scholarly journals Evolution of Avian Conservation Breeding With Insights for Addressing the Current Extinction Crisis

2010 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-210 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jesse D'Elia
Keyword(s):  
Captive Breeding ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
Population Expansion ◽  
Natural History Museums ◽  
Avian Conservation ◽  
Bird Populations ◽  
Exotic Animals ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Conservation Breeding

Abstract Birds have been bred in captivity since the dawn of civilization. In the nineteenth century, breeding rare and exotic animals for the menageries of royalty and aristocrats transitioned to the formation of public zoological gardens and natural history museums. With industrialization and human population expansion, some bird species became rare or disappeared entirely. Once the magnitude of the destructive forces of humans became evident, concerted efforts were initiated to restore depleted bird populations by using, among other techniques, captive breeding. In this article, I explore the evolution of avian conservation breeding programs and evaluate how this historical review informs our outlook for addressing the current extinction crisis.

scholarly journals Diversitas Genetika dan Identifikasi Jenis Kelamin Burung Pelikan (Pelecanus conspicillatus Temminck, 1824) di Penangkaran Taman Margasatwa Ragunan Jakarta

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 105-114
Author(s):  
Anik Budhi Dharmayanthi ◽  
Achmad Muchsinin ◽  
Afriana Pulungan ◽  
Moch Syamsul Arifin Zein
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Nucleotide Diversity ◽  
Haplotype Diversity ◽  
Population Expansion ◽  
Bird Populations ◽  
Low Genetic Diversity ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
D Loop ◽  
Haplotype 1

Pelicans (Pelecanus conspicillatus) is one of the wild species that have a widely distribution. This bird has been successfully bred in Ragunan Zoo, Jakarta. The indicator of inbreeding in the captive population is shown by the decrease of nucleotide diversity and number of haplotypes. The result of genetic diversity analysis using D-loop fragment sequences showed low genetic diversity with nucleotide diversity (p) = 0.00064 ± 0.00010 and haplotype diversity (Hd) = 0.532 ± 0.061 in Pelecanus conspicillatus populations in the Ragunan Zoo. However, negative Fu's Fs value (-3,246) indicates population expansion. We found that there were seven haplotypes in bird populations in the captivity: haplotype 1, 2 and 3 consist of 43 individuals (65.15%), five individuals (7.57%), and 14 individuals (21.21%), respectively. For each haplotype 4, 5, 6 and 7 is only represented by one individual of Pelecanus conspicillatus (1.51%). The sex ratio of males to females is 1: 8.86 with four males identified as haplotype 1, and one male on haplotypes 3, 5 and 7, respectively. Genetic diversity data of the population is an important way for designing long-term plans and goals in efforts to maintain genetic diversity of the Pelecanus conspicillatus population in captivity.

Determination of the presence of Mycobacterium avium on Guam as a precursor to reintroduction of indigenous bird species

1998 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 227
Author(s):  
Ilse Silva-Krott ◽  
M. Kelly Brock ◽  
Randall E. Junge
Keyword(s):  
Mycobacterium Avium ◽  
Captive Breeding ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Animal Husbandry ◽  
Breeding Population ◽  
Native Forest ◽  
Captive Population ◽  
Boiga Irregularis ◽  
Bird Populations ◽  
High Degree

Eight of 11 native forest bird species on Guam were extirpated by the introduction of the Brown Tree Snake Boiga irregularis. Emergency measures necessary to rescue the Guam subspecies of Micronesian Kingfisher Halcyon cinnamomina cinnamomina from extinction involved translocation and captive breeding in American mainland zoos. Soon after the establishment of a captive breeding population, the kingfisher demonstrated a high degree of susceptibility to avian tuberculosis (ATB), a disease that proved to be a major threat to the preservation of the species. The cause of ATB is Mycobacterium avium which produces a prolonged course of infection in kingfishers and other birds. Kingfishers infected with M. avium are difficult to detect until late in the course of the disease, thereby potentially posing a risk of transmitting ATB to the Guam captive population of Guam Rails Gallirallus owstoni, if kingfishers are repatriated. M. avium is considered to be ubiquitous in nature. However, there are no reported mortalities due to ATB in any bird species on Guam. In this study, six of twenty-one cultures yielded Mycobacterium spp., two of which were further identified as M. avium. Since this study demonstrates that M. avium already exists on Guam, repatriating kingfishers to Guam poses no threat of introducing a new pathological agent to the island's ecosystem. Strict quarantine procedures along with rigorous animal husbandry protocols should minimize risks of repatriating infected kingfishers to Guam, and prevent transmission of ATB to the captive population of Guam Rails and other bird populations on Guam.

