Does IVF Increase Risk for Gynaecological Cancer?

2021 ◽  
pp. 83-95
Author(s):  
Leonidas Zepiridis ◽  
Εvangelia Mareti ◽  
Theodoros Theodoridis
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Endometrial Cancer ◽  
Gynecological Cancer ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Female Population ◽  
Interesting Issue ◽  
Fertility Treatments ◽  
Increase Risk ◽  
Common Malignancy

Whether fertility treatments and in particular IVF are related to carcinogenesis in women is a rather interesting issue, which is of interest in more than one specialty. The female malignancies we refer to are mainly those of the breast, endometrium, and ovary, with breast cancer being the most common malignancy in the female population affecting 1 in 8 women worldwide; ovarian cancer is the 6th in frequency, and endometrial cancer, which is the most common gynecological cancer after breast cancer, has an incidence of 8% of all. The chapter aims to present current evidence regarding correlation between IVF treatment and risk of various gynaecological cancers.

THE RISK OF DEVELOPING GYNECOLOGICAL CANCER IN WOMEN AFTER AN IN VITRO FERTILIZATION PROGRAM

2021 ◽  
pp. 7-13
Author(s):  
Allakhyarov D.Z. ◽  
Petrov Yu.A. ◽  
Palieva N.V.
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Endometrial Cancer ◽  
In Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Gynecological Cancer ◽  
The Body ◽  
Fertilization Program ◽  
Vitro Fertilization ◽  
Increased Risk

This article presents reviews of literature sources on the issue of assessing the risk of developing gynecological cancer in women after an in vitro fertilization program. Infertility and infertile marriages have now become quite a big problem of modern medicine. Against the background of the unfavorable demographic situation in the Russian Federation, this problem is becoming quite urgent. The main way to solve this situation is assisted reproductive technologies, among which the most common is in vitro fertilization. The in vitro fertilization program is accompanied by a hormonal ovulation stimulation procedure to obtain a female germ cell capable of fertilization. Against the background of the active use of the in vitro fertilization procedure, many patients had concerns related to the risk of developing gynecological cancer after the IVF procedure, which is due to the use of hormonal drugs to stimulate the ovaries. Also of concern is the fact that certain types of cancer, including ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer and breast cancer, are hormone-dependent. In this regard, multiple large-scale studies were conducted, which showed that the risk of developing gynecological cancer is really increased in patients after the in vitro fertilization program. In particular, breast cancer in women after the in vitro fertilization program is more common by 10%, and in women without a history of pregnancy and over the age of 40, it is more common by 31%. The increased risk may be due to age-related vulnerability to the effects of hormones or higher doses of hormones during the IVF procedure. Ovarian cancer and endometrial cancer are also more common in patients after IVF. According to the research results, it is suggested that it is not the IVF procedure itself that causes the development of cancer, but excessive hormonal load of the body, which leads to the launch of carcinogenesis.

scholarly journals Risk-reducing hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy in female heterozygotes of pathogenic mismatch repair variants: a Prospective Lynch Syndrome Database report

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mev Dominguez-Valentin ◽  
Emma J. Crosbie ◽  
Christoph Engel ◽  
Stefan Aretz ◽  
Finlay Macrae ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Endometrial Cancer ◽  
Lynch Syndrome ◽  
Mismatch Repair ◽  
Cancer Incidence ◽  
Gynecological Cancer ◽  
Different Ages ◽  
Aid Decision ◽  
Risk Reducing

Abstract Purpose To determine impact of risk-reducing hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (BSO) on gynecological cancer incidence and death in heterozygotes of pathogenic MMR (path_MMR) variants. Methods The Prospective Lynch Syndrome Database was used to investigate the effects of gynecological risk-reducing surgery (RRS) at different ages. Results Risk-reducing hysterectomy at 25 years of age prevents endometrial cancer before 50 years in 15%, 18%, 13%, and 0% of path_MLH1, path_MSH2, path_MSH6, and path_PMS2 heterozygotes and death in 2%, 2%, 1%, and 0%, respectively. Risk-reducing BSO at 25 years of age prevents ovarian cancer before 50 years in 6%, 11%, 2%, and 0% and death in 1%, 2%, 0%, and 0%, respectively. Risk-reducing hysterectomy at 40 years prevents endometrial cancer by 50 years in 13%, 16%, 11%, and 0% and death in 1%, 2%, 1%, and 0%, respectively. BSO at 40 years prevents ovarian cancer before 50 years in 4%, 8%, 0%, and 0%, and death in 1%, 1%, 0%, and 0%, respectively. Conclusion Little benefit is gained by performing RRS before 40 years of age and premenopausal BSO in path_MSH6 and path_PMS2 heterozygotes has no measurable benefit for mortality. These findings may aid decision making for women with LS who are considering RRS.

