Anti-Malarial Drug Resistance

2020 ◽  
pp. 154-176
Author(s):  
Manish Kumar Dwivedi ◽  
Prashant Kumar Singh
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Infected Female ◽  
Traditional Medicines ◽  
Anopheles Mosquitoes ◽  
Synthetic Drugs ◽  
Life Threatening

Malaria is a life-threatening infectious disease caused by a protozoan parasite of the genus Plasmodium. It is transmitted through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. The global burden is estimated to be around 219 million cases in 87 countries. Natural compounds have been used primarily in the traditional medicine for thousands of years. For the treatment of malaria, natural products were used until the development of synthetic drugs, and most of the currently available anti-malarial drugs have been derived based on the compounds from these traditional medicinal plants. The current chapter tries to briefly indicate the emerging resistance against anti-malarial drugs and to discuss the recent research on natural products that have been evaluated for anti-malarial activity. Rigorous evaluation of the efficacy and safety of traditional medicines is required along with identification of active constituents in order to develop new drugs with novel mechanisms of action.

Anti-Malarial Drug Resistance

2022 ◽  
pp. 233-250
Author(s):  
Manish Kumar Dwivedi ◽  
Prashant Kumar Singh
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Infected Female ◽  
Traditional Medicines ◽  
Anopheles Mosquitoes ◽  
Synthetic Drugs ◽  
Life Threatening

Malaria is a life-threatening infectious disease caused by a protozoan parasite of the genus Plasmodium. It is transmitted through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. The global burden is estimated to be around 219 million cases in 87 countries. Natural compounds have been used primarily in the traditional medicine for thousands of years. For the treatment of malaria, natural products were used until the development of synthetic drugs, and most of the currently available anti-malarial drugs have been derived based on the compounds from these traditional medicinal plants. The current chapter tries to briefly indicate the emerging resistance against anti-malarial drugs and to discuss the recent research on natural products that have been evaluated for anti-malarial activity. Rigorous evaluation of the efficacy and safety of traditional medicines is required along with identification of active constituents in order to develop new drugs with novel mechanisms of action.

scholarly journals Development of Drug Resistance in Trichomonas vaginalis and its Overcoming with Natural Products

2009 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanie Gehrig ◽  
Thomas Efferth
Keyword(s):  
Drug Resistance ◽  
Natural Products ◽  
Trichomonas Vaginalis ◽  
Transmitted Disease ◽  
Protozoan Parasite ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
First Choice ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Approved Drugs

Trichomoniasis is an infectious disease afflicting women worldwide. The protozoan parasite Trichomonas vaginalis is the causative agent of this sexually-transmitted disease, including also men in its infection cycle. The disease is usually not life-threatening, but has been associated with the development of cervical cancer and increased susceptibility to HIV. Approved drugs are 5-nitroimidazoles, with metronidazole being the drug of first choice. These drugs act via induction of oxidative stress and DNA-damage, leading to cell death in the parasite. Nevertheless, with the development of resistant T. vaginalis strains the treatment of the disease becomes exceedingly difficult. Mechanisms of drug resistance are characterized by reduced expression or even loss of proteins necessary for drug activation and a decreased reductive nature in the parasite. A promising strategy for research into new drugs and moreover, to overcome drug resistance, are compounds derived from natural sources. The present study provides a summary of all so far investigated small molecules with antitrichomonal activity; promisingly, some also show efficacy against resistant strains. Whereas the list of chemically characterized compounds derived from plants is rather short, literature provides immense applications of crude plant extracts tested against T. vaginalis. This demonstrates the absence of studies in this field aimed to identify and isolate single natural products exhibiting antitrichomonal features. Likewise, elucidating their mode of action on a molecular basis is of paramount importance

scholarly journals A narrative review of newly approved drugs for COVID-19

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rajmohan Seetharaman ◽  
Jaisen Lokhande
Keyword(s):  
Technical Assistance ◽  
Scientific Information ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Regulatory Authorities ◽  
Viral Structure ◽  
The World ◽  
Approved Drugs ◽  
Regulatory Flexibility

COVID-19 disease is swiftly spreading over the globe. There were no specific approved drugs or therapies at the start of the pandemic. Hence, the management of these patients involves optimized supportive care. Researchers worldwide are analyzing the viral structure viruses pathophysiology to develop new drugs and repurpose the currently approved drugs. Regulatory authorities worldwide, such as the USFDA, EMA, CDSCO, etc. are working closely with these scientists. They are expediting their efforts by providing advice, technical assistance, regulatory flexibility, and leveraging on scientific information from the trials conducted across various parts of the globe. These efforts have led to emergency use authorizations and restricted emergency use approvals of a few drugs, namely remdesivir, favipiravir, and 2% propofol emulsion for use in COVID-19 patients. The USFDA has revoked the approval of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine. Many more new drugs are in the pipeline for their antiviral or immunomodulatory or other supportive mechanisms of action. These drugs are under the radar of regulatory authorities who are monitoring their efficacy and safety firmly as the world hopes to find a solution to combat this pandemic.

