Design and Fabrication of a Dual Powered Mini Pelletizer

2013 ◽  
Vol 465-466 ◽  
pp. 242-247 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yeshwant Manohar Sonkhaskar ◽  
V.S. Deshpande ◽  
J.P. Modak
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Wood Pellets ◽  
Dual Mode ◽  
Fuel Pellets ◽  
Wood Particles ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Compressed Wood

Wood pellets are compressed wood particles that are used as fuel. Pellets are gaining popularity and are commonly used in some areas of India owing to the cost effectiveness. One of the major reasons is the increase in the cost of primary fuels and concerns about global climate change. For research and development work and for the production of small quantities of pellets for specific applications, it is important to have a low-cost apparatus or machine for making pellets. The paper discusses the local design and manufacturing of a dual-mode pelletizing machine. It can be powered either electrically or manually. Therefore, it can be used by both rural as well as urban dwellers. It can be a backup in conditions of power failure, and can also prove a boon in rural areas where there is no electricity. The objective of this work was to analyze, design and fabricate a model for a Dual Mode Pelletizing Machine which would be used for production of pellets on small scale and can be powered by either electrical motor or human pedaling. The Pelletizing Machine was designed, fabricated and experiments were performed to obtain pellets from sawdust, powered by electric motor as well as human pedaling.

scholarly journals Evaluating the Economic Viability of Agricultural Pellets to Supplement the Current Global Wood Pellets Supply for Bioenergy Production

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 2263
Author(s):  
Mahmood Ebadian ◽  
Shahab Sokhansanj ◽  
David Lee ◽  
Alyssa Klein ◽  
Lawrence Townley-Smith
Keyword(s):  
Supply Chain ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Wood Pellets ◽  
Logistics System ◽  
Global Marketplace ◽  
Biomass Logistics ◽  
Production And Distribution ◽  
The Cost

In this study, an inter-continental agricultural pellet supply chain is modeled, and the production cost and price of agricultural pellets are estimated and compared against the recent cost and price of wood pellets in the global marketplace. The inter-continental supply chain is verified and validated using an integration of an interactive mapping application and a simulation platform. The integrated model is applied to a case study in which agricultural pellets are produced in six locations in Canada and shipped and discharged at the three major ports in Western Europe. The cost of agricultural pellets in the six locations is estimated to be in the range of EUR 92–95/tonne (CAD 138–142/tonne), which is comparable with the recent cost of wood pellets produced in small-scale pellet plants (EUR 99–109/tonne). The average agricultural pellet price shipped from the six plants to the three ports in Western Europe is estimated to be in a range of EUR 183–204 (CAD 274–305/tonne), 29–42% more expensive that the average recent price of wood pellets (EUR 143/tonne) at the same ports. There are several potential areas in the agricultural pellet supply chains that can reduce the pellet production and distribution costs in the mid and long terms, making them affordable supplement to the existing wood pellet markets. Potential economic activities generated by the production of pellets in farm communities can be significant. The generated annual revenue in the biomass logistics system in all six locations is estimated to be about CAD 21.80 million. In addition, the logistics equipment fleet needs 176 local operators with a potential annual income of CAD 2.18 million.

scholarly journals Experimental Measurement of Rice Husk Effectiveness as an Alternative Adsorbent for Turbidity Reduction in Synthetic Water

2019 ◽  
Vol 22 (4) ◽  
pp. 329-334
Author(s):  
Noora Saad Faraj Al-Dulaimi ◽  
Samara Saad Faraj Al-Dulaimi
Keyword(s):  
Rice Husk ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Water Turbidity ◽  
Cheap Alternative ◽  
Quality Water ◽  
Ph Level ◽  
The Cost

Providing a clean and high quality drinking water to both rural as well as urban areas is a great challenge by itself, adding to it the large volume requirements of such water at high population areas means a very high cost for such industry because mainly of the cost of expensive commercially available adsorbent used in this process. This led inhabitants of the remote and/or rural areas to use less quality water with all its risks and health challenges. In this study, a locally collected rice husk is tested to be used as an alternative adsorbent to the expensive common commercial ones. Parameters like adsorbent dosage, initial concentration of turbidity, and pH level were tested to investigate their effects on the process. Treatment of synthetic turbid water was done after changing these parameters to measure the effect of each parameter alone and the results showed a set of parameters that can be used to achieve high efficiency of turbidity removal. The study concluded that rice husk can be used as a well cheap alternative adsorbent to reduce the river water turbidity due to its availability and low cost with a decent removal efficiency approaching 95%.

scholarly journals DEVELOPMENT OF A LOW-COST, HAND-HELD MULTI-SENSOR SYSTEM FOR THE MONITORING OF SMALL WATER BODIES

2021 ◽  
Vol XLIII-B1-2021 ◽  
pp. 93-96
Author(s):  
R. Blaskow ◽  
E. Schwalbe
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Water Bodies ◽  
Sensor Technology ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Small Water ◽  
Sensor Platform ◽  
Measurement Principle ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Small Water Bodies