Aromatase inhibitors of the third generation in endocrine therapy of breast cancer and endometrial cancer: the successes and failures of the combination therapy

2016 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 47-57
Author(s):  
Ekaterina P Fadeeva ◽  
Alla S Lisyanskaya ◽  
Georgiy M Manikhas ◽  
Ruslan I Glushakov ◽  
Natalia I Tapilskaya
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Clinical Trials ◽  
Endometrial Cancer ◽  
Combination Therapy ◽  
Endocrine Therapy ◽  
Endometrial Stromal Sarcoma ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Third Generation ◽  
The Third ◽  
Stromal Sarcoma

This review provides the current evidence of clinical studies on the effectiveness of endocrine therapy for breast cancer and endometrial cancer, including endometrial stromal sarcoma, by aromatase inhibitor (AI) III generation. The review presents dates from clinical trials comparing the effectiveness of AI and tamoxifen, as well as dates on combination therapy AI with inhibitors of mTOR pathway (BOLERO-2 trial), an antiestrogen (SWOG S0226, FACT, FIRST trials), an inhibitor of CDK4 / 6 (PALOMA -1 trial) and other drugs.

scholarly journals Complications of Pregnancy and the Risk of Developing Endometrial or Ovarian Cancer: A Case-Control Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yang Liu ◽  
Xingyu Chen ◽  
Jiayi Sheng ◽  
Xinyi Sun ◽  
George Qiaoqi Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Endometrial Cancer ◽  
Case Control Study ◽  
Gynecological Cancer ◽  
Case Control ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Age At First Birth ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
History Of ◽  
Control Study

BackgroundThe association of complications of pregnancy and the risk of developing gynecological cancer is controversial with the limited study. In this study, we investigated the association of preeclampsia, or gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), or large for gestational age (LGA), or intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and the risk of endometrial or ovarian cancer.MethodsIn this case-control study, 189 women with endometrial cancer and 119 women with ovarian cancer were included. 342 women without gynecological cancers were randomly selected as a control group. Data on the history of pregnancy and age at diagnosis of gynecological cancer as well as the use of intrauterine devices (IUDs) were collected.ResultsWomen with a history of preeclampsia or IUGR did not have an increased risk of developing endometrial or ovarian cancer. While women with a history of GDM or with the delivery of LGA infant increased the risk of developing endometrial cancer but not ovarian cancer. The odds of women with a history of GDM or with the delivery of LGA infant developing endometrial cancer was 2.691 (95% CI: 1.548, 4.3635, p=0.0003), or 6.383 (95% CI: 2.812, 13.68, p<0.0001) respectively, compared to the controls. The odds ratio of women who did not use IUDs developing ovarian cancer was 1.606 (95% CI: 1.057, 2.434), compared to the controls. There was no association of age at first birth and developing endometrial or ovarian cancer.ConclusionOur observational data suggested that GDM and delivery of an LGA infant are associated with an increased risk of endometrial cancer.

scholarly journals 531 A Phase 1b multi-tumor cohort study of cabozantinib plus atezolizumab in advanced solid tumors: results of the triple-negative breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and endometrial cancer cohorts

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (Suppl 3) ◽  
pp. A562-A562
Author(s):  
Ira Winer ◽  
Akhila Wimalasingham ◽  
Joaquina Baranda ◽  
Armando Santoro ◽  
Kristen Spencer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Endometrial Cancer ◽  
Solid Tumors ◽  
Triple Negative Breast Cancer ◽  
Triple Negative ◽  
Clinical Activity ◽  
Advanced Solid Tumors ◽  
Prior Therapy ◽  
Phase 1B

