Manufacturing Technique and Property Evaluations of Three-Dimensional Fabric/Foam Composites

In this study, two agents (a foaming agent and a hardener) are mixed to form rigid polyurethane (PU) foams with various densities, which are separately poured into a mold with a three-dimensional (3D) fabric to form 3D fabric/foam composites. The mechanical property and sound absorbency of the composites are examined. The experiment results show that an increasing density of the two-agent mixture results in a more compact PU foam, a 31 % increase in bursting strength, and a greater resilience, but also a decrease in the sound absorbency coefficient. In sum, variations in the density of the mixture have an impact on the physical properties of the fabric/foam composites, the derived results of which can thus be further applied to product designs.

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Manufacturing Technique of Heat-Insulating and Flame-Retardant Three-Dimensional Composite Base Fabrics

Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics ◽

10.1177/155892501300800114 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 155892501300800

Author(s):

Jia-Horng Lin ◽

Chen-Hung Huang ◽

Ching-Wen Lin ◽

Ching Wen Lou

Keyword(s):

Thermal Conductivity ◽

Tensile Strength ◽

Melting Point ◽

Flame Retardant ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Weight Ratio ◽

Air Permeability ◽

Maximum Tensile Strength ◽

Manufacturing Technique ◽

Pu Foam

In this research, we create a PET/TPU/PU composite base fabric from a PET nonwoven base fabric, a TPU honeycomb grid, and a PU foam plank. First, the PET base fabric is made from 7D three-dimensional-hollow-crimp fiber (7D PET) and low-melting-point (low-Tm) fibers with weight ratio and number of lamination layers as the parameters. The hardness and rebound resilience rate of the PET nonwoven base fabric are 71% and 63.5%, respectively. The PET nonwoven base fabric's optimum air permeability is 240 cm3/s/cm2. The maximum tensile strength of the PET nonwoven base fabric with 9 layers of lamination is 39.8 kg/cm2, and when the weight ratio is either 4:6 or 3:7, changes to 40 kg/cm2. The PET/TPU/PU composite base fabric has a LOI of 33 when the number of lamination layers is 10, or when the low-Tm fiber content is 50%; the composite base fabric's average optimum thermal conductivity is 0.914 W/mK.

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Manufacturing Technique and Property Evaluations of Tubular PLA/Spandex/Gelatin Composite Braids

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.910.165 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 910 ◽

pp. 165-169

Author(s):

Ching Wen Lou ◽

Po Ching Lu ◽

Jin Jia Hu ◽

Syue Wun Fu ◽

Jia Horng Lin

Keyword(s):

Tensile Strength ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Polylactic Acid ◽

Synthetic Polymer ◽

Gelatin Solution ◽

Bursting Strength ◽

Manufacturing Technique ◽

Manufacturing Parameters

Polylactic acid (PLA) is a synthetic polymer that has biocompatibility and biodegradation. This study aims to examine the influence of manufacturing parameters on the physical properties of tubular PLA/Spandex/Gelatin composite braids. PLA fibers and spandex are combined, braided and then immersed in gelatin solution to form tubular PLA/Spandex/Gelatin composite braids. The tensile strength, bursting strength, and porosity of the resulting braids are tested, and the experiment results show that a greater twist per inch (T.P.I.) causes a higher tensile strength and bursting strength, but does not change the porosity distinctively.

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Properties of Biobased Rigid Polyurethane Foams Reinforced with Fillers: Microspheres and Nanoclay

International Journal of Polymer Science ◽

10.1155/2012/474803 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-8 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Hongyu Fan ◽

Ali Tekeei ◽

Galen J. Suppes ◽

Fu-Hung Hsieh

Keyword(s):

Thermal Conductivity ◽

Compressive Strength ◽

Soybean Oil ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Polyurethane Foams ◽

Matrix Structure ◽

Foam Density ◽

Foaming Process ◽

Pu Foam ◽

Pu Foams

The effect of incorporating 1–7% microsphere and nanoclay fillers on the physical properties of polyurethane (PU) foams containing 15% soybean oil-based polyol was investigated. Increasing filler percentage reduced the PU foam density. The compressive strength of PU foams decreased slightly when increasing the microsphere content from 1 to 3% and then increased. At 7% microsphere content, the foams displayed the same compressive strength as the control foams made from 100% petroleum polyol. For PU foams reinforced with nanoclay, their compressive strength changed little from 1 to 5%, but decreased at 7% due to a lower density and weaker matrix structure. Foams containing 5 to 7% microspheres or 3 to 7% nanoclay had density-compressive strength comparable or superior to the control. Foams reinforced with fillers had more cells and smaller cell size than foams made from 15% soy-polyol but without fillers. During the foaming process, the maximal temperatures reached by PU foams were not affected by the presence of 1 to 7% of microspheres or nanoclay, but slightly lower than the control. In addition, foams with fillers displayed roughly the same thermal conductivity as soy-polyol based foams without fillers.