Abstract. For small-scale monitoring of small water bodies, conventional methods such as GNSS or total station measurements are used. The data acquisition is usually carried out in profile form supplemented with extra measurements of break edges, slope edges or bank courses. However, these methods can be used efficiently only on small sections and with low temporal resolution. At the same time, as the length of rivers or creeks to be monitored increases, the cost-effectiveness of the above methods decreases. Further limitations such as very small sections that are difficult to access and also sections that are sometimes heavily overgrown also prevent the use of large measuring platforms. By contrast, with use of a hand-held compact multi-sensor platform it is possible to survey several hundred kilometres of the smallest rivers and creeks. This publication demonstrates the use of such a platform to record micro-watersheds. For this purpose, the Creek4D project, the measurement principle and the sensor technology used are shown. In addition, first measurement data and the calibration strategy are shown.

scholarly journals AN OVERVIEW OF TREATMENT OF BRACKISH WATER USING SOLAR STILLS

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Sudhanshu S. Kamat ◽  
Dilip D. Sarode
Keyword(s):  
Brackish Water ◽  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Operating Parameters ◽  
Benefit Analysis ◽  
Solar Desalination ◽  
Working Principle ◽  
The Cost

Solar desalination technologies are becoming popular among the scientific community for the production of fresh water from the brackish water. Membrane technologies are expensive to be implemented on small scale. Solar stills have simple working principle and there is low cost associated with it. Varied configurations and modifications have been implemented to improve the performance of solar stills. Thermodynamic analysis has also been done for the same. However, it is important to also optimize various combinations of the operating parameters, including the cost-benefit analysis associated with it. This paper focuses on the review of the effects of various geometric and operating parameters, and also optimizing the thermodynamics to improve the performance of solar still.

MISCELLANEOUS REVIEW

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1962 ◽  
Vol 30 (6) ◽  
pp. 1019-1019
Author(s):  
DAVID H. CLEMENT
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Infant Feeding ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Feeding Practices ◽  
Bottle Feeding ◽  
Milk Formula ◽  
Infant Feeding Practices ◽  
Running Water ◽  
The Cost

Some Practical Considerations of Economy and Efficiency in Infant Feeding. American Journal of Public Health, 52:125-142, 1962. (Reprinted for the U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare; Children's Bureau.) A Joint Committee of the Food and Nutrition Section and the Maternal and Child Health Section of the American Public Health Association has written this useful review. Compressed into its 17 pages is a great deal of pertinent information from man widely scattered sources and of special interest to physicians and nurses engaged in infant feeding practices among families where economy is important. Infant feeding practices have been reviewed with special regard to cost, convenience, and safety. But there are many facts of interest to the private practitioner whose patients may be free of financial worry. Impressive is the statement that in 1957 some 13,500,000 United States children were in families whose total income was less than $3,000 a year. In 1956, one of five dwelling units in small cities or rural areas had no running water inside the structure. The cost of breast feeding in relation to bottle feeding depends upon the cost of the additional nutrients eaten by the mother. With a truly low-cost diet (which impressed this reviewer as so unpalatable as to be unrealistic the cost was calculated at 15ø a day, whereas with a moderate cost diet it was 40ø a day. An evaporated milk formula was estimated at 15ø a day and pasteurized whole milk at 25ø a day. The safety of breast milk was accepted as vastly superior to formulas.

scholarly journals Low-cost laparoscopy for rural areas: the flexible video laparoscope

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 68-70 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sagar Jawale ◽  
Gnanaraj Jesudian
Keyword(s):  
Diagnostic Tool ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Diagnostic Laparoscopy ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Surgical Instruments ◽  
Lens System ◽  
Diagnostic Equipment ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Very High

Diagnostic laparoscopies are a very useful diagnostic tool especially in rural areas. However, the very high costs of the current diagnostic equipment make them unavailable to most of the rural centres. We describe a low-cost laparoscope that does away with the telescope and rod lens system and offers very good quality pictures for diagnostic laparoscopy at small fraction of the cost of current laparoscopic surgical instruments.

scholarly journals Parametric analysis of gravity Vortex turbines as a low cost renewable energy alternative from low head hydraulic resources

2020 ◽  
Vol XXIII (1) ◽  
pp. 22-28
Author(s):  
Deniz Ünsalan
Keyword(s):  
Wave Energy ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Parametric Analysis ◽  
Power Plants ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Energy Requirement ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Hydroelectric Power ◽  
Small Streams

