Synthesis of Nono-Crystalline Aluminum Carbide Using Thermal Treatment of Mechanically Activated Al and Graphite Mixture

2018 ◽  
Vol 53 ◽  
pp. 54-63
Author(s):  
Mohsen Saboktakin Rizi ◽  
Hamid Reza Javadinejad ◽  
Sayed Ahmad Hosseini ◽  
Ebrahim Aghababaie
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Analysis ◽  
Grain Size ◽  
Mechanical Alloying ◽  
Mechanical Activation ◽  
Aluminum Particle ◽  
Simultaneous Thermal Analysis ◽  
Aluminum Carbide ◽  
Milling Process ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Fine Microstructure

In this work, Nono-crystalline aluminum carbide particles were synthesized using both mechanical and thermal treatments. Frist, Al and graphite powders had been milled in a planetary ball mill. Then, milled mixtures have been annealed isothermally after the mechanical activation. The effects of two processes on the synthesized products were separately studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and simultaneous thermal analysis (STA) methods. Further, the grain size, lattice strain and dislocation density values were calculated according to XRD data. The results showed that mechanical alloying process can create an ultra-fine microstructure. The grain size was mostly reduced after 40 h milling as well as the heat treatment at 550 °c and 2 h. in fact, the high rate of plastic deformation of aluminum particle during milling process lead to rising the internal energy of particles, and finally, nanocrystals of Al4C3formed with the size of 14 nm. However, thermal analysis indicated that the mechanical activation of aluminum and the presence of carbon can play key roles in synthesis of aluminum carbide. Key words: Mechanical alloying, annealing, Al and graphite powders, Solid state reaction, Nono-crystalline aluminum carbide.

scholarly journals FABRICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF AL-AL4C3 NANOCOMPOSITE BY MECHANICAL ALLOYING

2012 ◽  
Vol 05 ◽  
pp. 480-487 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. MOHAMMAD SHARIFI ◽  
M. H. ENAYATI ◽  
F. KARIMZADEH
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Mechanical Alloying ◽  
Aluminum Matrix ◽  
High Hardness ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Aluminum Carbide ◽  
Aluminum Matrix Composites ◽  
Nanometer Range ◽  
Aluminum Powders ◽  
Powder Particles

Aluminum carbide ( Al 4 C 3) seems to be an ideal reinforcement for producing aluminum matrix composites. Al 4 C 3 has high hardness and shear strength as well as a high melting point. The dispersion of Al 4 C 3 particles in the matrix produces a pinning effect that reduces aluminum grain growth, which improves the mechanical properties. In this study, aluminum powders were mixed with 4.5 wt.% graphite and mechanically alloyed using a high-energy ball mill in order to produce Al - Al 4 C 3 nanocomposite. The structural evaluation of powder particles after different milling times was studied by X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy and microhardness measurements. The aluminum crystallite size estimated with broadening of XRD peaks by Williamson–Hall formula. XRD results suggested that the grain size of aluminum decreased to nanometer range (30 nm) during ball milling. No Al 4 C 3 formed during the mechanical alloying process. Milled powders were then annealed at 300-600 °C for 1 h under argon atmosphere. Annealing at temperatures higher than 300 °C led to formation of Al 4 C 3 phase which increased as annealing temperature increased. Aluminum grain size remained in nanometer range after annealing process. The microhardness of powder particles increased after annealing. Both effects are due to the formation of nanosized Al 4 C 3 particles.

Use of High Intensity Milling and Equal Channel Angular Extrusion to Produce and Consolidate Nanostructured Titanium Silicide

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xhemal Kaculi ◽  
Malur N. Srinivasan ◽  
K. Ted Hartwig
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Mechanical Alloying ◽  
Factorial Design ◽  
High Intensity ◽  
Equal Channel Angular Extrusion ◽  
Milling Process ◽  
Titanium Silicide ◽  
Nanostructured Titanium ◽  
Powder Consolidation ◽  
Angular Extrusion

The focus of this research is on (a) the use of mechanical alloying (MA) to produce nanostructured titanium silicide (Ti5Si3) powder and (b) use of equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) for powder consolidation to preserve the fine scale structure achieved via mechanical alloying. MA is a high-intensity ball milling process that can be used to produce nanocrystalline and amorphous powders. A 23 factorial design is applied to optimize the process and study the effect of MA parameters (milling time, milling speed, ball-to-powder ratio) on the grain size of powder. ECAE is a process that produces intense and uniform plastic deformation caused by simple shear of the material. A 4 × 2 factorial design was used to study the effect of ECAE parameters (number of extrusions, billet orientation, temperature) on the properties of the final product. The final product possesses a grain size of less than 20 nanometers.

scholarly journals Effect of Vanadium Reinforcement on the Microstructure and Mechanical Properties of Magnesium Matrix Composites

Crystals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (7) ◽  
pp. 806
Author(s):  
Liqing Sun ◽  
Shuai Sun ◽  
Haiping Zhou ◽  
Hongbin Zhang ◽  
Gang Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Grain Refinement ◽  
Milling Process ◽  
Mg Alloy ◽  
Matrix Composites ◽  
Magnesium Matrix Composites ◽  
Pinning Effect ◽  
Average Grain Size ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Hot Press Sintering

