Domestic and Foreign Research and Utilization Status of Zirconium Resources

2013 ◽  
Vol 821-822 ◽  
pp. 854-859
Author(s):  
Zhi Jie Wu ◽  
Yun Gang Li ◽  
Zong Ying Cai ◽  
Jun Zhou ◽  
Yong Zhi Huang
Keyword(s):  
Zirconium Alloys ◽  
Chemical Equipment ◽  
Nuclear Industry ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Military Industry ◽  
Comprehensive Utilization ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Zirconium Compounds ◽  
Important Position ◽  
Development Tendency

Zirconium resources and materials are important strategic materials, occupying the important position in national military industry. The applications of zirconium resources such as zirconium, zirconium alloys and zirconium compounds in chemical equipment, nuclear industry and ceramic industry are introduced. The distribution of zirconium resources in the domestic and abroad and several methods for preparing zirconium are also introduced. At the same time discussing the advantages and disadvantages of preparation methods, and pointing out that the electrolytic deoxidization method has broad application prospects. At last, the development tendency of the comprehensive utilization of zirconium resources in China is discussed.

scholarly journals Application and Development Progress of Cr-Based Surface Coatings in Nuclear Fuel Element: I. Selection, Preparation, and Characteristics of Coating Materials

Coatings ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 808 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huan Chen ◽  
Xiaoming Wang ◽  
Ruiqian Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Fuel ◽  
Selection Process ◽  
Zirconium Alloys ◽  
Surface Coatings ◽  
Coating Materials ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Nuclear Fuel Element ◽  
Short Period ◽  
Fuel Design

To cope with the shortcomings of nuclear fuel design exposed during the Fukushima Nuclear Accident, researchers around the world have been directing their studies towards accident-tolerant fuel (ATF), which can improve the safety of fuel elements. Among the several ATF cladding concepts, surface coatings comprise the most promising strategy to be specifically applied in engineering applications in a short period. This review presents a comprehensive introduction to the latest progress in the development of Cr-based surface coatings based on zirconium alloys. Part I of the review is a retrospective look at the application status of zirconium alloy cladding, as well as the development of ATF cladding. Following this, the review focuses on the selection process of ATF coating materials, along with the advantages and disadvantages of the current mainstream preparation methods of Cr-based coatings worldwide. Finally, the characteristics of the coatings obtained through each method are summarized according to some conventional performance evaluations or investigations of the claddings. Overall, this review can help assist readers in getting a thorough understanding of the selection principle of ATF coating materials and their preparation processes.

scholarly journals Evidence of hydrogen trapping at second phase particles in zirconium alloys

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Jones ◽  
Vidur Tuli ◽  
Zaheen Shah ◽  
Mhairi Gass ◽  
Patrick A. Burr ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Density Functional ◽  
Secondary Ion Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Zirconium Alloys ◽  
Nuclear Industry ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Hydrogen Trapping ◽  
Functional Theory ◽  
Second Phase Particles ◽  
Hydrogen Isotope Ratios ◽  
Dft Modelling

AbstractZirconium alloys are used in safety–critical roles in the nuclear industry and their degradation due to ingress of hydrogen in service is a concern. In this work experimental evidence, supported by density functional theory modelling, shows that the α-Zr matrix surrounding second phase particles acts as a trapping site for hydrogen, which has not been previously reported in zirconium. This is unaccounted for in current models of hydrogen behaviour in Zr alloys and as such could impact development of these models. Zircaloy-2 and Zircaloy-4 samples were corroded at 350 °C in simulated pressurised water reactor coolant before being isotopically spiked with 2H2O in a second autoclave step. The distribution of 2H, Fe and Cr was characterised using nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry (NanoSIMS) and high-resolution energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. 2H− was found to be concentrated around second phase particles in the α-Zr lattice with peak hydrogen isotope ratios of 2H/1H = 0.018–0.082. DFT modelling confirms that the hydrogen thermodynamically favours sitting in the surrounding zirconium matrix rather than within the second phase particles. Knowledge of this trapping mechanism will inform the development of current understanding of zirconium alloy degradation through-life.

scholarly journals Review on stationary phases and coating methods of MEMs gas chromatography columns

2020 ◽  
Vol 39 (1) ◽  
pp. 247-259
Author(s):  
Liu Yang ◽  
Molin Qin ◽  
Junchao Yang ◽  
Genwei Zhang ◽  
Jiana Wei
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Microelectromechanical Systems ◽  
Stationary Phases ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Site Analysis ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Coating Methods ◽  
On Line ◽  
Inorganic Adsorbents ◽  
Gas Chromatography Columns