BackgroundCabozantinib, a multiple receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor, promotes an immune-permissive environment which might enhance the activity of immune checkpoint inhibitors. COSMIC-021 (NCT03170960), a multicenter phase 1b study, is evaluating the combination of cabozantinib with atezolizumab in advanced solid tumors; here we present efficacy and safety results in patients with triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), ovarian cancer (OC), and endometrial cancer (EC).MethodsEligible patients had locally advanced or metastatic TNBC, OC, or EC and had radiographically progressed on prior systemic anticancer therapy. One or two lines of prior therapy were permitted. Patients with OC were platinum resistant or refractory. Prior treatment with anti-PD-1 or anti-PD-L1 agents was allowed for patients with TNBC. Patients received cabozantinib, 40 mg PO QD, plus atezolizumab, 1200 mg IV Q3W. The primary endpoint was objective response rate (ORR) per RECIST 1.1 as assessed by investigator. Other endpoints included safety, duration of response (DOR), progression free survival (PFS), and overall survival (OS). CT/MRI scans were performed Q6W for the first year and Q12W thereafter.ResultsAs of February 19, 2021, 30–32 patients were enrolled in each of the cohorts. 47% of patients with TNBC, 47% with OC, and 40% with EC had received 2 lines of prior therapy. Median follow-up was 18.7 months, 20.8 months, and 19.0 months for the TNBC, OC, and EC cohorts, respectively. Grade 3/4 treatment-related adverse events occurred in 33% of patients with TNBC, 56% with OC, and 37% with EC. One Grade 5 treatment-related adverse event of pulmonary hemorrhage occurred in the TNBC cohort and one of encephalitis occurred in the OC cohort. Cabozantinib plus atezolizumab demonstrated clinical activity in all three tumor cohorts (table 1).Abstract 531 Table 1ConclusionsCabozantinib in combination with atezolizumab demonstrated encouraging clinical activity in patients with previously treated advanced cancers.AcknowledgementsMedical writing support provided by Suvajit Sen, PhD (Exelixis, Inc.)Trial RegistrationNCT03170960Ethics ApprovalYesConsentYes

scholarly journals Energy balance and cancer: the role of sex hormones

2001 ◽  
Vol 60 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Timothy J. Key ◽  
Naomi E. Allen ◽  
Pia K. Verkasalo ◽  
Emily Banks
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Endometrial Cancer ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Serum Concentration ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Prostate Cancer Risk ◽  
Premenopausal Women ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Post Menopausal

Energy balance can affect the risk for hormone-related cancers by altering sex hormone levels. Energy intake and expenditure are difficult to measure in epidemiological studies, but a chronic excess of intake relative to expenditure leads to a high BMI, which can be accurately measured. In premenopausal women obesity has little effect on the serum concentration of oestradiol, but causes an increase in the frequency of anovular menstrual cycles and thus a reduction in progesterone levels; these changes lead to a large increase in the risk for endometrial cancer, but little change, or a small decrease, in the risk for breast cancer. In post-menopausal women oestradiol levels are not regulated by negative feedback, and obesity causes an increase in the serum concentration of bioavailable oestradiol; this factor causes increases in the risk for both endometrial cancer and breast cancer. The development of ovarian cancer appears to be related more strongly to the frequency of ovulation than to direct effects of circulating levels of sex hormones, and BMI is not clearly associated with the risk for ovarian cancer. In men, increasing BMI has little effect on bioavailable androgen levels, and any effect of obesity on prostate cancer risk is small.

Distribution of BRCA1/2 germline and somatic alterations across cancer type.

2021 ◽  
Vol 39 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. 10590-10590
Author(s):  
Jingde Chen ◽  
Ming Quan ◽  
Zhengqing Yan ◽  
Shiqing Chen ◽  
Mei Huang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Endometrial Cancer ◽  
Genomic Dna ◽  
Pancreas Cancer ◽  
Clinical Laboratory ◽  
White Blood Cells ◽  
Cancer Type ◽  
Tumor Types

