Effect of Different Silica Source on NaA Nanocrystal

Effect of different silica source on the products of NaA nanocrystal was studied. The crystallinity, Si/Al and morphology of samples were characterized by XRD, EDX and SEM. The results showed that the samples using different silica sources have significant difference. The sample using silica sol as silica source have a better crystallinity with Si/Al ratio 1.37 and the particle size were between 100 to 500nm; The sample using TEOS as silica source have a less crystallinity with Si/Al ratio 1.15 and the particle size were between 50 to 120nm.

Microwave-Assisted Grinding of Bolkardag (Nigde, Turkey) Gold Ore and Enhanced Cyanide Leachability

Metallurgical Research & Technology ◽

10.1051/metal/2018039 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 115 (5) ◽

pp. 508 ◽

Author(s):

Cemaliye Seflek ◽

Oktay Bayat

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Power Level ◽

Microwave Treatment ◽

Cyanide Leaching ◽

Gold Ore ◽

Work Index ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Bond Work Index ◽

Pre Treatment ◽

Silver Extraction

This experimental work aims at studying the effect of particle size on the microwave pre-treatment for the grindability of Bolkardag (Nigde, Turkey) gold ore for cyanide leaching. Three different particle size batches (−8 + 4.7 mm, −4.75 + 2 mm and −2 + 1 mm) were used for microwave treatment. Each sub-samples were exposed to four different power levels of microwave energy (0.09, 0.18, 0.36 and 0.6 kW) at exposure times of 5, 10, 15 and 30 minutes and then grindability characteristic of the treated samples were investigated with Berry and Bruce comparative grindability method. It was clearly seen that increasing power level and exposure time caused a reduction in comparative Bond Work index. A maximum reduction in Bond Work index (73.54%) was achieved by 0.6 kW at 30 minutes of microwave treatment. Compared to the untreated sample’s results, gold and silver extraction rates increased, using microwave-treated samples, about 7% and 9% after 77 hours cyanide leaching, respectively. Additionally, the hydrated lime added samples (after 0.6 kW at 30 minutes of microwave treatment) were used in the cyanide leaching tests to determine the possible effect. It was observed that there was no significant difference on leaching extraction rates using lime free or lime added samples. Applying microwave pre-treatment before cyanide leaching, the gold and silver extraction rates could be increased and also the cost of communition could be reduced due to easier breakage of the ore due to a significant decrease in Bond Work index.

Development of Mupirocin- Tinidazole solid- Lipid Nanoparticles Loaded Topical gel for the Management of Bacterial Wound Infections

Research Journal of Pharmacy and Technology ◽

10.52711/0974-360x.2021.00491 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 2785-2790

Author(s):

Veintramuthusankar Veintramuthusankar ◽

Pushparajudayakumar Pushparajudayakumar ◽

Rajanduraibabyroselin Rajanduraibabyroselin

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Drug Release ◽

Solid Lipid Nanoparticles ◽

Lipid Nanoparticles ◽

Fickian Diffusion ◽

Standard Drug ◽

Topical Gel ◽

Solid Lipid ◽

Homogenization Technique ◽

Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) are novel drug carrier system which consists of a solid matrix composed of a lipid being solid at both room and body temperatures with a mean Particle Size (PS) between 50 and 1000 nm Mupirocin -Tinidazole solid-lipid nanoparticles were prepared using hot homogenization technique using Glyceryl monosterate, Stearic acid, Tween 80 and Poloxamer 188 using hot homogenization technique. Size of the nanoparticles was in the range of 83 to 211 nm with the zeta potential values between -2.1 to -5.2. Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) confirms the spherical shape of solid lipid nanoparticles. Entrapment efficiency was best in the F1 formulation. In vitro release of the pure drug was found to be 75% of mupirocin and 66.5% of tinidazole at the end of 1 hr. Drug release from SLNs dispersion followed Korsermeyrs peppas-model, indicating fickian diffusion drug release, while that from the gel followed non Fickian model drug release. Antibacterial activity of the SLNs was less but the SLNs based gel shows no significant difference in activity to that of standard drug gentamycin against aerobic bacteria. The SLNs dispersion exhibited physicochemical stability under refrigeration upto 45 days without significant difference in particle size. Best formulation was developed into a topical gel using sodium alginate and it was evaluated for pH, viscosity, spreadbility, extrudability, bloom strength, Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Extrudability and spreadability parameters of the gel are similar to that of marketed Mupirocin 2% cream formulation

Preparation and preclinical evaluation of aceclofenac loaded pectinate mucoadhesive microspheres

Drugs and Therapy Studies ◽

10.4081/dts.2012.e8 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 8 ◽

Author(s):