Abstract Gas chromatography (GC) is an important and widely used technique for separation and analysis in the field of analytical chemistry. Micro gas chromatography has been developed in response to the requirement for on-line analysis and on-site analysis. At the core of micro gas chromatography, microelectromechanical systems (MEMs) have the advantages of small size and low power consumption. This article introduces the stationary phases of micro columns in recent years, including polymer, carbon materials, silica, gold nanoparticles, inorganic adsorbents and ionic liquids. Preparation techniques ranging from classical coating to unusual sputtering of stationary phases are reviewed. The advantages and disadvantages of different preparation methods are analyzed. The paper introduces the separation characteristics and application progress of MEMs columns and discusses possible developments.

scholarly journals Recent Advances in Protective Coatings for Accident Tolerant Zr-Based Fuel Claddings

Coatings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 557
Author(s):  
Egor Kashkarov ◽  
Bright Afornu ◽  
Dmitrii Sidelev ◽  
Maksim Krinitcyn ◽  
Veronica Gouws ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protective Coatings ◽  
Zirconium Alloys ◽  
Nuclear Industry ◽  
Normal Operation ◽  
Severe Accidents ◽  
Recent Developments ◽  
Water Reactors ◽  
Accident Scenarios ◽  
Accident Conditions ◽  
Directed Research

Zirconium-based alloys have served the nuclear industry for several decades due to their acceptable properties for nuclear cores of light water reactors (LWRs). However, severe accidents in LWRs have directed research and development of accident tolerant fuel (ATF) concepts that aim to improve nuclear fuel safety during normal operation, operational transients and possible accident scenarios. This review introduces the latest results in the development of protective coatings for ATF claddings based on Zr alloys, involving their behavior under normal and accident conditions in LWRs. Great attention has been paid to the protection and oxidation mechanisms of coated claddings, as well as to the mutual interdiffusion between coatings and zirconium alloys. An overview of recent developments in barrier coatings is introduced, and possible barrier layers and structure designs for suppressing mutual diffusion are proposed.

scholarly journals Application of Gold-Nanoparticle Colorimetric Sensing to Rapid Food Safety Screening

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (12) ◽  
pp. 4166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guangyang Liu ◽  
Meng Lu ◽  
Xiaodong Huang ◽  
Tengfei Li ◽  
Donghui Xu
Keyword(s):  
Gold Nanoparticles ◽  
Gold Nanoparticle ◽  
Rapid Testing ◽  
Colorimetric Sensing ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Particle Spacing ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Site Monitoring ◽  
Biological Affinity ◽  
Food Quality And Safety

Due to their unique optical properties, narrow size distributions, and good biological affinity, gold nanoparticles have been widely applied in sensing analysis, catalytic, environmental monitoring, and disease therapy. The color of a gold nanoparticle solution and its maximum characteristic absorption wavelength will change with the particle size and inter-particle spacing. These properties are often used in the detection of hazardous chemicals, such as pesticide residues, heavy metals, banned additives, and biotoxins, in food. Because the gold nanoparticles-colorimetric sensing strategy is simple, quick, and sensitive, this method has extensive applications in real-time on-site monitoring and rapid testing of food quality and safety. Herein, we review the preparation methods, functional modification, photochemical properties, and applications of gold nanoparticle sensors in rapid testing. In addition, we elaborate on the colorimetric sensing mechanisms. Finally, we discuss the advantages and disadvantages of colorimetric sensors based on gold nanoparticles, and directions for future development.

scholarly journals A critical review on the development and performance of polymer/graphene nanocomposites

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 1059-1073 ◽  
Author(s):  
Weifeng Chen ◽  
Hu Weimin ◽  
Dejiang Li ◽  
Shaona Chen ◽  
Zhongxu Dai
Keyword(s):  
Polymer Nanocomposites ◽  
Electronic Conductivity ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Graphene Nanocomposites ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Solution Blending ◽  
Potential Applications ◽  
New Type ◽  
And Performance

AbstractGraphene (graphene) is a new type of two-dimensional inorganic nanomaterial developed in recent years. It can be used as an ideal inorganic nanofiller for the preparation of polymer nanocomposites because of its high mechanical strength, excellent electrical conductivity and plentiful availability (from graphite). In this review, the preparation methods of graphene/polymer nanocomposites, including solution blending, melt blending and in situ polymerization, are introduced in order to study the relationship between these methods and the final characteristics and properties. Each method has an influence on the final characteristics and properties of the nanocomposites. The advantages and disadvantages of these methods are discussed. In addition, a variety of nanocomposites with different properties, such as mechanical properties, electronic conductivity, thermal conductivity and thermal properties, are summarized comprehensively. The potential applications of these nanocomposites in conductive materials, electromagnetic shielding materials, photocatalytic materials and so on, are briefly presented. This review demonstrates that polymer/graphene nanocomposites exhibit superior comprehensive performance and will be applied in the fields of new materials and novel devices. Future research directions of the nanocomposites are also presented.