The long existent worldwide trend for large scale hydroelectric power plants, relying on dams are now under severe criticism for the large areas their reservoirs occupy, which are often fertile agricultural areas and sometimes flood cultural heritage sites. However, there are also environment-friendly alternatives for hydroelectric power production, which are capable to obtain energy from small scale streams with relatively low heads. Such smaller scale sources with low cost facilities can be used for electric production by alternative schemes that use small streams, irrigation canals and divertions from rivers, tidal pools, overtopping wave energy converters and urban wastewater. One of the recent types of such plants are the gravity vortex turbines that use the naturally occurring “sink vortex” draining such water. They are highly efficient and able to obtain energy from sources with flow rates as low as 1 m3/s and heads as low as 0.80 m. Such water sources are abundant in most of the rural areas and it is possible to obtain either an important part or the total need of the energy requirement of the nearby communities with such systems. Gravity vortex turbines have low costs due to their simple structure and are easy to maintain. They can also be implemented for overtopping wave energy and tidal energy systems, as well as recovery units of pumped energy storage schemes. The purpose of this paper is to propose relations for the design and parametric analysis to size the relevant parts of the plant- the pool and the turbine. Potential flow is assumed throughout the analysis. Attempts to obtain optimized relations between the relative sizes and rotational speeds for the pool, water source, turbine are made and inputs for preliminary design are obtained.

Electricity Production from Small-Scale Photovoltaics in Urban Areas

2015 ◽  
pp. 124-161
Author(s):  
Constantinos S. Psomopoulos ◽  
George Ch. Ioannidis ◽  
Stavros D. Kaminaris
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Production Data ◽  
Solar Photovoltaic ◽  
Pv System ◽  
The World ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Utility Scale

The interest in solar photovoltaic energy is growing worldwide. Today, more than 40GW of photovoltaics have been installed all over the world. Since the 1970s, the PV system price is continuously dropping. This price drop and the adaptation of feed-in tariffs at governmental or utility scale have encouraged worldwide application of small-scale photovoltaic systems. The objective of this chapter is to present the potential for electricity production focusing mainly on the benefits of small-scale installations in urban areas, along with the growth of the global photovoltaics market. The types of installation alternatives are described but the focus is on the rooftop installations due to their simplicity and relatively low cost for urban areas. Electricity production data are presented together with their technical characteristics. Furthermore, analysis of the cost reduction is attempted and the benefits gained from the implementation of small-scale systems are also presented, demonstrating the sustainability role they will play.

scholarly journals IoT Sensing Platform as a Driver for Digital Farming in Rural Africa

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (12) ◽  
pp. 3511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Oliveira-Jr ◽  
Carlos Resende ◽  
André Pereira ◽  
Pedro Madureira ◽  
João Gonçalves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Sensing Platform ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
Rural Africa ◽  
Do It Yourself ◽  
Software Modularity ◽  
Small Scale Farmers ◽  
Digital Farming

Small-scale farming can benefit from the usage of information and communication technology (ICT) to improve crop and soil management and increase yield. However, in order to introduce digital farming in rural areas, related ICT solutions must be viable, seamless and easy to use, since most farmers are not acquainted with technology. With that in mind, this paper proposes an Internet of Things (IoT) sensing platform that provides information on the state of the soil and surrounding environment in terms of pH, moisture, texture, colour, air temperature, and light. This platform is coupled with computer vision to further analyze and understand soil characteristics. Moreover, the platform hardware is housed in a specifically designed robust casing to allow easy assembly, transport, and protection from the deployment environment. To achieve requirements of usability and reproducibility, the architecture of the IoT sensing platform is based on low-cost, off-the-shelf hardware and software modularity, following a do-it-yourself approach and supporting further extension. In-lab validations of the platform were carried out to finetune its components, showing the platform’s potential for application in rural areas by introducing digital farming to small-scale farmers, and help them delivering better produce and increasing income.

scholarly journals Development and Performance Analysis of a Low-Cost Hydrogen Generation System Using Locally Available Materials

2020 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-56
Author(s):  
Gour Chand Mazumder ◽  
SM Nasif Shams ◽  
Md Habibur Rahman ◽  
Saiful Huque
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Generation ◽  
Low Cost ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Bipolar Electrode ◽  
Performance Study ◽  
Outlet Port ◽  
Energy Applications ◽  
In Series ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Cost

In this paper, a low-cost water electrolyzer is developed and its performance study is presented. Locally found materials are used to develop the electrolyzer. The electrolyzer has two cells connected in parallel and bipolar electrode configuration. In common, different cells are connected in series but for this electrolyzer parallel connection has been tested. A very thin polymer, Nylon-140 has been used as separator membranes for this electrolyzer. In separator membrane assembly, the designed geometry creates two separate gas channels internally which enables the direct collection of hydrogen and oxygen gas from the designated outlet port of the electrolyzer. The geometry excludes the need of external tubing into each cell-compartments to collect hydrogen and oxygen separately. The developed electrolyzer is found to be 42% efficient with its highest production rate of 227.27 mL/min. The purity of hydrogen is found to be more than 92% and justified with the burn test. The cost is 20 times less than the commercial electrolyzers. The development method and scheme can be helpful to popularize the small scale use of hydrogen in Bangladesh for various renewable energy applications. Dhaka Univ. J. Sci. 68(1): 49-56, 2020 (January)

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