Santanu Chakraborty ◽

Priyanka Nayak ◽

Bala Murali Krishna ◽

Madhusmruti Khandai ◽

Ashoke Kumar Ghosh

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Drug Release ◽

Polymer Concentration ◽

Research Work ◽

In Vivo Studies ◽

Systemic Absorption ◽

Cross Linking ◽

The aim of the present research work was to fabricate aceclofenac loaded pectinate microspheres by ionic gelation method and evaluate the effect of different cross-linking agents and polymer concentration on particle size, encapsulation efficacy and drug release behavior. It was also investigated that whether this pectinate dosage form was able to target the drug release in intestinal region and prevent the different side effect associated with the drug in stomach or not. It was observed that particle size, encapsulation efficacy and in vitro drug release were largely depended on polymer concentration and cross-linking agents. It was also observed that pectinate microspheres showed excellent pH depended mucoadhesive properties and they were able to restrict the drug release in stomach. <em>In vitro</em> drug release study showed that alminium-pectinate microspheres have more sustaining property as compared to barium-pectinate microspheres. Holm-Sidak multiple comparison analysis suggested a significant difference in measured t<sub>50%</sub> values among all the formulations with same cross-linking agent. In vivo studies revealed that the anti inflammatory and analgesic effects induced by pectinate microspheres were significantly high and prolonged as compared to pure drug. So, pectinate microspheres can be an excellent carrier for targeting the delivery of aceclofenac as well as help in improving the patient compliance by prolonging the systemic absorption.

IN VITRO ANTI-PLATELET AGGREGATION ACTIVITY OF HYDROXYPROPYL CELLULOSE–CYSTEAMINE BASED NANOPARTICLES CONTAINING CRUDE BROMELAIN

International Journal of Applied Pharmaceutics ◽

10.22159/ijap.2020v12i3.35053 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 95-98

Author(s):

DENI RAHMAT ◽

LILIEK NURHIDAYATI ◽

MARCELLA MARCELLA ◽

ROS SUMARNY ◽

DIAN RATIH LAKSMITAWATI

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Platelet Aggregation ◽

Zeta Potential ◽

Light Transmission ◽

Hydroxypropyl Cellulose ◽

Platelet Activity ◽

Two Samples ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Aggregation Activity

Objective: The aim of the present study was to formulate bromelain into nanoparticles in order to improve its stability and activity. Methods: Crude bromelain was prepared by protein precipitation from the pineapple stem juice using ammonium sulphate at the concentration of 60% (w/v). Nanoparticles containing crude bromelain were generated using the ionic gelation method with hydroxypropyl cellulose–cysteamine (HPC-cysteamine) conjugate as a matrix. Crude bromelain was then added to the HPC-cysteamine solution for ionic interaction to construct the nanoparticles, which were then analyzed for their particle size and zeta potential. The resulting nanoparticles were mixed with adenosine diphosphate (ADP) to perform anti-platelet aggregation. Results: The nanoparticle had 928.3 nm in particle size and-7.25 mV in zeta potential. Anti-platelet activity of crude bromelain and the nanoparticles were determined with modification of light transmission aggregometry (LTA), in which ADP was used to induce an aggregation while a spectrophotometer UV-Vis was used to measure the absorbance at the wavelength of 600 nm. The result showed that crude bromelain and the nanoparticles rendered percentage inhibition of 8.00±1.17% and 48.56±11.19%, respectively. Conclusion: Based on the result of a one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), it was concluded that there was a significant difference in percentage inhibition between the two samples. The nanoparticles demonstrated a better anti-platelet aggregation activity compared to crude bromelain.

Spatial and Seasonal Variations of PM Concentration and Size Distribution in Manure-Belt Poultry Layer Houses

Transactions of the ASABE ◽

10.13031/trans.12950 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 62 (2) ◽

pp. 415-427 ◽

Author(s):