scholarly journals Trypanocidal Essential Oils: A Review

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (19) ◽  
pp. 4568 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mayara Castro de Morais ◽  
Jucieudo Virgulino de Souza ◽  
Carlos da Silva Maia Bezerra Filho ◽  
Silvio Santana Dolabella ◽  
Damião Pergentino de Sousa
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Natural Products ◽  
Essential Oils ◽  
Therapeutic Potential ◽  
Chemical Constituents ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Important Group

Trypanosomiases are diseases caused by parasitic protozoan trypanosomes of the genus Trypanosoma. In humans, this includes Chagas disease and African trypanosomiasis. There are few therapeutic options, and there is low efficacy to clinical treatment. Therefore, the search for new drugs for the trypanosomiasis is urgent. This review describes studies of the trypanocidal properties of essential oils, an important group of natural products widely found in several tropical countries. Seventy-seven plants were selected from literature for the trypanocidal activity of their essential oils. The main chemical constituents and mechanisms of action are also discussed. In vitro and in vivo experimental data show the therapeutic potential of these natural products for the treatment of infections caused by species of Trypanosoma.

Fastidious Anatomization of Biota Procured Compounds on Cancer Drug Discovery

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (5) ◽  
pp. 354-363
Author(s):  
Anand Thirupathi ◽  
Chandra M. Shanmugavadivelu ◽  
Sampathkumar Natarajan
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Side Effects ◽  
Cancer Therapy ◽  
Biological Activities ◽  
Drug Approval ◽  
Current Treatment ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Cancer Drug ◽  
Synthetic Drugs ◽  
Wide Range

Background: Natural products are the rootstock for identifying new drugs since ancient times. In comparison with synthetic drugs, they have abounding beneficial effects in bestowing protection against many diseases, including cancer. Cancer has been observed as a major threat in recent decades, and its prevalence is expected to increase over the next decades. Also, current treatment methods in cancer therapy such as radiation therapy and chemotherapy cause severe adverse side effects among the cancer population. Therefore, it is exigent to find a remedy without any side effects. Methods: In recent years, research has focused on obtaining naturally derived products to encounter this complication. The current pace of investigations, such as gene identification and advancement in combinatorial chemistry, leads to the aberrant access to a wide range of new synthetic drugs. In fact, natural products act as templates in structure predictions and synthesis of new compounds with enhanced biological activities. Results: Recent developments in genomics have established the importance of polymorphism, which implies that patients require different drugs for their treatment. This demands the discovery of a large number of drugs, but limited sources restrict the pharmaceutical industry to overcome these major obstacles. The use of natural products and their semisynthetic and synthetic analogues could alleviate these problems. However, the lack of standardization in terms of developing methods for evaluating the chemical composition, efficacy, isolation and international approval is still a major limitation in this field. In the past few years, several drug-approval authorities, including the FDA and WHO have allowed using these naturally derived compounds in humans. Conclusion: In this review, we described the use of some natural products from plant and marine sources in cancer treatment and shed some light on semi-synthetic and synthetic compounds derived from natural sources used in cancer therapy.

scholarly journals Plant-Based Drugs as an Adjuvant to Cancer Chemotherapy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lakshmi Mohan
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Cancer Chemotherapy ◽  
Herbal Medicines ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Aquatic Life ◽  
Traditional Medicines ◽  
Synthetic Drugs ◽  
History Of ◽  
Drug Leads

Humans have turned to natural products, obtained from plants, animals and aquatic life for treating diseases since time immemorial. Modern medicine is based on ancient wisdom transferred over generations. Drug development relies mainly on natural sources. Herbal medicines are making a comeback due to lower side effects, and positive results in the long term when compared to synthetic drugs. The current drug discovery process relies on identifying traditional medicines followed by Bioactivity-guided fractionation to isolate significant lead molecules. Plants have a history of long-term use by humans and hence it can be presumed that the bioactive compounds obtained from plants will have low human toxicity. There exists a huge potential for discovering new antitumor drug leads by screening natural products either in the form of crude extracts purified phytochemicals which have already been described in the literature. The fact that phytochemicals like paclitaxel, vinblastine, vincristine and camptothecin are being successfully used in clinical practice and several others like combretastatin and noscapine are in different stages of clinical trials implies the importance of plants in cancer chemotherapy.