In this work, vanadium particles (VP) were utilized as a novel reinforcement of AZ31 magnesium (Mg) alloy. The nanocrystalline (NC) AZ31–VP composites were prepared via mechanical milling (MM) and vacuum hot-press sintering. During the milling process, the presence of VP contributed to the cold welding and fracture mechanism, resulting in the acceleration of the milling process. Additionally, increasing the VP content accelerated the grain refinement of the matrix during the milling process. After milling for 90 h, the average grain size of AZ31-X wt % Vp (X = 5, 7.5, 10) was refined to only about 23 nm, 19 nm and 16 nm, respectively. In the meantime, VP was refined to sub-micron scale and distributed uniformly in the matrix, exhibiting excellent interfacial bonding with the matrix. After the sintering process, the average grain size of AZ31-X wt % VP (X = 5, 7.5, 10) composites still remained at the NC scale, which was mainly caused by the pinning effect of VP. Besides that, the porosity of the sintered composites was no more than 7.8%, indicating a good densification effect. As a result, there was little difference between the theoretical and real density. Compared to as-cast AZ31 Mg alloy, the microhardness of sintered AZ31-X wt % VP (X = 5, 7.5, 10) composites increased by 65%, 87% and 96%, respectively, owing to the strengthening mechanisms of grain refinement strengthening, Orowan strengthening and load-bearing effects.

Development of Biodegradable Mg-Ti Alloy Synthesized Using Mechanical Alloying

2016 ◽  
Vol 1133 ◽  
pp. 75-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emee Marina Salleh ◽  
Sivakumar Ramakrishnan ◽  
Zuhailawati Hussain
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Alloying ◽  
Milling Time ◽  
Milled Powder ◽  
Milling Process ◽  
Planetary Mill ◽  
Ti Alloy ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Argon Flow ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Ti Powder

The aim of this work was to study the effect of milling time on binary magnesium-titanium (Mg-Ti) alloy synthesized by mechanical alloying. A powder mixture of Mg and Ti with the composition of Mg-15wt%Ti was milled in a planetary mill under argon atmosphere using a stainless steel container and balls. Milling process was carried out at 400 rpm for various milling time of 2, 5, 10, 15 and 30 hours. 3% n-heptane solution was added prior to milling process to avoid excessive cold welding of the powder. Then, as-milled powder was compacted under 400 MPa and sintered in a tube furnace at 500 °C in argon flow. The refinement analysis of the x-ray diffraction patterns shows the presence of Mg-Ti solid solution when Mg-Ti powder was mechanically milled for 15 hours and further. Enhancements of Mg-Ti phase formation with a reduction in Mg crystallite size were observed with the increase in milling time. A prolonged milling time has increased the density and hardness of the sintered Mg-Ti alloy.

Reactive Milling and Mechanical Alloying in Electroceramics

2010 ◽  
Vol 63 ◽  
pp. 420-424
Author(s):  
Riva Rivas-Marquez ◽  
Carlos Gomez-Yanez ◽  
Ivan Velasco-Davalos ◽  
Jesus Cruz-Rivera
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Mechanical Activation ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Planetary Mill ◽  
Fabrication Technique ◽  
Nonlinearity Coefficient ◽  
Grain Sizes ◽  
Zno Varistor ◽  
Reactive Milling ◽  
Good Homogeneity

Using Mechanical Activation it is possible to obtain small grain size and good homogeneity in a ceramic piece. For ZnO varistor devices Mechanical Activation appears to be a good fabrication technique, since good homogeneity and small grain sizes are advantageous microstructural features. The typical formulation is composed by ZnO, Bi2O3, Sb2O3, CoO, MnO2 and Cr2O3 as raw materials, and during sintering, several dissolutions and reactions to form pyrochlore and spinel phases occur. When Mechanical Activation is applied to the entire formulation, it is difficult to know what processes are being mechanically activated due to the complexity of the system. The aim of the present work was to clarify how the mechanical activation is taking place in a typical ZnO varistor formulation. The methodology consisted in the formation of all possible combinations of two out of the five oxides above mentioned and to apply mechanical activation on the mixture of each pair of powders. The results showed that systems containing Bi2O3 are prone to react during mechanical activation. Also, reduction reactions were observed in MnO2. In addition, the powder mixture corresponding to the whole formulation was milled in a planetary mill, pressed and sintered, and varistor devices were fabricated. Improvement in the nonlinearity coefficient and breakdown voltage was observed.