Reyna M. Knight ◽

Xinjie Tong ◽

Zhenyu Liu ◽

Sewoon Hong ◽

Lingying Zhao

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Particulate Matter ◽

Size Distribution ◽

Seasonal Variations ◽

Size Distributions ◽

Particle Size Distributions ◽

Potential Health ◽

Significant Difference ◽

Autumn And Winter ◽

Mass Concentrations

Abstract. Poultry layer houses are a significant source of particulate matter (PM) emissions, which potentially affect worker and animal health. Particulate matter characteristics, such as concentration and size distribution inside layer houses, are critical information for assessment of the potential health risks and development of effective PM mitigation technologies. However, this information and its spatial and seasonal variations are lacking for typical layer facilities. In this study, two TSI DustTrak monitors (DRX 8533) and an Aerodynamic Particle Sizer (APS 3321) were used to measure PM mass concentrations and number-weighted particle size distributions in two typical manure-belt poultry layer houses in Ohio in three seasons: summer, autumn, and winter. Bimodal particle size distributions were consistently observed. The average count median diameters (mean ±SD) were 1.68 ±0.25, 2.16 ±0.31, and 1.87 ±0.07 µm in summer, autumn, and winter, respectively. The average geometric standard deviations of particle size were 2.16 ±0.23, 2.16 ±0.18, and 1.74 ±0.17 in the three seasons, respectively. The average mass concentrations were 67.4 ±54.9, 289.9 ±216.2, and 428.1 ±269.9 µg m-3 for PM2.5; 73.6 ±59.5, 314.6 ±228.9, and 480.8 ±306.5 µg m-3 for PM4; and 118.8 ±99.6, 532.5 ±353.0, and 686.2 ±417.7 µg m-3 for PM10 in the three seasons, respectively. Both statistically significant (p < 0.05) and practically significant (difference of means >20% of smaller value) seasonal variations were observed. Spatial variations were only practically significant for autumn mass concentrations, likely due to external dust infiltration from nearby agricultural activities. The OSHA-mandated permissible exposure limit for respirable PM was not exceeded in any season. Keywords: Air quality, Particulate matter, Poultry housing, Seasonal variation, Spatial variation.

SVOC Concentrations in House dust and Residential Environment in Japanese Houses

E3S Web of Conferences ◽

10.1051/e3sconf/201911106060 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 111 ◽

pp. 06060

Author(s):

Hoon KIM ◽

Yohei INABA ◽

Kanae BEKKI ◽

Motoya HAYASHI ◽

Kenichi AZUMA ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

House Dust ◽

Concentration Distribution ◽

Oral Intake ◽

Living Environment ◽

The Other ◽

Component Ratio ◽

Analysis Method ◽

Residential Environments ◽

This study aims to investigate the relevance of between SVOC concentrations in house dust and living environments. Using the newly proposed dust collecting and SVOC analysis method, we determined concentrations of the nine SVOC substances by dust size and made simultaneously the questionnaire about residential environments. Collected dusts were screened with sieves and then analyzed on nine components (DEP, DMP, BBP, DEHP, DINP, DBP, DNOP, DIDP, DIBP) by LC/MS/MS method. The results leaded to selecting less than 100μm and 100-250μm as the target size of dusts to be investigated intensively by considering the concentration distribution and the oral intake of humans. DEHP and DINP accounted for 96 to 97% of determined amount of SVOC and only the small amounts in the other seven components were detected. There was no significant difference in the component ratio depending on particle size. Significant difference was obtained between a few substances of SVOC and several living environment items.

Spatial variability of particle size fractions of an Oxisol cultivated with conilon coffee

Revista CERES ◽

10.1590/s0034-737x2012000600018 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 59 (6) ◽

pp. 867-872 ◽

Author(s):

Julião Soares de Souza Lima ◽

Rone Batista de Oliveira ◽

Samuel de Assis Silva

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Spatial Variability ◽

Clay Fraction ◽

Soil Samples ◽

Landscape Configuration ◽

Sand Fraction ◽

Size Fractions ◽

Particle Size Fractions ◽

Average Value ◽

Information on the spatial distribution of particle size fractions is essential for use planning and management of soils. The aim of this work to was to study the spatial variability of particle size fractions of a Typic Hapludox cultivated with conilon coffee. The soil samples were collected at depths of 0-0.20 and 0.20-0.40 m in the coffee canopy projection, totaling 109 georeferentiated points. At the depth of 0.2-0.4 m the clay fraction showed average value significantly higher, while the sand fraction showed was higher in the depth of 0-0.20 m. The silt showed no significant difference between the two depths. The particle size fractions showed medium and high spatial variability. The levels of total sand and clay have positive and negative correlation, respectively, with the altitude of the sampling points, indicating the influence of landscape configuration.

Facile Synthesis and Characterization of Fe-Co Nanoparticles Supported Silica Rice Husk

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.709.66 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 709 ◽

pp. 66-69

Author(s):

Jeyashelly Andas ◽

Rahmah Atikah Rosdi ◽

Nur Izzati Mohd Anuar

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Rice Husk ◽

Sol Gel ◽

Average Particle Size ◽

Average Particle ◽

Silica Source ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Particle Size Analyzer ◽

Bimetallic Materials ◽

Co Nanoparticles

A series of Fe-Co nanoparticles were synthesized via sol-gel route at acidic, neutral and basic condition using rice husk as the silica source. The synthesized nanomaterials were designated as Fe-Co3, Fe-Co7 and Fe-Co9 and characterized by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR), Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM) and particle size analyzer. The great effect of pH was clearly evidenced from the shifting in the siloxane bond in the FTIR spectrum. TEM investigation confirmed the existence of discrete and almost sphere like nanoparticles. The particle size decreased with an increase in the pH, registering the smallest average particle size at pH 9. In brief, this study promises a fast, rapid and promising method for the conversion of silica rice husk into nanoscale bimetallic materials.