10590 Background: PARP inhibitors (e.g. Olaparib or niraparib) have been approved by FDA as a targeted therapy for many tumors harboring germline or somatic BRCA1/2 (g or sBRCA1/2), including ovarian cancer, prostate cancer, breast cancer and pancreases cancer. It is imperative to study the distribution of BRCA1/2 across cancer type. In this study, we aim to assess the landscape of BRCA1/2 alterations in solid tumors and evaluate the feasibility of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) tested by next-generation sequence (NGS) as a tool to detect BRCA1/2 alterations. Methods: For tissue specimen, genomic DNA from formalin fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tumor specimens or fresh tumor tissues was used for sequence analysis. Genomic DNA (gDNA) from white blood cells was extracted using the QIAamp DNA Mini Kit (Qiagen). For ctDNA, cell-free DNA libraries were prepared using the KAPA Hyper Prep Kit following the manufacturer’s protocol. The captured libraries were loaded onto a NovaSeq 6000 platform (Illumina) for 100bp paired-end sequencing. The testing was performed in the College of American Pathologists (CAP) and Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments (CLIA) -certified 3D Medicines Library. Results: A total of 27, 835 patients were tested using tumor tissue during Jan. 1th 2017 to June 1th 2020, including 43% (N = 12089) of non-small cell lung cancer, 19% (N = 5357) of colorectal cancer, 8% (N = 2181) of liver cancer, 6% (N = 1621) of gastric cancer, 5% (N = 1479) of biliary tract cancer, 4% (N = 1084) of kidney cancer, 4% (N = 1045) of pancreas cancer, 3% (N = 689) of breast cancer and 2% (N = 599) of ovarian cancer. Across all tumor types, the known or likely deleterious BRCA1/2 alterations were identified in 2147 (7.7%) patients. Ovarian cancer had the highest frequency of BRCA1/2 alteration (23.4%), followed by endometrial cancer (12.7%) and breast cancer (10.6%). BRCA1/2 alteration was found in 8.8% prostate cancer and 4.2% pancreas cancer respectively. Across all tumor types, the known or likely deleterious gBRCA1/2 alterations were identified in 369 (1.3%) patients. Notably, ovarian cancer had the highest frequency of gBRCA1/2 alteration (13.9%), followed by breast cancer (7%), prostate cancer (4.4%) and endometrial cancer (4.1%). No clear hotspot mutations and mutated codons were spread throughout g or sBRCA1/2 mutations. Additionally, among 15699 patients who suffered ctDNA sequencing, any known or likely deleterious sBRCA1/2 alterations were identified in 358 (2%) patients. Similar to the results of tissue sequencing, ovarian cancer had the highest frequency of sBRCA1/2 alteration (16.67%), followed by endometrial cancer (9.68%), prostate cancer (7.18%) and breast cancer (5.58%) in the blood cohort. Conclusions: BRCA1/2 alterations existed across tumor types and the landscape of g or sBRCA1/2 alterations varied according to cancer type. Furthermore, ctDNA can be used as a potential tool to detect BRCA1/2 alterations.

scholarly journals Hormone-related tumors in transsexuals receiving treatment with cross-sex hormones

2008 ◽  
Vol 159 (3) ◽  
pp. 197-202 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Mueller ◽  
Louis Gooren
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Prostate Cancer ◽  
Ovarian Cancer ◽  
Endometrial Cancer ◽  
Breast Carcinoma ◽  
Sex Hormones ◽  
Single Case ◽  
Review Of The Literature ◽  
Male To Female ◽  
Estrogen Administration

ObjectiveTo assess the risk of development of hormone-related tumors in transsexuals receiving treatment with cross-sex hormones.DesignDescription of cases of transsexuals who have developed a hormone-related malignancy observed in their own clinic or reported in the literature. Recommendations for early diagnosis and prevention are presented.MethodsReview of the literature in PubMed.ResultsIn male-to-female transsexuals receiving estrogen administration, lactotroph adenomas, breast cancer, and prostate cancer have been reported. In female-to-male transsexuals receiving treatment with testosterone, a single case of breast carcinoma and several cases of ovarian cancer have been reported. So far endometrial cancer has not been encountered though it remains a potential malignant development.ConclusionsThere are so far only a few cases of hormone-related cancer in transsexuals. There may be an underreporting. The probability of a hormone-related tumor increases with the duration of exposure to cross-sex hormones and the aging of the population of transsexuals.

scholarly journals An Updated Comprehensive Review on Vitamin A and Carotenoids in Breast Cancer: Mechanisms, Genetics, Assessment, Current Evidence, and Future Clinical Implications

Nutrients ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 3162
Author(s):  
Jee Ah Kim ◽  
Ja-Hyun Jang ◽  
Soo-Youn Lee
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Vitamin A ◽  
Evaluation Method ◽  
Cancer Development ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Breast Cancer Development ◽  
Vitamin A Status ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Common Malignancy

Vitamin A and carotenoids are fat-soluble micronutrients that play important role as powerful antioxidants modulating oxidative stress and cancer development. Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women. As the risk of breast cancer is dependent on various lifestyle factors such as dietary modifications, there is increasing interest surrounding the anti-cancerous properties of vitamin A and carotenoids. Despite the suggested protective roles of vitamin A and carotenoids in breast cancer development, their clinical application for the prevention and treatment of breast cancer is limited. In this narrative review, we discuss the roles of vitamin A and carotenoids along with the evaluation method of vitamin A status. We also exhibit the association of genetic variations involved in metabolism of vitamin A and carotenoids with cancers and other diseases. We demonstrate the epidemiological evidence for the relationship of vitamin A and carotenoids with breast cancer risk, their effects on cancer mechanism, and the recent updates in clinical practice of vitamin A or carotenoids as a potential therapeutic agent against breast cancer. This review provides insight into the preventive and therapeutic roles of vitamin A and carotenoids in breast cancer development and progression.

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