Influence of Plasma Parameters and Circuit Connecting on Harmonics Generated in Ar/O2 13.56 Mhz Plasma Discharge

2011 ◽  
Vol 227 ◽  
pp. 181-184
Author(s):  
Rabah Tadjine ◽  
Hadj Lahmar ◽  
Mohamed Mounis Alim
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Response ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Electrical Model ◽  
Electrical Measurements ◽  
Plasma Parameters ◽  
Harmonic Response ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Fitting Algorithm ◽  
Least Squares Curve Fitting ◽  
Model Circuit

A non invasive ex-situ harmonic probe technique was used to characterize the plasma-generated harmonics of Ar/O2 plasma. To extract the harmonics, we used an iterative least-squares curve fitting algorithm and taking into account the presence of parasitic electrical elements. This study reports the influence of the process parameters on the harmonic response (from 2nd to 7th) to reveal the most sensitive electrical measurements that represent faithfully the evolution of the plasma. The electrical response of the matching network and the electrical model circuit chamber was taken into account.

In-Situ Monitoring of Electrical Parameters for Dry Etching

1987 ◽  
Vol 98 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Ignacio Ulacia F ◽  
James P. McVittie
Keyword(s):  
Plasma Potential ◽  
Circuit Model ◽  
In Situ Monitoring ◽  
Current Transport ◽  
Boltzmann Transport ◽  
Electrical Measurements ◽  
Plasma Parameters ◽  
Yield Time ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Capacitive Discharges

ABSTRACTIn this paper, external electrical measurements and a circuit model are used to obtain indirectly the plasma potential, electron density, ion current density, and sheath thickness. In a revised and extended circuit model, each element describes a current-transport mechanism. Each mechanism is described by an analytical expression in terms of previously specified plasma parameters. The model is applicable in capacitive discharges with equal-area electrodes, and it can be expanded to consider other systems. To verify its applicability, electrical measurements of voltage, current and phase angle in an SF6 : O2 discharge are used to calculate the plasma impedance. Electrical plasma measurements yield time-averaged values for the impedance; the values obtained for each device reflect this dependency. After the calculation of each electrical device, SPICE 3.7a simulations separated the individual contribution of current transport by each mechanisms and validated the assumptions. The plasma parameters obtained by this technique agree well with a Langmuir-probe measurement, solutions of the Boltzmann transport equation, and data published in the literature.

Induced‐polarization response of zeolitic conglomerate and carbonaceous siltstone

Geophysics ◽  
1982 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. H. Nelson ◽  
W. H. Hansen ◽  
M. J. Sweeney
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Response ◽  
Induced Polarization ◽  
Phase Response ◽  
Electrical Measurements ◽  
Intimate Contact ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Core Samples ◽  
Rock Types ◽  
Geologic Materials

Three case studies investigating induced‐polarization (IP) responses of a zeolite‐bearing conglomerate and of two carbonaceous siltstones are presented. The IP response of these noneconomic geologic materials can either mask or mimic the response from sulfide mineralization which is sought by electrical field surveys. The nonsulfide rock types which produced unusually high responses on IP field surveys were sampled by core drilling for chemical, mineralogical, and electrical laboratory study. The electrical response of core samples was measured in a four‐electrode sample holder over the 0.03–1000 Hz range. Geologic description of the core, petrographic examination of thin sections, mineral identification by x‐ray diffraction (XRD), and chemical analysis of samples supplemented the electrical measurements. A surface phase response of 20 mrad was obtained from field surveys over the Gila conglomerate at an Arizona location. Core samples of the Gila were examined in thin section, and clast surfaces were found to be coated with a thin layer of zeolites. These zeolites project into pore spaces in the conglomerate, and thus are in intimate contact with formation waters. A series of laboratory experiments suggests that zeolites cause most of the observed IP response. Phase responses as high as 100 mrad were measured with field surveys over siltstone and limestone sequences in western Nevada. Samples recovered from the Luning and Gabbs‐Sunrise formations include siltstones containing small amounts of amorphous carbon. These siltstones are very conductive electrically, and the high‐phase response is attributed to polarization of the carbon‐pore water interface. Low porosity in these carbonaceous siltstones enhances the phase response.

