Valuing Information Technology

2006 ◽  
pp. 144-157
Author(s):  
Robert A. Schultz
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Value Of Information ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
Professional Duty ◽  
Points Of View

Besides being of interest in its own right, the question of the value of information technology (IT) has ethical implications, primarily for policymakers and managers in organizations. IT professional duty and managerial duty require undertakings that have a reasonable expectation of improving the organization and its prospects. Since IT plays a complex role in providing benefits for an organization, and also since IT projects can fail in ways that have major negative impact on an organization, the valuation of IT impacts the ethical responsibilities of policymakers and managers. In the late 1980s, a number of researchers set out to quantify the value added to an organization by computerization or automation (two terms commonly used in those days). To their surprise, they found no or comparatively little value added. This result became known as the “Productivity Paradox” (Brynjollfson, 1992; Loveman, 1988; Roach, 1991). The ensuing discussion continued through the 1990s and beyond. Whatever else the discussion accomplished, it showed the complexity of questions about the value of information technology. There are cases in which IT has clearly added value to a particular organization at a particular time. It is also true that, in some cases, IT has added more than shareholder or monetary value so that from any social point of view, the result is positive. The World Wide Web is an example. The difficulty in assessing value comes when one tries to reach conclusions about the overall contribution of IT to the economy or to society. It is widely known that IT benefits are far from automatic and sometimes difficult or impossible to achieve. So, overall, do the benefits outweigh the costs? How do we go about answering this question? What are the appropriate points of view from which to determine value?1 The two main appropriate points of view are: 1. The user point of view. The user is whoever employs the technology, whether an individual, organization, or organizational department. 2. The socioeconomic point of view, which is the point of view of the society or economy, whatever promulgates overall economic policies. From the user point of view, typical questions would be as follows: • Individual: Is it worth it for me to purchase this firewall software? • Organization: Should we install ERP software companywide? What are the benefits and liabilities for the organization? Is the investment worth it? • Independent Department: Should we switch our production software to another company’s product? Again, what are the benefits and liabilities for the department? (In the background, there should be a procedure insuring that potential impacts for the rest of the organization are considered.)

The Ultimate Value of Technology

2006 ◽  
pp. 158-179
Author(s):  
Robert A. Schultz
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Value Of Information ◽  
Social Groups ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Human Group ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Human Attributes

In the previous chapter, we saw how difficult it was to determine the value of information technology, even with a clearly defined point of view from which to assess that value, namely, the interests of the organization utilizing the technology. Over and above the point of view of the organization or even the economy as an aggregate of organizations, there are other perspectives to consider. Is it correct to view technology as another enabling value like health and wealth, an all-purpose means that enables us to achieve any number of our ends?1 Or should technology rather be viewed as an entirely different way of structuring reality? These questions raise broader issues that need to be considered from much wider points of view: What is the value of information technology for humanity as a whole? And finally, what is the value of information technology for being as a whole? In considering these questions, we need also to consider whether the value of information technology is best assessed as a part of technology generally, or whether information technology has its own characteristics relevant for assessing its value. I will examine issues concerning technology as a whole in this chapter, and return to the IT-specific issues in the next chapter. Beyond considering technology and information technology from the point of view of humanity as a whole, it may be necessary to consider technology and information technology from the point of view of being as a whole. One could think of the point of view of being as a whole as God’s point of view, except that many religious conceptions of God assign many different human attributes to God. And so to determine what is valuable from God’s point of view would embroil us in major religious disputes about God’s nature. Trying to take the point of view of being avoids such disputes. Rather, we are asking, what is the value of technology from the point of view of the unfolding or revealing of whatever is, has been, or will come to be?2 Even the point of view of humanity is itself very difficult for many people to embrace. Instead, their highest point of view is that of some limited human group, most typically national or social groups, ethnic groups, or economic groups or organizations. Yet even with these difficulties, it is easier to discuss the value of technology and information technology from the point of view of humanity as a whole than it is to discuss these questions from the point of view of being. So we will start with the point of view of humanity.

Der geplante Mensch im Unternehmen – Teil 1

2019 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 14-18
Author(s):  
Heinz-J. Bontrup
Keyword(s):  
Labor Demand ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Work Sharing ◽  
Personnel Planning ◽  
Working Volume ◽  
Productivity Theory ◽  
General Business ◽  
Corporate Crisis