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A Study on the Effect of Binder Content for Pore Property of Fe Foam Using Slurry Coating Method

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1125.136 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 1125 ◽

pp. 136-142

Author(s):

Jung Yeul Yun ◽

Da Hee Park ◽

Jei Pil Wang

Keyword(s):

Pore Size ◽

Cell Structure ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Hydrogen Atmosphere ◽

Micro Ct ◽

Slurry Coating ◽

Pore Property ◽

Pu Foam ◽

Coating Method ◽

Pu Foams

Fe foam with above 90% porosity and 2 millimeter pore size was successfully fabricated by a slurry coating process. In this study, the binder contents were controlled to produce the Fe foam with different pore size, strut thickness and porosity. Firstly, the slurry was prepared by uniform mixing with Fe powders, distilled water and polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as initial materials. After slurry coating on the polyurethane (PU) foam the sample was dried at 80°C. The PVA and PU foams were then removed by heating at 700°C for 3 hours. The debinded samples were subsequently sintered at 1250°C with holding time of 3 hours under hydrogen atmosphere. The three dimensional geometries of the obtained Fe foams with open cell structure were investigated using X-ray micro CT(computed tomography) as well as the pore morphology, size and phase.

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Porous PLAs with Controllable Density by FDM 3D Printing and Chemical Foaming Agent

Micromachines ◽

10.3390/mi12080866 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (8) ◽

pp. 866

Author(s):

A. R. Damanpack ◽

André Sousa ◽

M. Bodaghi

Keyword(s):

3D Printing ◽

Flow Rate ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Poly Lactic Acid ◽

Layer By Layer ◽

Printing Technology ◽

Material Density ◽

Foaming Agent ◽

3D Printing Technology ◽

Fabrication Parameters

This paper shows how fused decomposition modeling (FDM), as a three-dimensional (3D) printing technology, can engineer lightweight porous foams with controllable density. The tactic is based on the 3D printing of Poly Lactic Acid filaments with a chemical blowing agent, as well as experiments to explore how FDM parameters can control material density. Foam porosity is investigated in terms of fabrication parameters such as printing temperature and flow rate, which affect the size of bubbles produced during the layer-by-layer fabrication process. It is experimentally shown that printing temperature and flow rate have significant effects on the bubbles’ size, micro-scale material connections, stiffness and strength. An analytical equation is introduced to accurately simulate the experimental results on flow rate, density, and mechanical properties in terms of printing temperature. Due to the absence of a similar concept, mathematical model and results in the specialized literature, this paper is likely to advance the state-of-the-art lightweight foams with controllable porosity and density fabricated by FDM 3D printing technology.

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The Impact of Drying Methods on Paper Physical Properties

Advanced Materials Research ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.602-604.2267 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 602-604 ◽

pp. 2267-2272

Author(s):

Shu Lei Zhao ◽

Zheng Yuan Wei ◽

Xiao Tian Ding ◽

Qiang Lin

Keyword(s):

Physical Properties ◽

Vacuum Drying ◽

Drying Methods ◽

Mechanical Pulp ◽

Bursting Strength ◽

Tensile Index ◽

Chemical Pulp ◽

Drying Conditions ◽

The Impact ◽

Tearing Resistance

This paper experimentally examined the impact of four different drying methods (free drying, press drying, vacuum drying and impingement drying) on paper physical properties including roughness, elongation, air permeance, tearing resistance, tensile index and bursting strength. The handsheets materials are HWBKP (Hardwood Bleached Chemical Pulp), SWBKP (Softwood Bleached Chemical Pulp), CTMP (Chemical Thermo mechanical Pulp) and ATMP (Advanced Thermo Mechanical Pulp). Good experimental data were obtained for the four pulps under different drying conditions. The results of our investigation indicate that press drying have lower surface roughness, elongation and air permeance but higher tearing resistance; the vacuum drying have higher roughness, tensile index and bursting strength; the impingement drying have lower tearing resistance, tensile index and bursting strength but higher elongation and air permeance. Selection of different drying conditions for effective productivity and quality improvement potential is proposed as a direction for the future dryer design.

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Efficacy of PU foam materials for scientific investigation in footwear research

Journal of Polymer Engineering ◽

10.1515/polyeng-2015-0075 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 36 (3) ◽

pp. 253-259 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Selvaraj Mathivanan ◽

Ranganathan Mohan ◽

Bhabendra Nath Das

Keyword(s):