An Overview of Different Distillation Technologies for Drinking Water Preparation

2014 ◽  
Vol 937 ◽  
pp. 607-613
Author(s):  
Lu Liu ◽  
He Li Wang
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Organic Pollutants ◽  
Stable Solution ◽  
Research Progress ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Distillation Process ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Volatile Organic Pollutants ◽  
Purification Methods ◽  
Development Tendency

Water scarcity and pollution pose critical situation in all walks of life.Among the available purification methods,desalination process proves to be a safer and more stable solution for solving this problem. This paper provides an overview of the purification effect of distillation process, along with theprinciples and research progress ofdifferent distillation techniques for small scale drinking water preparation.This paper also analyzes the advantages and disadvantages of each method, as well as proposes an outlook forthe distillation technology on drinking water preparation. This paper also indicates that the removallaw of organic pollutants, especially the volatile organic pollutants during distillation process should attract researchers' attention, whilereducing energy consumption of distillation technology through various means is still the development tendency.

Research on the Preparation Methods of Silicon Oxide Thin Films

2011 ◽  
Vol 233-235 ◽  
pp. 2556-2560
Author(s):  
Chun Wei Li ◽  
Qun Li Zhang ◽  
Shu Yan Xu ◽  
Gui Ying Wang
Keyword(s):  
Thin Films ◽  
Wear Resistance ◽  
Vapor Deposition ◽  
Silicon Oxide ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
The Other ◽  
Oxide Thin Films ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Optical Dielectric

Silicon oxide thin films have many excellent properties such as hardness, optical,dielectric properties,wear-resistance and corrosion-resistance. It has been widely used in optical and microelectronic applications. The preparation methods mainly include phsical vapor deposition and chemical vapor deposition.The paper reviews a few preparation methods of silicon oxide thin films, and compares advantages and disadvantages w ith each other. On the other hand,it point out the tendency of development.

scholarly journals Current overview of carbon fiber: Toward green sustainable raw materials

BioResources ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 7234-7259
Author(s):  
Yongjian Xu ◽  
Yan Liu ◽  
Shenglin Chen ◽  
Yonghao Ni
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Fiber ◽  
Carbon Fibers ◽  
Melt Spinning ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Preparation Methods ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Solution Spinning ◽  
And Performance

Lignin, as a potential precursor of carbon fiber, has the characteristics of abundant reserves, renewable and high carbon content, and its application in the preparation of carbon fibers has substantial cost advantages if some important processing and quality hurdles can be overcome. This paper reviews the preparation process of lignin-based carbon fibers, and moreover, describes the characteristics of carbon fiber prepared by different precursors compared with the presently used precursors. Three preparation methods for lignin-based carbon fibers are introduced: melt spinning, solution spinning, and electrospinning. The applicability, advantages, and disadvantages of the three preparation methods are analyzed from the aspects of process conditions and performance characteristics. Possible directions for future research are considered, with the goal of providing a reference for further study of lignin-based carbon fibers.

scholarly journals On Licensing the Technology of Small Modular Reactors

2019 ◽  
pp. 3-9
Author(s):  
О. Dybach ◽  
H. Plachkov
Keyword(s):  
Nuclear Industry ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Steady Growth ◽  
Small Modular Reactors ◽  
Small Modular Reactor ◽  
Promising Area ◽  
Design Solutions ◽  
Operating Organization ◽  
Technical Solutions

There has been a steady growth of interest in the technology of small modular reactors (SMR) in the world recently. SMRs are considered as a promising area for the further development of nuclear industry. The paper defines the term “small modular reactor”, presents the scope, potential advantages and disadvantages of SMR. A review was made and a classification of SMR projects was proposed depending on the novelty of their technical solutions. The paper presents an enlarged comparative analysis of individual SMR technical solutions (based on the example of Holtec International SMR-160) with operating Ukrainian NPPs to identify peculiarities of SMR that should be addressed in licensing. Certain specific design solutions of SMR-160 are correlated with defense-in-depth levels. The approaches and condition for licensing SMR designs in the international practice are analyzed. The paper identifies problematic aspects with regard to regulatory framework and confirmation of the efficiency of SMR design solutions, as well as formulates proposals and recommendations for the first steps to ensure the licensing process in response to the initiative of the operating organization Energoatom.  

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document