In practice, it is always amazing to observe that companies do not have sufficient personnel planning. However, it is also just as astonishing that the working human being in the value-added work-sharing process still does not receive the acknowledgment that is actually due to him as the only new value-adding factor in connection with nature. In contrast,the capital endowed by the dominant bourgeois economy is merely a derivative factor of production, and the neoclassical marginal productivity theory completely bypasses economic reality. However, it is also a fact that the added value created by humans in production must always first be realized on the market. However, the risks that arise here do not necessarily affect only the owners of the capital but also the employees. They are general business risks and not just business risks.All of this is worked out in the first chapter of the article and made calculable and verifiable in the second chapter. On the basis of business-related (derived) added value, these include various key personnel policy indicators that reveal valuebased labor intensity and labor productivity as well as the distribution of added value in the wage and value added quota. In the third chapter of the article (Part 2 (4/2019)), the conditions for a labor demand (recruitment), but also for redundancies in a market-capitalist enterprise, and their influence are shown. This shows that the personnel plan is dependent on the sales, production and investment plan of a company and is also determined by political and legal measures. Annoying in the use of personnel is from the point of view of capital, the economically indeterminate employment contract. The fourth chapter deals with the determination of the quantitative and qualitative human resources needs. Here, special emphasis is placed on a practically never performed gross-net-bill as well as on a calculation of the gross and net working volume. Important in this context are dynamic input-output establishment plans. The final fifth chapter then deals with strategic personnel adjustments in corporate crisis situations to avoid possible redundancies.

The Ultimate Value of Information Technology

2006 ◽  
pp. 180-195
Author(s):  
Robert A. Schultz
Keyword(s):  
Information Technology ◽  
Value Of Information ◽  
Modern Technology ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Ethical Principles ◽  
Human Consciousness ◽  
The World ◽  
Ecosystem Level ◽  
Positive Feature ◽  
The Impact

In order to conclude our discussion of the value of information technology, we need to answer these questions: What characteristics does IT share with modern technology generally? What is its place with respect to the rest of technology and with respect to the rest of the world? The goal of this chapter is to formulate how information technology might interact with ethical principles required at the species level, ecosystem level, and the level of being as a whole. I also want to consider the impact of these ethical principles on our responsibilities as IT professionals. The most positive feature of information technology is its potential to contribute to the increase in human consciousness by making more knowledge more widely available. Yet it can just as easily enable questionable applications of technology that further our extinction as a species or the destruction of the ecosystem. Let us begin by asking of information technology the questions we asked about technology generally: Is information technology a neutral means? Does it have its own ends and point of view?

scholarly journals Resilience and sustainability of creative industries businesses

2021 ◽  
Vol 115 ◽  
pp. 02004
Author(s):  
Helena Majdúchová ◽  
Daniela Rybárová
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Slovak Republic ◽  
Creative Industries ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Creative Economy ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Unlimited Growth ◽  
New Type

The importance of the creative economy for the development of society not only from an economic but also from a social and cultural point of view has been the subject of numerous scientific and professional studies. The connecting link between them is the observation that creativity has been considered in recent years as a new type of competitive advantage. As a generator of added value for all businesses, the creative industries have unlimited growth potential and are thus seen as a route to sustainable development. One of the problems of the creative industry is to obtain resources for business development. This paper examines the financial structure of selected areas of the creative industries in the Slovak Republic, using mean values for 2016-2019, correlation and regression analysis of financial data in 2019 (before the negative impact of COVID19). The findings point to the absence of credit sources, which confirms the fact that these businesses are perceived as risky and unstable by banks and financial institutions in the Slovak Republic.

scholarly journals The Obvious Opinion regarding the Ruling of Zakat on Professionals? And tax them as an alternative? Fundamental Study

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (14) ◽  
pp. 62-141
Author(s):  
المحامي د. عدنان بن جمعان الزهراني المحامي د. عدنان بن جمعان الزهراني
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Income Tax ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Supporting Evidence ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Kingdom Of Saudi Arabia ◽  
Royal Decree ◽  
Fundamental Study ◽  
The Way