scholarly journals Biology and Captive Breeding of the Amazonian Milk Frog, Trachycephalus resinifictrix (Goeldi 1907)

2015 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 68-75
Author(s):  
Fabien Mignet
Keyword(s):  
Immune Function ◽  
Captive Breeding ◽  
Mortality Rates ◽  
Biological Traits ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
General Welfare ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Private Contributions ◽  
Conservation Breeding

Although the Amazonian Milk Frog (Trachycephalus resinifictrix) is commonly bred in captivity in zoological institutions worldwide, very little information regarding these undertakings has been published. Here, I report my experience with the successful breeding of T. resinifictrix at the Touroparc Zoo. I highlight some fundamental biological traits in order to fulfill the requirements for captive breeding and to ensure the general welfare of these frogs. The aim is to provide guidelines that may be used by zoos, aquariums, and other facilities as well as private contributions to conservation breeding programs for endangered anurans with requirements similar to those of T. resinifictrix. In general, this species is easy to keep in captivity. Larvae are easy to produce and raise with very low mortality rates. They usually metamorphose at six to ten weeks. However, newly metamorphosed frogs are fragile and require more attention. Several pathogens are known to affect the health of amphibians, and stress can play an important role in immune function.

scholarly journals The dynamics of avicultural markets

2001 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 76-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer M. Robinson
Keyword(s):  
Captive Breeding ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Trade Restrictions ◽  
Model Simulations ◽  
Species Introductions ◽  
Bird Populations ◽  
Potential Source ◽  
The World

Trade restrictions stemming from the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) have created a situation in which rare and attractive bird species command high prices on international pet markets. Most of these species are of tropical or subtropical origin, and many are amenable to captive breeding. Hence, the possibility of exporting birds under CITES provisions for the export of captive-raised animals is under debate in many countries around the world. If export bans are replaced by systems of export permits, the economics of avicultural markets will govern the magnitude, timing, and nature of the impacts of the bird trade. Avicultural economics, however, is little studied, and the long-term economic viabilities of exotic pet markets are poorly understood. In order to elucidate these, a dynamic model of an avicultural market was constructed, based on descriptive information. Model simulations showed that the high prices commanded by sought-after bird species tended to bring about oversupply and rapid price decline. Short-lived, fecund species produced a rapid, sharp pulse of oversupply; longer-lived species produced more persistent but less acute conditions of oversupply. The present high prices for protected bird species may be regarded as a potential source of windfall profits, or as a factor that might be manipulated to discourage the poaching and smuggling of wild birds. If export-oriented aviculture is considered as a component of strategies for diversification of agriculture and promotion of sustainable development, it is important that decision-makers factor in the likelihood of significant declines in bird prices and that they consider the risk of accidental species introductions that is inherent in holding large exotic-bird populations.

Unidirectional hybridization in birds: an historical review of bullfinch (Pyrrhula pyrrhula) hybrids

2007 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-29 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. R. Birkhead ◽  
S. Van Balen
Keyword(s):  
Bird Species ◽  
Historical Review ◽  
Convincing Evidence ◽  
Serinus Canaria ◽  
Hybrid Offspring ◽  
Speciation Process ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Pyrrhula Pyrrhula

Hybridization occurs among many bird species in nature and many more in captivity, and hybridization has important implications for the speciation process. Bird-fanciers have produced hybrids between the canary (Serinus canaria) and various finch species since at least 1600. Some finch species exhibit unidirectional hybridization in which males of species A can successfully hybridize with females of species B, but not vice versa. The bullfinch (Pyrrhula pyrrhula) is thought to be such a species, with only females capable of producing hybrid offspring with the domesticated canary and other finches. We review historical and more recent records of alleged male Pyrrhula pyrrhula × Serinus canaria hybrids and conclude that there is no convincing evidence of their existence, but there are sufficient independent records to suggest that contrary to what is generally believed, hybrids from a male bullfinch and female canary may occur, albeit extremely rarely. We also suggest ways in which hybrids from a male bullfinch and female canary can be verified in future.