scholarly journals Individualization and Electrical Characterization of SiGe Nanowires

2012 ◽  
Vol 1408 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Monasterio ◽  
A. Rodríguez ◽  
T. Rodríguez ◽  
C. Ballesteros
Keyword(s):  
Electrical Characterization ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Electrical Measurements ◽  
Measured Resistance ◽  
Single Nanowires ◽  
Very High

ABSTRACTSiGe nanowires of different Ge atomic fractions up to 15% were grown and ex-situ n-type doped by diffusion from a solid source in contact with the sample. The phenomenon of dielectrophoresis was used to locate single nanowires between pairs of electrodes in order to carry out electrical measurements. The measured resistance of the as-grown nanowires is very high, but it decreases more than three orders of magnitude upon doping, indicating that the doping procedure used has been effective.

scholarly journals Sexual cycle of cats and non-invasive diagnostic methods

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (101) ◽  
pp. 124-132
Author(s):  
O. V. Burlakova ◽  
V. Y. Stefanyk
Keyword(s):  
The Body ◽  
Diagnostic Methods ◽  
Domestic Cat ◽  
Sexual Cycle ◽  
Reproductive Capacity ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Feral Cats ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
The Family ◽  
The World

Mostly all feral cats are listed in the IUCN International Red Book. This fact is caused by the negative impact of civilization on the ecosystem, including fauna. This trend applies equally to feral cats from the family Felidae (tigers, jaguars, leopards, snow leopards) and the family Felinae (caracal, serval, ocelot, etc.). The low population size of domestic species, namely lynx and forest cat in Ukraine, is alarming. The use of innovative biotechnological techniques in reproduction can have a positive effect on the conservation of endangered carnivorous species. These auxiliary methods are aimed at improving the technique of obtaining and cryopreservation of sperm, oocytes, in vitro fertilization, artificial insemination, embryo transplantation, as well as synchronization and regulation of the sexual cycle. This last element is key in ex situ conservation programs in zoos. Under physiological course, feline reproductive cycle is unique, as the physiology of the body as a whole. The wild cat family is the pinnacle of predator evolution. Today there are 39 species of this family in the world, including the domestic cat. Most feral cats are endangered. The main reasons for the decline in wild cat populations in the wild are habitat loss, fragmentation, human-animal conflict, and for some species, poaching for fur and medicine. Therefore, many scientists in the world face the issue of increasing reproductive capacity, improving methods of monitoring reproductive function and endocrine status, as different species of cats have significant differences in the sexual cycle. The main purpose of the work is to improve the reproductive properties in the reproduction of wild cats using non-invasive diagnostic methods. Reproduction is a key success factor, so understanding the basics of the reproduction function will help develop strategies to conserve and influence populations of different feline species.

scholarly journals Bioimpedance and NIR for non-invasive assessment of blood glucose

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 133-138 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan-Hugo Andersen ◽  
Olav Bjerke ◽  
Fatos Blakaj ◽  
Vilde Moe Flugsrud ◽  
Fredrik Alstad Jacobsen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Glucose ◽  
Electrical Impedance ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Soft Drink ◽  
Electrical Impedance Spectroscopy ◽  
Electrical Measurements ◽  
High Blood Glucose ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Blood Glucose Levels

Abstract Sixteen volunteers each drank 700 ml sugar-containing soft drink during two successive periods and the blood sugar was measured at 10 min intervals together with electrical impedance spectroscopy and near infrared spectroscopy (NIR). A maximum correlation of 0.46 was found for the electrical measurements but no clear separation between low and high blood glucose levels were found in the NIR measurements. The latter was attributed to the experimental design where the NIR probe was removed from the skin between each measurement.

scholarly journals Detection of Low Electrolyte Level for Vented Lead–Acid Batteries Based on Electrical Measurements