Evaluation of Brain Targeting and Mucosal Integrity of Nasally Administrated Nanostructured Carriers of a CNS Active Drug, Clonazepam

Journal of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.18433/j30s31 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 16 (3) ◽

pp. 456 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

Hend Mohamed Abdel-Bar ◽

Amal Youssef Abdel-Reheem ◽

Gehanne A.S Awad ◽

Nahed Daoud Mortada

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Drug Release ◽

Active Drug ◽

Brain Targeting ◽

Isopropyl Myristate ◽

Safe Alternative ◽

Integrity Assessment ◽

Polyethylene Glycol 200 ◽

PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to target clonazepam, a CNS active drug, to the brain through the non-invasive intranasal (in) route using of nanocarriers with proven safety METHOD: in clonazepam nanocarriers were prepared by mixing isopropyl myristate, Tween 80, Cremophor EL or lecithin, polyethylene glycol 200, propylene glycol or ethanol in different ratios with water. in-vitro characterization of the nanocarriers was done by various methods including: polarized light microscopy, particle size determination, viscosity measurements and drug release studies. in-vivo study comparing intranasal and intravenous administration was performed. The drug targeting efficiency (DTE %) and direct nose to brain transport percentage (DTP %) were calculated and nasal integrity assessment was carried out. RESULTS: The obtained formulae had particle size below 100 nm favoring rapid direct nose to brain transport and the time for 100% drug release (T100%) depended on systems composition. Plasma Tmax of clonazepam nanostructured carriers varied from 10-30 min., while their brain Tmax did not exceed 10 min, in comparison with 30 min for iv solution. Although there was no significant difference (p>0.05) between the plasma AUC0-∞ of the different tested nanocarriers and intravenous one, the increase in brain AUC 0 -∞ of different nasal formulations in comparison to that of iv administration (3.6 -7.2 fold) confirms direct nose to brain transport via olfactory region. Furthermore, DTE and DTP% confirmed brain targeting of clonazepam following intranasal administration. CONCLUSION: The results confirmed that intranasal nanocarriers were proved to be safe alternative for iv clonazepam delivery with rapid nose to brain transport. This article is open to POST-PUBLICATION REVIEW. Registered readers (see “For Readers”) may comment by clicking on ABSTRACT on the issue’s contents page.

Detection threshold of chocolate graininess: machine vs human

British Food Journal ◽

10.1108/bfj-07-2019-0501 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 122 (9) ◽

pp. 2757-2767

Author(s):

Sara De Pelsmaeker ◽

Juliette S. Behra ◽

Xavier Gellynck ◽

Joachim J. Schouteten

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Detection Threshold ◽

Solid Particles ◽

Melting Behaviour ◽

Human Beings ◽

Particle Detection ◽

Scanning Calorimetry ◽

Content Type ◽

Dsc Measurements ◽

PurposeLiterature indicates that those solid chocolate particles cannot be detected by human beings that are smaller than a critical value between 25 and 35 µm. Chocolate containing particles larger than this range is thought to be perceived as grainy. However, there does not seem to be any publication which justifies this threshold. Hence, the main aim of this work is to determine if the threshold at which particles can be detected is indeed 30 µm.Design/methodology/approachThree dark chocolates containing solid particles of expected Dv,90 of 30 µm, 40 µm and 50 µm were produced. Particle Size Distribution (PSD) was determined using static light scattering while hardness and melting behaviour were characterised using a penetration test and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), respectively. Sensory analyses were performed with a trained panel (n = 9).FindingsPSD analyses indicated that the solid particle Dv,90 of the three chocolates were around 30 µm, 40 µm and 60 µm, respectively. DSC measurements showed no significant difference in melting behaviour between the chocolates. Hardness measurements showed that the “30 µm chocolate” was significantly harder than both the “40 µm chocolate” and the “60 µm chocolate”, while trained panellists found that the graininess of the 60 µm chocolate was significantly higher than that of the 40 µm and 30 µm chocolates.Practical implicationsThese results suggest that particle size detection threshold is higher than 40 µm. Chocolate manufacturers could thus increase the size of the biggest particles from 30 µm to 40 µm, leading to a decrease in production cost.Originality/valueThis is the first study to examine the particle detection limit of chocolate.