The Past and the Present of Düyun-u Umumiye

2021 ◽  
pp. 628-645
Author(s):  
Başak Ergüder
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Public Debt ◽  
Financial Crises ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Financial Integration ◽  
The World ◽  
Capitalist State ◽  
The Common ◽  
Economic Developments ◽  
The Relationship

In this study, it is aimed to examine the relationship between the capitalist state and, institutions that affected Turkey's financial integration with the capitalist global economy in the context of a comparative analysis. In the study, the Ottoman Public Debt Administration (OPDA) which was effective during the process of the integration of the Ottoman state into the world capitalism in the First Globalization Phase (1870-1914) is analyzed by comparison with the General Directorate of Borrowing. The General Directorate of Borrowing is also called as the post-modern Düyun-u Umumiye because of its organizational structure. The common feature of the Ottoman Public Debt Administration and the General Directorate of Borrowing is that both were established after the financial crises. In this study, General Directorate of Borrowing will be evaluated in terms of global economic developments and prospects and, within an analysis in comparison with the Ottoman Public Debt Administration.

scholarly journals Financial crises and the perils for the world economy

2020 ◽  
pp. 43-56
Author(s):  
Savvas Zachariadis
Keyword(s):  
Financial Crises ◽  
Financial Stability ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Financial Integration ◽  
Global Financial Crisis ◽  
Multinational Firm ◽  
International Level ◽  
Hyman Minsky ◽  
The World

In this paper, we wish to address the issue of financial crises. We focus on the causes and implications for the world economy and financial stability. For this reason, we attempt to identify the relative phenomena that encourage the emergence of financial crises. The amplification of the financial sector at the international level and the high degree of financial integration render the debate of financial crises solemnly significant. The world economy has become unstable and vulnerable to the emer- gence of unanticipated financial events. Such events are not simply limited to a large bank default but also to the inability of a multinational firm or an agent to validate their debts. Thus, we mainly emphasize the insights of Hyman Minsky into the global financial crisis, who suggested that the flaws of the current dominant financial status would eventually entail instability and probably lead to crises with contagion effects at the international level. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to indi- cate that the perils of financial crises for the global economy must be perceptible and considerable ex ante in order to be successfully confronted.

A comparison of the changes in the patterns of the usage and categorization of the classifier ‘ben 本’ in Korean, Chinese, and Japanese

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-51
Author(s):  
Jeong-A Jo
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Chinese Character ◽  
Chinese Characters ◽  
Common Features ◽  
The World ◽  
The Common ◽  
Korean Chinese ◽  
The Relationship

This study aims to examine the common features and differences in how the Chinese-character classifier ‘ ben 本’ is used in Chinese, Korean, and Japanese, and will explore the factors that have affected the categorization processes and patterns of the classifier ‘ ben 本.’ Consideration of the differences in the patterns of usage and categorization of the same Chinese classifier in different languages enables us to look into the perception of the world and the socio cultural differences inherent in each language, the differences in the perception of Chinese characters, and the relationship between classifiers.

scholarly journals Extending the extended consciousness debate: perception, imagination, and the common kind assumption

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Deery
Keyword(s):  
Perceptual Experience ◽  
Phenomenal Consciousness ◽  
Psychological Theory ◽  
Predictive Processing ◽  
Mental Event ◽  
The World ◽  
Predictive Approach ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Brain

AbstractFor some, the states and processes involved in the realisation of phenomenal consciousness are not confined to within the organismic boundaries of the experiencing subject. Instead, the sub-personal basis of perceptual experience can, and does, extend beyond the brain and body to implicate environmental elements through one’s interaction with the world. These claims are met by proponents of predictive processing, who propose that perception and imagination should be understood as a product of the same internal mechanisms. On this view, as visually imagining is not considered to be world-involving, it is assumed that world-involvement must not be essential for perception, and thus internalism about the sub-personal basis is true. However, the argument for internalism from the unity of perception and imagination relies for its strength on a questionable conception of the relationship between the two experiential states. I argue that proponents of the predictive approach are guilty of harbouring an implicit commitment to the common kind assumption which does not follow trivially from their framework. That is, the assumption that perception and imagination are of the same fundamental kind of mental event. I will argue that there are plausible alternative ways of conceiving of this relationship without drawing internalist metaphysical conclusions from their psychological theory. Thus, the internalist owes the debate clarification of this relationship and further argumentation to secure their position.