scholarly journals Economic Burden of Malaria: A National Disease

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 26-30
Author(s):  
A Sangamithra ◽  
S Vishnu
Keyword(s):  
World Health ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Government Programs ◽  
Infected Female ◽  
Anopheles Mosquitoes ◽  
Care Workers ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
The Government ◽  
Health Organization

World Health Organization (WHO) stated that Malaria is a life-threatening parasite illness caused by the Genus Plasmodium spreading to human beings through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. Malaria disease is curable and preventable. Unawareness of Malaria in non-endemic areas needs specific attention and the need for health awareness through the health care workers should be enhanced usual care in both areas. Despite being aware of the government programs and measures for the control of Malaria and the endless major problem of health disease in India and many other nations. The complexness and the panic preponderance of the disease are governed by multiple limitations as technological, functional, and monetary and therefore go on inflicting heavy socio-economic losses to people.

scholarly journals Plant-Based Bioactive Natural Products: Insights into Molecular Mechanisms of Action

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (21) ◽  
pp. 10220
Author(s):  
Hari Prasad Devkota
Keyword(s):  
Natural Products ◽  
Medicinal Plants ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Molecular Mechanisms ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Traditional Medicines ◽  
Bioactive Natural Products ◽  
Ancient Times

Medicinal plants have been used for the maintenance of human health since ancient times in the form of food, spices, and traditional medicines [...]

scholarly journals Novel Approaches Outside the Setting of Immunotherapy for the Treatment of Multiple Myeloma: The Case of Melflufen, Venetoclax, and Selinexor

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicola Sgherza ◽  
Paola Curci ◽  
Rita Rizzi ◽  
Pellegrino Musto
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Myeloma ◽  
Recent Literature ◽  
Proteasome Inhibitors ◽  
Genetic Alterations ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Efficacy And Safety ◽  
Immunomodulatory Agents ◽  
Aggressive Disease ◽  
Alternative Approaches

Although the survival rate of patients with multiple myeloma has significantly improved in the last years thanks to the introduction of various classes of new drugs, such as proteasome inhibitors, immunomodulatory agents, and monoclonal antibodies, the vast majority of these subjects relapse with a more aggressive disease due to the acquisition of further genetic alterations that may cause resistance to current salvage therapies. The treatment of these often “triple” (or even more) refractory patients remains challenging, and alternative approaches are required to overcome the onset of that resistance. Immunotherapies with novel monoclonal, drug-conjugated, or bi-specific antibodies, as well as the use of chimeric antigen receptor T cells, have been recently developed and are currently investigated. However, other non-immunologic therapeutic regimens based on melfluflen, venetoclax, or selinexor, three molecules with new mechanisms of action, have also shown promising results in the setting of relapsed/refractory myeloma. Here we report the most recent literature data regarding these three drugs, focusing on their efficacy and safety in multiple myeloma.

scholarly journals Prospective Plants with Corroborated Antimalarial Actions: A Review

2021 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-193
Author(s):  
Anika Tabassum Obonti ◽  
Safaet Alam ◽  
Taslima Binte Kamal ◽  
Anika Zaman ◽  
Hasin Hasnat ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pharmaceutical Journal ◽  
Infected Female ◽  
Death Rates ◽  
Serious Illness ◽  
Anopheles Mosquitoes ◽  
Synthetic Drugs ◽  
Herbal Plants ◽  
Death Cases ◽  
Plant Sources ◽  
Worrying Trend

Malaria is a serious illness resulted from parasites that are communicated to people through the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. Malaria is still in a worrying trend, particularly in tropical and subtropical climates although it is curable and preventable. In spite of a noteworthy abetment in incidence and death rates caused by malaria, even in 2017, a big number of people (219 million) have been affected by it along with 435 thousand confirmed death cases. Though a lot of synthetic drugs have been commercialized to treat malaria, those are compromised with some serious side effects. On the contrary, plant sources are always getting a big focus to develop novel and effective therapeutics in the treatment of different ailments i.e. quinine and artemisinin to treat malarial complications. The usage of herbal plants against malaria has also a very ancient root. Several families of plant species have showed potential antimalarial activities in previous research works. In this review work, families of these plants have been compiled so that prospective researchers can find a hint to discover more effective and safer plant-derived therapeutic options against malaria. Bangladesh Pharmaceutical Journal 24(2): 180-193, 2021

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