there is no doubt that the way chosen by the rulers of this country, may God protect it, made reference in all its works and acts for the Quran and the Sunnah; as the seventh article of the Basic Law of Ruling which is issued by the Royal Decree No. A / 90 dated 27/8/1412 AH states: “The ruling in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia derives its authority from Quran and Sunnah of the prophet and they are the rulers over this law and all state laws”, and the eighth article states: "The ruling in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia is based on justice, mutual consultation "Shura", and equality in accordance with Sharia law." This study is an application based on this approach, which is depending on Quran and Sunnah, and based on justice, Shura, and equality between people according to the provisions of Sharia. Whilst scientific research is one of the legitimate ways which paves the way for exchanging opinions and providing advice; the researcher in his capacity as a practitioner, and has experience in this regard, and has something to add about a new topic like this which is classified within the jurisprudence of contemporary issues, especially in our country, may God protect it, considering that applications related to tax are characterized as contemporary issues, and it is still on its way to take shape and clarity; Therefore, the researcher tries to present a study in this regard because of the inaccuracy he observed in the implementation and the lack of perception according to his point of view, in which it may contribute to rationalizing the work, and leaves an influence on the development of this sector, as this presented study does not determine the principles concerning what is imposed on the practitioner, it rather determines what is beyond that where it draws attention that economic policies are nothing but a reflection of the ideological attitudes and ideas which those who determine those policies believe in, in addition to that steps in various areas should be launched in harmony with those ideological and intellectual trends. This study determines that imposing zakat on the practitioneras a man of a profession is incorrect and there is no supporting evidence for it and no scholar has said something like that in our entire jurisprudential heritage. As for imposing tax on the practitioner, it is something that is justifiable, but with certain conditions. The most important of which is that it should be characterized by horizontal justice: It means treating similar taxpayers alike, and vertical justice: It means treating different taxpayers in circumstances differently. This was emphasized during the study, as the study showed that the only tax that can be imposed on the practitioner is the income tax, and it is not accepted to impose such tax, in accordance with good tax standards, unless the income tax is imposed on other similar professions which is in accordance to the aforementioned horizontal justice rule. As for the imposition of value-added tax on the professional, this is not fair; because it necessarily becomes an income tax, and I mentioned the reason for that, and accordingly it is not accepted to be imposed on the practitioner, because he becomes a victim of double taxation, which is discussed in this study. I conclude this research sincerely for the sake of Allah the Almighty, His Messenger, the Muslim rulers and Muslim people. Prayers and blessings be upon his prophet, household and companions. Concluded at the end of Ramadan 1441 AH. Lawyer: DR. Adnan Al-Zahrani

scholarly journals MANAJEMEN KONFLIK PERSPEKTIF PENDIDIKAN ISLAM

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 11
Author(s):  
YUSNIA BINTI KHOLIFAH
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Islamic Education ◽  
Points Of View

Conflict is inevitable and will surely be present in every person's life or the life of an organization. Viewing conflict can be from two angles, each point of view will have different consequences and will even be opposite. When conflicts are seen as positive in the sense that they are seen as learning, conflict will become a force for progress. But on the contrary if the conflict is seen as something that is not good or negative then the conflict will become a weakness that can cause stress, division and even hostility. Looking at these two points of view when someone is told to choose, it will choose the good, that is, conflict is seen positively, because actually everyone does not like division. But this is not easy because in reality everyone tends to be emotional when facing a conflict that ultimately has a negative impact. Therefore we need a way to manage a conflict that comes so that conflict becomes a positive thing. Islamic education teaches various ways on how to deal with conflict. Because in fact there is a difference that is considered as a trigger for the emergence of conflict is a blessing.

scholarly journals The Quality Costs Assessment in the Aspect of Value Added Chain

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 119 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asta Daunoriene ◽  
Egle Katiliute
Keyword(s):  
Value Chain ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Evaluation Procedure ◽  
Expert Evaluation ◽  
Quality Costs ◽  
Inductive Methods

<p><strong>Purpose:</strong> The main purpose of this paper is to focus on the quality costs influence direction and intensity on the added value in the aspect of value chain.</p><p><strong>Methodology/Approach:</strong> The article is based on a nomothetic point of view that includes three modules: conceptual, hypothetical – deductive and inductive methods. To formulate theoretical aspects of quality costs evaluation, comparative and chronological analysis of scientific literature is used. Empirical results of the research are obtained by applying method of expert evaluation.</p><p><strong>Findings:</strong> During expert evaluation procedure is identified and selected significant quality costs elements. It is a useful tool to identify quality costs thought value chain processes. Created model of quality costs assessment in the aspect of value added chain is based on identification and classification of quality costs elements and allows to measure and to evaluate influence of quality costs,<br />its direction and intensity on the added value.</p><p><strong>Research Limitation/implication:</strong> The formulated model of quality costs assessment in the aspect of value added chain is assigned to the models that “are oriented towards the situation”, i.e. diverted towards organizational analyses.</p><p><strong>Originality/Value of paper:</strong> The paper complements the gap between theoretical and practical framework of determining influence of quality costs on added value and proves importance of the assessment of quality costs elements in the aspect of added value chain.</p>

scholarly journals Cheias e escassez de água no Alto Alentejo. O exemplo da Bacia Vertente da Ribeira de Tera

Finisterra ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 30 (59/60) ◽  
Author(s):  
Catarina Ramos
Keyword(s):  
Human Activities ◽  
Drainage Basin ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Main Channel ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Hydrographic Basin ◽  
Precipitation Decrease ◽  
Points Of View ◽  
Geological Formations ◽  
Anthropic Pressure

