further study revealed the CLDN6 expression level was negatively correlated with gene markers of various immune cells in ovarian cancer. And, the expression of CLDN10 was positive correlated with gene markers of immune cells in ovarian cancer.Conclusions: CLDN6 and CLDN10 were prognostic biomarkers, and correlated with immune infiltration in ovarian cancer. Our results revealed new roles for CLDN6 and CLDN10, and they were potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of ovarian cancer.


2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Minde Li ◽  
Shaoyang Li ◽  
Lin Zhou ◽  
Le Yang ◽  
Xiao Wu ◽  
...  

Abstract Background: Matrix metallopeptidase 14(MMPL4) is a member of the matrix metalloproteinase family, which interacts with tissue metalloproteinase inhibitors (TIMPs), and is involved in normal physiological functions such as cell migration, invasion, metastasis, angiogenesis and proliferation, as well as tumor genesis and progression. However, there has been a lack of relevant reports on the effect of MMP14 on pan-cancer. This study aims to explore the correlation between MMP14 and pan-cancer prognosis, immune infiltration, and the effects of pan-cancer gene mismatch repair (MMR), microsatellite instability (MSI), tumor mutation load (TMB), DNA methylation, and immune checkpoint genes.Methods: In this study, we used bioinformatics to analyze data from multiple databases, including TCGA, Oncomine and Kaplan-Meier Plotter. We investigated the relationship between the expression of MMP14 in tumors and tumor prognosis, the relationship between MMP14 expression and tumor cell immune infiltration, and the relationship between MMR gene mismatch repair (MMR), microsatellite instability (MSI), tumor mutation load (TMB), DNA methylation, and immune checkpoint genes.Results: MMP14 expression is highly associated with prognosis of a variety of cancers, tumor immunoinvasion, and has important effects on pan-oncologic mismatch repair (MMR), microsatellite instability (MSI), tumor mutation load (TMB), DNA methylation, and immune checkpoint genes. Conclusion: MMP14 is highly correlated with tumor prognosis and immunoinvasion, and affects the occurrence and progression of many tumors. All these fully indicate that MMP14 may be a biomarker for the prognosis, diagnosis and treatment of many tumors, and provide a new idea and direction for subsequent tumor immune research and treatment strategies.


2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hong Luan ◽  
Chuang Zhang ◽  
Tuo Zhang ◽  
Ye He ◽  
Yanna Su ◽  
...  

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an extremely malignant tumor. The immune profile of PDAC and the immunologic milieu of its tumor microenvironment (TME) are unique; however, the mechanism of how the TME engineers the carcinogenesis of PDAC is not fully understood. This study is aimed at better understanding the relationship between the immune infiltration of the TME and gene expression and identifying potential prognostic and immunotherapeutic biomarkers for PDAC. Analysis of data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases identified differentially expressed genes (DEGs), including 159 upregulated and 53 downregulated genes. Gene Ontology analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes enrichment were performed and showed that the DEGs were mainly enriched for the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and extracellular matrix organization. We used the cytoHubba plugin of Cytoscape to screen out the most significant ten hub genes by four different models (Degree, MCC, DMNC, and MNC). The expression and clinical relevance of these ten hub genes were validated using Gene Expression Profiling Interactive Analysis (GEPIA) and the Human Protein Atlas, respectively. High expression of nine of the hub genes was positively correlated with poor prognosis. Finally, the relationship between these hub genes and tumor immunity was analyzed using the Tumor Immune Estimation Resource. We found that the expression of SPARC, COL6A3, and FBN1 correlated positively with infiltration levels of six immune cells in the tumors. In addition, these three genes had a strong coexpression relationship with the immune checkpoints. In conclusion, our results suggest that nine upregulated biomarkers are related to poor prognosis in PDAC and may serve as potential prognostic biomarkers for PDAC therapy. Furthermore, SPARC, COL6A3, and FBN1 play an important role in tumor-related immune infiltration and may be ideal targets for immune therapy against PDAC.


2013 ◽  
Vol 31 (4_suppl) ◽  
pp. 512-512 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Hogan ◽  
Georges Samaha ◽  
John Burke ◽  
David Waldron ◽  
Eoin Condon ◽  
...  

512 Background: Debate persists regarding the relationship between mucin production and cancer-related outcome following curative resection for colon cancer. Lack of consensus is due to (amongst other factors) discrepancies in definition, small cohort studies and the integration of both colon and rectal cancers. This study characterizes the relationship between mucin production and cancer-related outcome in an homogenous single-institute based cohort. Methods: A database spanning demographics, clinico-pathologic characteristics and prognostic factors was generated for all patients undergoing curative-intent colonic resection in the interval 2000 to 2010. Patients were categorized simply as mucin producing (i.e. MC) or non-mucin producing adenocarcinoma (NMC). Primary outcomes included overall survival (time to death from any cause) and disease free survival (time to loco-regional and systemic recurrence). Trends were established for MC and NMC using Kaplan-Meier estimates, plotted and compared using log-rank analysis. Findings significant on univariate analysis were incorporated into multivariate analysis. Cox proportional hazards model was employed to determine the associated hazard of both death and disease recurrence in each group. Statistical analysis was performed using R version 2.15. P < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: 77 mucinous carcinomas (MC) and 358 non mucinous carcinomas (NMC) were included. On univariate analysis, MC was associated with improved overall survival (OS) (P=0.007). Both N1 (HR 1.625, P=0.011) and N2 (HR 2.7, P<0.001) status were associated with adverse OS. On multivariate analysis, MC approached but did not reach statistical significance for improved OS (HR 0.543, P=0.061). A comparison of Kaplan-Meier estimates for overall survival in MC and NMC groups indicated that OS was significantly improved in the MC cohort (P=0.011). There was no difference in disease free survival (P=0.224). Systemic recurrence was greater in the NMC group (P=0.042). Conclusions: Mucin production in colonic adenocarcinoma appears associated with improved overall but not disease-free survival. In addition, the absence of mucin was associated with adverse systemic but not local recurrence.


2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chuanxi Yang ◽  
Tingting Wu ◽  
Jing Zhang ◽  
Jinhui Liu ◽  
Kun Zhao ◽  
...  

BackgroundNAT10 (also known as human N-acetyltransferase-like protein) is a critical gene that regulates N4-acetylcytidine formation in RNA, similar to the multiple regulators of N6-methyladenosine. However, the underlying functions and mechanisms of NAT10 in tumor progression and immunology are unclear.MethodsIn this study, we systematically analyzed the pan-cancer expression and correlations of NAT10, using databases including Oncomine, PrognoScan, GEPIA2, and Kaplan-Meier Plotter. The potential correlations of NAT10 with immune infiltration stages and gene marker sets were analyzed using the Tumor Immune Estimation Resource and GEPIA2.ResultsCompared with normal tissues, NAT10 showed higher expression in most cancers based on combined data from TCGA and GTEx. In different datasets, high NAT10 expression was significantly correlated with poor prognosis in adrenocortical carcinoma, head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, liver hepatocellular carcinoma, kidney renal papillary cell carcinoma, and pheochromocytoma and paraganglioma. Moreover, there were significant positive correlations between NAT10 expression and immune infiltrates, including B cells, CD8+ T cells, CD4+ T cells, neutrophils, macrophages, dendritic cells, endothelial cells, and fibroblasts in LIHC. NAT10 expression showed strong correlations with diverse immune marker gene sets in LIHC.ConclusionNAT10 expression affects the prognosis of pan-cancer patients and is significantly correlated with tumor immune infiltration. Furthermore, it represents a potential target for cancer therapy.


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