scholarly journals Assessing the Extinction Probability of the Purple-winged Ground Dove, an Enigmatic Bamboo Specialist

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexander C. Lees ◽  
Christian Devenish ◽  
Juan Ignacio Areta ◽  
Carlos Barros de Araújo ◽  
Carlos Keller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Atlantic Forest ◽  
Captive Breeding ◽  
Species Distribution Model ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Distribution Model ◽  
Documentary Evidence ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
In The Wild ◽  
Forest Habitats ◽  
Historical Range

The continued loss, fragmentation, and degradation of forest habitats are driving an extinction crisis for tropical and subtropical bird species. This loss is particularly acute in the Atlantic Forest of South America, where it is unclear whether several endemic bird species are extinct or extant. We collate and model spatiotemporal distributional data for one such “lost” species, the Purple-winged Ground Dove Paraclaravis geoffroyi, a Critically Endangered endemic of the Atlantic Forest biome, which is nomadic and apparently dependent on masting bamboo stands. We compared its patterns of occurrence with that of a rare “control” forest pigeon, the Violaceous Quail-Dove Geotrygon violacea, which occurs in regional sympatry. We also solicit information from aviculturists who formerly kept the species. We find that the two species share a similar historical recording rate but can find no documentary evidence (i.e., specimens, photos, video, sound recordings) for the persistence of Purple-winged Ground Dove in the wild after the 1980s, despite periodic sighting records, and after which time citizen scientists frequently documented the control species in the wild. Assessments of the probability that the species is extant are sensitive to the method of analysis, and whether records lacking documentary evidence are considered credible. Analysis of the temporal sequence of past records reveals the extent of the historical range contraction of the Purple-winged Ground Dove, while our species distribution model highlights the geographic search priorities for field ornithologists hoping to rediscover the species—aided by the first recording of the species vocalizations which we obtained from interviews with aviculturists. Our interviews also revealed that the species persisted in captivity from the 1970s until the 1990s (up to 150 birds), until a law was passed obstructing captive breeding efforts by private individuals, putting an end to perhaps the best chance we had to save the species from extinction.

scholarly journals Molecular techniques for sex identification of captive birds

2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1506-1513 ◽  
Author(s):  
Medania Purwaningrum ◽  
Herjuno Ari Nugroho ◽  
Machmud Asvan ◽  
Karyanti Karyanti ◽  
Bertha Alviyanto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Captive Breeding ◽  
Bird Species ◽  
Sex Discrimination ◽  
Sex Identification ◽  
Molecular Techniques ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Conservation Breeding

Background and Aim: Many avian species are considered sexually monomorphic. In monomorphic bird species, especially in young birds, sex is difficult to identify based on an analysis of their external morphology. Accurate sex identification is essential for avian captive breeding and evolutionary studies. Methods with varying degrees of invasiveness such as vent sexing, laparoscopic surgery, steroid sexing, and chromosome inspection (karyotyping) are used for sex identification in monomorphic birds. This study aimed to assess the utility of a non-invasive molecular marker for gender identification in a variety of captive monomorphic birds, as a strategy for conservation. Materials and Methods: DNA was isolated from feather samples from 52 individuals representing 16 species of 11 families indigenous to both Indonesia and elsewhere. We amplified the chromodomain helicase DNA-binding (CHD) gene using polymerase chain reaction with MP, NP, and PF primers to amplify introns with lengths that differ between the CHD-W and the CHD-Z genes, allowing sex discrimination because the W chromosome is exclusively present in females. Results: Molecular bird sexing confirmed 33 females and 19 males with 100% accuracy. We used sequencing followed by alignment on one protected bird species (Probosciger aterrimus). Conclusion: Sex identification may be accomplished noninvasively in birds, because males only have Z sex chromosomes, whereas females have both Z and W chromosomes. Consequently, the presence of a W-unique DNA sequence identifies an individual as female. Sexing of birds is vital for scientific research, and to increase the success rate of conservation breeding programs.