A comparison of the changes in the patterns of the usage and categorization of the classifier ‘ben 本’ in Korean, Chinese, and Japanese

2021 ◽  
pp. 251385022098177
Author(s):  
Jeong-A Jo
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Chinese Character ◽  
Chinese Characters ◽  
Common Features ◽  
The World ◽  
The Common ◽  
Korean Chinese ◽  
The Relationship

This study aims to examine the common features and differences in how the Chinese-character classifier ‘ ben 本’ is used in Chinese, Korean, and Japanese, and will explore the factors that have affected the categorization processes and patterns of the classifier ‘ ben 本.’ Consideration of the differences in the patterns of usage and categorization of the same Chinese classifier in different languages enables us to look into the perception of the world and the socio cultural differences inherent in each language, the differences in the perception of Chinese characters, and the relationship between classifiers.

Continuity and Peculiarities in Proto-Kazakh and Ancient Indian Early Religious Beliefs

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 (121) ◽  
pp. 185-195
Author(s):  
Zatov Zatov
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Comparative Study ◽  
Ethnic Diversity ◽  
Life Forms ◽  
Religious Knowledge ◽  
Concept Of God ◽  
Common Features ◽  
The World ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Universe

A comparative study of the mythological picture of the world, early forms of religion allows us to identify common features characteristic of the worldview and spiritual guidelines of mankind as a whole. These features can be traced in archaic ideas about the structure of the universe, in understanding their spiritual and bodily essence, the infinity of God and the eternity of the soul, the relationship and interdependence of life forms in the world. This allows us to assert the thesis of the unity of mankind in its spiritual origins, despite racial and ethnic diversity. In the process of a comparative analysis of mythology, early forms of religion, the concept of God, the pantheon and the function of the gods, similar moments and ethnological specifics of understanding the essence of the soul and reincarnation in totemistic beliefs, in cosmological and theogonistic concepts are revealed.The author also analyzes the role and significance of the cult of ancestors, traces the evolution of the idea of proto-monotism (the creative function of Tengri and Brahma, the intention of henotheistic faith) and its place in religious knowledge.

The First Global Environmental Problem

2018 ◽  
pp. 38-54
Author(s):  
Hannah Holleman
Keyword(s):  
Arid Region ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Dust Bowl ◽  
Colonial Expansion ◽  
Global Environmental ◽  
Humid Region ◽  
The World ◽  
The Common ◽  
Ecological Relations ◽  
Economic Developments

This chapter challenges typical interpretations of the Dust Bowl and puts the disaster into a global frame, linking the past to the present. In so doing, the common roots of contemporary and past developments and struggles are revealed. The Dust Bowl was one spectacular instance of a global problem of soil erosion associated with capitalist colonial expansion. While the official interpretation suggests that agriculture suited for a humid region was imported to an arid region, precipitating the crisis, contemporaneous accounts illustrate how much larger the crisis was, tied up with specific social and economic developments that imposed new socio-ecological relations upon peoples of the world and upon the land irrespective of local climatic conditions. Ultimately, the common denominators across the world—from North to South America, Australia to Africa, and Southeast to East Asia—were not climate and geography, but capitalism and colonialism.

scholarly journals A Comparative Analysis of Culture Beliefs about Russia’s, Western and Eastern Civilizations among Creative Youth

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 177-197
Author(s):  
V.U. Litvinov ◽  
L.V. Matveeva
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Training Programs ◽  
Qualitative Difference ◽  
Cultural Representations ◽  
Open Questions ◽  
The World ◽  
Important Study ◽  
Moscow City ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Basic Constituent