Structural and thermodynamic properties of nanocrystalline fcc metals prepared by mechanical attrition

1992 ◽  
Vol 7 (7) ◽  
pp. 1751-1761 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Eckert ◽  
J.C. Holzer ◽  
C.E. Krill ◽  
W.L. Johnson
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Analysis ◽  
Grain Size ◽  
Melting Point ◽  
Grain Boundary ◽  
Bulk Modulus ◽  
Atomic Level ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Fcc Metals ◽  
Mechanical Attrition

Nanocrystalline fcc metals have been synthesized by mechanical attrition. The crystal refinement and the development of the microstructure have been investigated in detail by x-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, and transmission electron microscopy. The deformation process causes a decrease of the grain size of the fcc metals to 6–22 nm for the different elements. The final grain size scales with the melting point and the bulk modulus of the respective metal: the higher the melting point and the bulk modulus, the smaller the final grain size of the powder. Thus, the ultimate grain size achievable by this technique is determined by the competition between the heavy mechanical deformation introduced during milling and the recovery behavior of the metal. X-ray diffraction and thermal analysis of the nanocrystalline powders reveal that the crystal size refinement is accompanied by an increase in atomic-level strain and in the mechanically stored enthalpy in comparison to the undeformed state. The excess stored enthalpies of 10–40% of the heat of fusion exceed by far the values known for conventional deformation processes. The contributions of the atomic-level strain and the excess enthalpy of the grain boundaries to the stored enthalpies are critically assessed. The kinetics of grain growth in the nanocrystalline fcc metals are investigated by thermal analysis. The activation energy for grain boundary migration is derived from a modified Kissinger analysis, and estimates of the grain boundary enthalpy are given.

scholarly journals Influence of mechanical activation of AL2O3 on synthesis of magnesium aluminate spinel

2004 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 73-79 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhang Zhihui ◽  
LI. Nan
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Mechanical Activation ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Milling Time ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Magnesium Aluminate ◽  
Reaction Sintering ◽  
Air Atmosphere ◽  
Energy Ball ◽  
Analytical Reagent

Magnesium aluminate (MA) spinel is synthesized by reaction sintering from alumina and magnesia. The effects of mechanical activation of Al2O3 on reaction sintering were investigated. Non-milled a - Al2O3 and a - Al2O3 high-energy ball milled for 12h, 24h and 36h were mixed with a MgO analytical reagent according to the stoichiometric MA ratio, respectively and pressed into billets with diameters of 20mm and height of 15mm. The green-body billets were then sintered at high temperature in an air atmosphere. The results show that bulk density, relative content of MA and grain size of MA increase with increasing high-energy ball milling time of Al2O3. However prolonged milling time over 24h has a small beneficial effect on the densification of MA. Bulk density and grain size of a sample of a- Al2O3 milled for 24h are 3.30g/cm3 and 4-5 mm, respectively.

The Synthesis of Cu0.81Ni0.19 Intermetallics by Mechanical Alloying

2012 ◽  
Vol 496 ◽  
pp. 379-382
Author(s):  
Rui Song Yang ◽  
Ming Tian Li ◽  
Chun Hai Liu ◽  
Xue Jun Cui ◽  
Yong Zhong Jin
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Grain Size ◽  
Mechanical Alloying ◽  
Milling Time ◽  
Elemental Powder ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Scherrer Equation ◽  
Scanning Electron

The Cu0.81Ni0.19 has been synthesized directly from elemental powder of nickel and copper by mechanical alloying. The alloyed Cu0.81Ni0.19 alloy powders are prepared by milling of 8h. The grain size calculated by Scherrer equation of the NiCu alloy decreased with the increasing of milling time. The end-product was analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM)

scholarly journals Formation and Properties of the Ta-Y2O3, Ta-ZrO2, and Ta-TaC Nanocomposites

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
J. Jakubowicz ◽  
M. Sopata ◽  
G. Adamek ◽  
P. Siwak ◽  
T. Kachlicki
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Grain Size ◽  
Mechanical Alloying ◽  
Young’S Modulus ◽  
Young's Modulus ◽  
Ceramic Composites ◽  
Ceramic Phase ◽  
Plasma Sintering ◽  
Average Grain Size ◽  
Bulk Nanocrystalline

The nanocrystalline tantalum-ceramic composites were made using mechanical alloying followed by pulse plasma sintering (PPS). The tantalum acts as a matrix, to which the ceramic reinforced phase in the concentration of 5, 10, 20, and 40 wt.% was introduced. Oxides (Y2O3 and ZrO2) and carbides (TaC) were used as the ceramic phase. The mechanical alloying results in the formation of nanocrystalline grains. The subsequent hot pressing in the mode of PPS results in the consolidation of powders and formation of bulk nanocomposites. All the bulk composites have the average grain size from 40 nm to 100 nm, whereas, for comparison, the bulk nanocrystalline pure tantalum has the average grain size of approximately 170 nm. The ceramic phase refines the grain size in the Ta nanocomposites. The mechanical properties were studied using the nanoindentation tests. The nanocomposites exhibit uniform load-displacement curves indicating good integrity and homogeneity of the samples. Out of the investigated components, the Ta-10 wt.% TaC one has the highest hardness and a very high Young’s modulus (1398 HV and 336 GPa, resp.). For the Ta-oxide composites, Ta-20 wt.% Y2O3 has the highest mechanical properties (1165 HV hardness and 231 GPa Young’s modulus).

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