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (23) ◽  
pp. 4435
Author(s):  
Eugenio Camargo ◽  
Nancy Visairo ◽  
Ciro Núñez ◽  
Juan Segundo ◽  
Juan Cuevas ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Sensors ◽  
Internal Resistance ◽  
Electrical Circuit ◽  
Electrical Measurements ◽  
Irreversible Damage ◽  
Low Level ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Electrolyte Level ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
Lead Acid

It is well known that a low level of electrolytes in batteries produces a malfunction or even failure and irreversible damage. There are several kinds of sensors to detect the electrolyte level. Some of them are non-invasive, such as optical sensors of level, while some others are invasive; but both require one sensor per battery. This paper proposes a different approach to detect the low electrolyte level, which neither requires invasive sensors nor one sensor for each battery. The approach is based on the estimation of the internal resistance of an equivalent electrical circuit (EEC) model of the battery. To establish the detection criterion of the low level of electrolytes, a statistical analysis is proposed. To demonstrate the feasibility of this approach to be considered a valid method, multiple experiments were performed. The experiments consisted of determining how the internal resistance is affected at eight different levels of electrolyte at different aging levels of vented lead–acid (VLA) batteries. The results have demonstrated the feasibility of this approach. Hence, this approach has the potential to be used for the reducing of sensors and avoiding invasive methods to determine the low level of electrolytes.

166 POTENTIAL OF URINARY RELAXIN AS A USEFUL INDICATOR OF PREGNANCY IN THE MANED WOLF

2009 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 182 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. C. Santymire ◽  
B. Steinetz ◽  
R. M. Santymire ◽  
J. L. Brown ◽  
N. Songsasen
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Linear Regression Analysis ◽  
Ex Situ ◽  
Non Invasive ◽  
Pregnant Females ◽  
The North ◽  
Specificity And Sensitivity ◽  
Maned Wolf ◽  
Chrysocyon Brachyurus ◽  
The Relationship

The maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus), a neotropical canid, lives in habitats severely compromised by agricultural development. Therefore, maintaining a healthy and viable zoo population is crucial, because it serves as hedge against extinction. However, the North American ex situ population of maned wolves is far from self-sustaining, mainly due to low pregnancy success and high neonatal mortality. Currently, there is no non-invasive way to determine pregnancy in this species. Therefore, the goal is to determine whether urinary relaxin can be used as an indicator of pregnancy in this species. Objectives were to (1) determine the relationship between serum and urinary relaxin in canids, using pregnant domestic bitches as a model, and (2) evaluate the patterns of urinary relaxin in pregnant v. non-pregnant female maned wolves. Serum and urine samples were obtained weekly from six pregnant domestic bitches starting from the day of natural breeding until 3 weeks before the estimated whelping dates. For the maned wolf, urine and feces were obtained weekly during a breeding season (October to February) from six females, three of which were pregnant and gave birth. Concentrations of serum and urinary relaxin were measured using the double antibody canine relaxin radioimmunoassay (Steinetz et al. 1996 Biol. Reprod. 54, 1252–1260). Fecal progestagen were determined using an enzyme immunoassay (Songsasen et al. 2006 Theriogenology 66, 1743–1750). The relationship between serum and urinary relaxin concentrations was determined using the Pearson Product Moment Correlation Analysis. The relationship between urinary relaxin concentrations and days before whelping (for pregnant females) or time after the initial rise of progestagen for each individual were determined using a linear regression analysis. Serial dilutions of pooled dog urine produced displacement curves parallel to those of the appropriate synthetic canine relaxin standards, while wolf samples showed limited parallelism with low concentration of immunoactive antigen. Concentrations of urinary relaxin were significantly correlated with the serum counterpart in pregnant dogs (P < 0.01, r2 0.58). In pregnant maned wolves, relaxin level increased two- to six-fold as gestation progressed (P < 0.05, r2 ranged from 0.15 to 0.56). In contrast, urinary relaxin remained at the baseline in non-pregnant females throughout the diestrus period (P > 0.05). In conclusion, our findings suggest that urinary relaxin mirrors serum relaxin during pregnancy in domestic bitches and may have potential as a tool to diagnose pregnancy in the maned wolf. Further studies are required to improve the specificity and sensitivity of this non-invasive assay.

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