Objective. The aim of this research was a comparative analysis of culture beliefs about Russia’s, Eastern and Western civilizations among the youth of Moscow City. Background. Civilization identity is the a basic constituent in forming of individual’s image of the world. Understanding and acceptance of civilization’s cultural particularities helps to save personal and social identity’s stability. But understanding of differences from other civilizations and comparison with them is no less important. Study design. The study examined the relationship between the various components of the cultural representations of civilizations. The presence and nature of the relationship was checked through correlation, qualitative and content analysis. Participants. 200 people (43% of men, 57% of women) from 18 to 2 years old, students of creative universities in Moscow, studying under the training programs for future media workers. Measurements. The study was carried out by the method of questioning, including the associative method, the method of unfinished sentences, closed and open questions. Results. The research’s results proved the hypothesis that culture beliefs of Russia’s youth are qualitatively different for each of the presented civilizations. Besides, the research discovered differences related to gender. Russia’s and Eastern civilizations turned out to be the closest for male according to the research’s results, and for female — Russia’s and Western civilizations respectively. Conclusions. There is a qualitative difference between the cultural ideas of Russian, Western and Eastern civilizations among Russian youth.

SUBSTANTIATION OF PARAMETERS OF THE 3D CDP FIELD OBSERVATION SYSTEM

2021 ◽  
pp. 40-47
Author(s):  
A. P. Sysoev ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Analysis ◽  
Distribution Density ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Image Point ◽  
Observation System ◽  
Kirchhoff Migration ◽  
Observation Systems ◽  
The Common ◽  
Gaussian Beam Migration ◽  
The Relationship

The substantiation of parameters of the 3D observation system is considered from the perspective of the Kirchhoff migration. At the first step of this transformation, on the basis of diffraction transformation on a gather of CSP, the problem of wavelet extraction reflected from specified points of the medium (image points) is solved. The characteristic of the directivity of this transformation is determined by parameters of the arrangement of devices. At the second step, summation is performed by gathers of the common image point (СIP). The distribution density of the observation system sources determines the stacking fold by CIP. In the process of selecting survey parameters, the comparative analysis of equivalent observation systems with the same data properties for the migration task, but with different parameters of the observation system, is of great important. The relationship between the step of common midpoints of the observation system and the step of traces of resulting images of the medium is discussed. The Gaussian beam migration algorithm is considered as a method for solving the problem of constructing an image of the medium that correctly takes into account the irregularity of the initial data.

Wolf of the Willow

Hoptopia ◽  
2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter A. Kopp
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
North America ◽  
New England ◽  
Global Economy ◽  
Climbing Plant ◽  
Humulus Lupulus L ◽  
The World ◽  
The Common ◽  
Botanical Characteristics ◽  
Early English

Hops, the cone of a climbing plant by the same name, are a key ingredient in beer. Brewers use hops to impart flavors and aroma in their malted concoctions, and they value the ingredient’s preservative properties. This chapter explains the global origins and botanical characteristics of the common hop, Humulus lupulus l., used in brewing. It then describes how brewing, and hop agriculture along with it, spread from Europe to temperate regions across the world. Hop growing reached North America along with the early English colonies and fared quite well. By 1800, New York and New England emerged as producers for the global economy.

3. Blasphemy and religion

2021 ◽  
pp. 42-67
Author(s):  
Yvonne Sherwood
Keyword(s):  
Religious Violence ◽  
Common Theme ◽  
World Religions ◽  
Interesting Point ◽  
Community Cohesion ◽  
Civil Unrest ◽  
The Bible ◽  
The World ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Relationship

‘Blasphemy and religion’ evaluates the concept of blasphemy in religion, looking at the common theme emerging across the world religions. In Islam, ‘blasphemy’ is about protecting the community from fitnah (civil unrest). In Hinduism and Buddhism, it is about preventing adharma (non-dharma or anti-dharma). In the Bible, blasphemy is a crime of lèse-majesté, concerned with protecting the dignity of socially revered gods and men. In each case, blasphemy is social, political, and religious, and prohibiting blasphemy is about protecting community cohesion. The relationship between blasphemy and religious violence and the concept of inner-religious blasphemy is an interesting point of discussion here.

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