Dynamic Condition ◽

High Body Mass Index ◽

Physical Characteristics ◽

Foot And Ankle ◽

Foam Material ◽

Compression Set ◽

Therapeutic Benefits ◽

Pu Foam ◽

Pu Foams ◽

High Bmi

Abstract People across the world are primarily concerned with the importance of inserts in footwear in terms of their effectiveness to accomplish therapeutic benefits. Body weight has been implicated as a factor in plantar heel pain, and foot orthoses are commonly used in its conservative treatment and are helpful in reducing symptoms of strain in the fascia during standing and ambulation. It is necessary to investigate the effectiveness of footwear inserts and their impact especially for people with high body mass index (BMI). Hence, research on polyurethane (PU) foams is warranted to identify an ideal material that provides comfort for high-BMI individuals. This article presents details on the physical characteristics of PU foam and its efficacy on functional performances as footwear inserts. PU foam materials have been assessed on various physical characteristics such as density, hardness, compression set followed by resilience, and cushioning behaviors. Of the four densities evaluated, D120 has the highest resilience on static and dynamic conditions. The cushion energy behaviors with respect to walking/running on static and dynamic condition were superior, as they possess better cushioning performance on footwear applications. Hence, the D120 PU foam material is concluded to be the best material for footwear insert for alleviating foot and ankle pain-related problems and for providing therapeutic benefits to high-BMI individuals.

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Study of a temperature gradient metamorphism of snow from 3-D images: time evolution of microstructures, physical properties and their associated anisotropy

The Cryosphere ◽

10.5194/tc-8-2255-2014 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 8 (6) ◽

pp. 2255-2274 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

N. Calonne ◽

F. Flin ◽

C. Geindreau ◽

B. Lesaffre ◽

S. Rolland du Roscoat

Keyword(s):

Temperature Gradient ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Time Evolution ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Vertical Direction ◽

Large Set ◽

Correlation Lengths ◽

Snow Properties ◽

Cold Room ◽

Anisotropy Coefficients

Abstract. We carried out a study to monitor the time evolution of microstructural and physical properties of snow during temperature gradient metamorphism: a snow slab was subjected to a constant temperature gradient in the vertical direction for 3 weeks in a cold room, and regularly sampled in order to obtain a series of three-dimensional (3-D) images using X-ray microtomography. A large set of properties was then computed from this series of 3-D images: density, specific surface area, correlation lengths, mean and Gaussian curvature distributions, air and ice tortuosities, effective thermal conductivity, and intrinsic permeability. Whenever possible, specific attention was paid to assess these properties along the vertical and horizontal directions, and an anisotropy coefficient defined as the ratio of the vertical over the horizontal values was deduced. The time evolution of these properties, as well as their anisotropy coefficients, was investigated, showing the development of a strong anisotropic behavior during the experiment. Most of the computed physical properties of snow were then compared with two analytical estimates (self-consistent estimates and dilute beds of spheroids) based on the snow density, and the size and anisotropy of the microstructure through the correlation lengths. These models, which require only basic microstructural information, offer rather good estimates of the properties and anisotropy coefficients for our experiment without any fitting parameters. Our results highlight the interplay between the microstructure and physical properties, showing that the physical properties of snow subjected to a temperature gradient cannot be described accurately using only isotropic parameters such as the density and require more refined information. Furthermore, this study constitutes a detailed database on the evolution of snow properties under a temperature gradient, which can be used as a guideline and a validation tool for snow metamorphism models at the micro- or macroscale.

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MANUFACTURING TECHNIQUE OF METAL CERAMIC RESTORATION WITH IMPLANT-ABUTMENT AT GINGIVAL RESORPTION CASE

Journal Of Vocational Health Studies ◽

10.20473/jvhs.v3.i1.2019.22-31 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 22

Author(s):

Galih Paramarta ◽

Eny Inayati

Keyword(s):

Three Dimensional ◽

Dental Restoration ◽

Coating Application ◽

Manufacturing Technique ◽

Implant Abutment ◽

Metal Ceramic ◽

Manufacturing Techniques ◽

The Aesthetic ◽

Ceramic Restorations

Background: The low levels of patient satisfaction and confidence in the restoration of the gingival resorption results in impaired quality of life in both functional and psychosocial aspects. It is necessary to manufacture a dental restoration to restore the mastication, phonetic, and aesthetic functions associated with soft tissue repair. Manufacture of gingiva ceramic restorations which are believed to be an alternative to restore the aesthetic function and harmonization of the patient’s teeth. In terms of manufacturing techniques, this restoration has a level of difficulty in achieving a balance between “White aesthetic” and “aesthetic pink”. Objective: This study aims to provide knowledge to the reader of Manufacturing Technique of Metal Ceramic Restoration with Implant-Abutment at Gingival Resorption Case. Reviews: Gingiva ceramic restorations can be used to create esthetic implant-supported restorations when bone and gingival tissues are deficient and surgical replacement of such tissues is not possible. Dental technicians should be able to analyze the three-dimensional shapes of gingival anatomy, color, texture, smile components, the balance of the “pink aesthetic” and “white aesthetic”. Conclusion: Manufacturing Technique of Metal Ceramic Restoration with Implant-Abutment at Gingival Resorption Case including the manufacture of metal coping, oxidation, application of opaque coating, application of the first “white aesthetic” ceramics (Opaque Dentine, Dentine, Enamel and transpa on crown coping restorations), Application of opaque gingiva layer, gingival ceramics build-up "pink aesthetics”, first firing, followed by correction build-up, and second firing, and ends with the glazing process.

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