scholarly journals Captive husbandry and breeding of the Nguru spiny pygmy chameleon Rhampholeon acuminatus

2021 ◽  
pp. 24-27
Author(s):  
Jay Redbond
Keyword(s):  
Captive Breeding ◽  
Critically Endangered ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Pet Trade ◽  
Total Length ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Conservation Breeding ◽  
Published Account

The Nguru spiny pygmy chameleon (Rhampholeon acuminatus) is endemic to the Nguru mountains in Tanzania. It is assessed as Critically Endangered and is collected from the wild for the pet trade. An ex-situ population of this species was recently established at The Wild Planet Trust, Paignton Zoo, in the hope of learning more about the husbandry and biology of this species. We report on the captive husbandry of adults and the successful breeding, hatching and rearing of juveniles. Females carried four eggs but laid them in pairs. When eggs were incubated at 19.2-22.8 °C, hatchlings emerged roughly 180 days after laying. The hatchlings had a total length of about 30 mm and weighed 0.2-0.3 g. To our knowledge, this is the first published account of captive breeding for this species. The husbandry methods described could be used to establish populations of this and other Rhampholeon species in captivity, which in turn would reduce the demand for wild caught (Rhampholeon), as well as inform future conservation breeding programmes for this species.

scholarly journals Offspring survival changes over generations of captive breeding

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Katherine A. Farquharson ◽  
Carolyn J. Hogg ◽  
Catherine E. Grueber
Keyword(s):  
Best Practice ◽  
Captive Breeding ◽  
Single Species ◽  
Genetic Change ◽  
Offspring Survival ◽  
Vertebrate Species ◽  
Pedigree Data ◽  
Breeding Programs ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Conservation Breeding

AbstractConservation breeding programs such as zoos play a major role in preventing extinction, but their sustainability may be impeded by neutral and adaptive population genetic change. These changes are difficult to detect for a single species or context, and impact global conservation efforts. We analyse pedigree data from 15 vertebrate species – over 30,000 individuals – to examine offspring survival over generations of captive breeding. Even accounting for inbreeding, we find that the impacts of increasing generations in captivity are highly variable across species, with some showing substantial increases or decreases in offspring survival over generations. We find further differences between dam and sire effects in first- versus multi-generational analysis. Crucially, our multispecies analysis reveals that responses to captivity could not be predicted from species’ evolutionary (phylogenetic) relationships. Even under best-practice captive management, generational fitness changes that cannot be explained by known processes (such as inbreeding depression), are occurring.

scholarly journals Effect of captivity on morphology: negligible changes in external morphology mask significant changes in internal morphology

2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 172470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanie K. Courtney Jones ◽  
Adam J. Munn ◽  
Phillip G. Byrne
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Dimorphism ◽  
Captive Breeding ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
External Morphology ◽  
Wild Animals ◽  
Internal Morphology ◽  
In Captivity ◽  
Two Generations ◽  
Breeding Programmes ◽  
Source Populations

Captive breeding programmes are increasingly relied upon for threatened species management. Changes in morphology can occur in captivity, often with unknown consequences for reintroductions. Few studies have examined the morphological changes that occur in captive animals compared with wild animals. Further, the effect of multiple generations being maintained in captivity, and the potential effects of captivity on sexual dimorphism remain poorly understood. We compared external and internal morphology of captive and wild animals using house mouse ( Mus musculus ) as a model species. In addition, we looked at morphology across two captive generations, and compared morphology between sexes. We found no statistically significant differences in external morphology, but after one generation in captivity there was evidence for a shift in the internal morphology of captive-reared mice; captive-reared mice (two generations bred) had lighter combined kidney and spleen masses compared with wild-caught mice. Sexual dimorphism was maintained in captivity. Our findings demonstrate that captive breeding can alter internal morphology. Given that these morphological changes may impact organismal functioning and viability following release, further investigation is warranted. If the morphological change is shown to be maladaptive, these changes would have significant implications for captive-source populations that are used for reintroduction, including reduced survivorship.

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