FLOODS AND DRYNESS IN ALENTEJO. THE CASE OF THE DRAINAGE BASIN OF RIBEIRA DE TERA (PORTUGAL) - The drainage basin of Ribeira de Tera belongs to the Hydrographic Basin of the River Tagus, and it is located in one of the driest areas of Portugal: Alentejo.The geological formations of the drainage basin have a very reduced permeability, resulting in drastically worsening of the consequences of low and irregular rainfall. The drainage basin is much affected by the dryness, since the rainfall is absent during more than 3/4 of the days of the year and, for more than half of the years (58%), the precipitation does not even reach 700 mm/year. Every stream of the drainage basin is therefore temporary, including its main channel, which stays dry an average of 133 days/year.The early 70's mark a change in the stream's behaviour. The fluvial discharges have been decreasing, and the drought continues throughout the Autumn. The number of flood days is decreasing distinctly, but the flood's magnitude has increased, due to the decrease of floods with low peak flows. These changes in the fluvial regime are directly connected with the precipitation decrease trend and with the construction of dozens of small-sized dams in an attempt to retain the water for irrigation and for the cattle. These small-sized dams are empty by the end of the Summer and they retain the water from the small Autumn floods.The carbonated metamorphic formations occupy 4% of the area of the drainage basin. They constitute its aquifer reservoir. These rocks, together with the volcanic metamorphic ones, supply 65% of the springs of the drainage basin. This aquifer is exposed to great anthropic pressure, not only because it supplies several human activities which develop around the most important population nucleus of the drainage basin (City of Estremoz), but also because it supports one of the rare industries in the region: the marble extraction.From the environemental point of view, the activity of the quarries has a rather negative impact, because it is destroying the only aquifer reservoir in a region very poor in water resources (either superficial or underground); from the economical and social points of view, the decrease in quarry activity is almost unthinkable due to the value of the marble exported as of ornamental rocks and, mainly, because it is one of the rare industries in a region facing severe unemployment prloblems.

scholarly journals Economic analysis of implementing VMI model using game theory

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-272 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vojtěch Stehel ◽  
Marek Vochozka ◽  
Tomas Kliestik ◽  
Vladimir Bakes
Keyword(s):  
Game Theory ◽  
Evolutionary Game Theory ◽  
Evolutionary Game ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Theory Approach ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Comprehensive Picture ◽  
The Individual

Research background: The article deals with implementing VMI between the supplier and customer. To assess whether the system will be implemented, the evolution game theory is used. The contribution is based on the limitations of the study of the evolutionary game theory approach to modelling VMI policies (Torres et al., 2014) and its later extension, The evolutionary game theory approach to modelling VMI policies (Torres & García-Díaz, 2018). It aims is to complement the studies and provide a comprehensive picture of the issue. Purpose of the article: The main objective of the contribution is to respond to the question whether the VMI system will be introduced between the supplier and customer. Methods: In the first phase, the matrix is analysed from the point of view of the game meaning and its limit parameters. The limit parameters are set taking into account the economic reality. The only examined states of the matrix are those where the result is not obvious. For the purposes of the contribution, we work with a 5-year period. A new software capable of calculating evolutionary focus and their stability is created. Sensitivity analysis is carried out for the individual parameters that affect the system behaviour. Findings & Value added: Value added is a complex description of the system and complementation of previous studies in this field. VMI is confirmed. The results obtained can be used for practical management, so that the managers are able to identify what the actual costs are and what the probability of introducing the sys-tem is. At the same time, they can identify the parameters that can be influenced by them and observe their impact on the shift of the system introduction probability.

scholarly journals Co-Created Values in Crowdfunding for Sustainable Development of Enterprises

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (16) ◽  
pp. 8767
Author(s):  
Maria Kukurba ◽  
Aneta Ewa Waszkiewicz ◽  
Mariusz Salwin ◽  
Andrzej Kraslawski
Keyword(s):  
Small And Medium Enterprises ◽  
Economic Value ◽  
Value Added ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Added Value ◽  
Value Analysis ◽  
Company Value ◽  
Theory Of Value ◽  
Medium Enterprises ◽  
The Impact

Crowdfunding (CF) is considered to be an innovative source of funding, and research into its effects on CF participants is being conducted from many different angles. In our article, we propose a qualitative analysis of CF’s impact on creating added value for small and medium enterprises (SMEs). This paper is a conceptual study based on the theory of value co-creation, the Norton–Kaplan value model, and the concept of economic value added (EVA) to identify the areas (perspectives) of business activity where crowdfunding may stimulate the growth of company value. Based on the map of co-relations in crowdfunding that we have created, we propose a new model of crowdfunding value analysis from the entrepreneur’s point of view. Our research demonstrates that crowdfunding not only presents an alternative financing option, but also affects all perspectives relevant to value creation. As compared to the existing literature, this analysis is the most comprehensive take on the importance of crowdfunding for increasing the value of small and medium enterprises to date, thus offering a material contribution to the fuller understanding of crowdfunding from the financial standpoint, as well as pointing to the importance of crowdfunding as a financing method influencing sustainable decision-making by small and medium enterprises (SMEs). The added value of the study is the proposed method of analysing the impact of CF on the value of enterprises by using the Norton–Kaplan model and EVA.

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