Characterization of Cellulose Acetate Based Scaffolds Derived from Kapok Fiber (Ceiba pentandra (L) Gaertn)

Utilization of natural biopolymers has shown potential in generating innovations for tissue engineering applications. This study aims to fabricate scaffolds from cellulose acetate derived from kapok fiber. Cellulose is extracted from raw kapok fibers by alkali treatment and delignification then synthesized into cellulose acetate. Kapok cellulose acetate (KCA) is dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide to fabricate the scaffold. Materials were characterized using Attenuated Total Reflectance – Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectrometer, X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC). FTIR analysis has shown that cellulose was extracted from kapok and cellulose acetate was successfully synthesized. XRD analysis also confirmed the presence of cellulose acetate. Results have also shown that synthesized KCA seems to have higher crystallinity than commercially available cellulose acetate (CCA). The degree of substitution (DS) of KCA was found to be 2.85 which is close to the DS value of tri-substituted cellulose acetate. DSC analysis has shown lower glass transition temperature of 52.15°C but higher degradation temperature of 300.43°C than the CCA. Moreover, the values for the enthalpy of fusion for two endotherms of KCA (44.0556 J/g and 18.6946 J/g) are higher than the values for CCA by 344% and 261%, respectively; thus, indicating the higher degree of crystallinity for synthesized KCA samples.

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MODIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CEIBA PENTANDRA (L.) GAERTN. (KAPOK) FIBER: PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH ◽

10.29121/granthaalayah.v7.i7.2019.791 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (7) ◽

pp. 381-390

Author(s):

Eduart Wolok ◽

Idham Halid Lahay ◽

Buyung R. Machmoed ◽

Fahriadi Pakaya

Keyword(s):

Heavy Metals ◽

Physical Properties ◽

Protective Layer ◽

Absorption Capacity ◽

Natural Material ◽

Cellulose Content ◽

Kapok Fiber ◽

Fiber Properties ◽

Kapok Fibers

Kapok fiber is a natural material that has unique properties, can be renewed with a large lumen, it has hydrophobic properties, as an absorbent in oil, heavy metals, and sound. To increase the absorption capacity of heavy metals, physical properties, and chemical resistance, modifications were made to change the fiber properties from hydrophobic to hydrophilic. One way is through the process of soaking the kapok fibers in a solvent to remove non-cellulose compounds. In this study, to improve the properties of kapok fiber, soaking has been done with various solutions, there are HCl, NaOH, NaClO, NaClO-NaOH-NaClO, and NaClO2-NaOH-NaClO2 solution. Immersion of kapok fibers in NaClO2-NaOH-NaClO2 solution can increase cellulose content up to 93.69% with porosity content of 4.75%. NaClO2-NaOH-NaClO2-treated can absorb water up to 211.27%, the second highest after treatment with the NaClO-NaOH-NaClO-treated solution of 285.29%. Immersion in NaClO-NaOH-NaClO and NaClO2-NaOH-NaClO2 solvents also causes damage to the kapok fiber protective layer which indicates the loss of lignin, so that a significant change of the hydrophobic fiber becomes hydrophilic as seen in the SEM results.

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PREPARASI DAN KARAKTERISASI MIKROKRISTALIN SELULOSA (MCC) BERBAHAN BAKU TANDAN KOSONG KELAPA SAWIT (TKKS)

Alotrop ◽

10.33369/atp.v2i1.4672 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Fepri Effendi ◽

Rina Elvia ◽

Hermansyah Amir

Keyword(s):

Microcrystalline Cellulose ◽

Elaeis Guineensis ◽

Particle Diameter ◽

Xrd Analysis ◽

Degree Of Crystallinity ◽

Cellulose Content ◽

Industrial Processing ◽

Second Stage ◽

Hydrolysis Of

[PREPARATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF MICROCRYSTALLINE CELLULOSE (MCC) MADE FROM EMPTY PALM OIL BUNCHES (TKKS)] Empty Palm bunches (TKKS) is solid waste from industrial processing of oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq) that have a high cellulose content. This research aims to synthesize Microcrystalline Cellulose (MCC) from TKKS and determine the characteristics of the MCC produced. The manufacturing process begins with the MCC delignifikasi multistage pulping TKKS using mixed of 3.5% HNO3 and NaNO2 in temperatures of 90 ?C for 2 hours, followed by heating of a mixture of 2% NaOH and Na2SO3 2 % at temperature 50?C for 2 hours. The second stage of the lignification process is done using NaOH 17.5 %, followed by hydrolysis towards ?-Cellulose lignification results with heating in the aqueous solution of HCl at concentrations of 3, 3.5 and 4 M for 30, 45 and 60 minutes. From the results obtained from the hydrolysis of the optimum yield of 80.73 %, i.e., MCC that use concentration of HCl 3 M for 30 minutes. MCC produced then analyzed using FTIR, XRD, and PSA. FTIR absorption for MCC results showed an of waves number on a 3375.43 cm-1 and 2899,01cm-1, indicating the presence of hydroxyl OH and CH.The results of the analysis with the PSA suggests that MCC has generated a measure of particle diameter 0.5281 µm. Using XRD analysis results that MCC has a degree of crystallinity of 86,79 %. And the results of testing the content of carbohydrates in MCC produced shows levels of carbohydrates of 88.36 %.

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Isolation and Characterization of Corncob Cellulose Fibers using Microwave-Assisted Chemical Treatments

International Journal of Food Engineering ◽

10.1515/ijfe-2014-0052 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 10 (3) ◽

pp. 427-436 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Meng Li ◽

Yan-Ling Cheng ◽

Nan Fu ◽

Dong Li ◽

Benu Adhikari ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cellulose Fiber ◽

Cellulose Fibers ◽

Degree Of Crystallinity ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Chemical Treatments ◽

Microwave Assisted ◽

Degradation Temperature ◽

Isolation And Characterization ◽

Reinforced Polymer

Abstract Cellulose fibers were obtained from corncob by using microwave-assisted chemical treatments (microwave-assisted alkaline pretreatment and microwave-assisted bleaching). These treatments efficiently removed the hemicellulose and lignin from the original corncob and increased the cellulose fiber content. The morphology, chemical structure, degree of crystallinity and thermal degradation characteristics of the resultant cellulose fibers were studied by using field emission scanning electron microscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis. These microwave-assisted chemical treatments decreased the diameter of the cellulose fibers from 25–125 µm to 10–20 µm. The crystallinity of the corncob cellulose fibers increased from 32.7% to 73% due to the chemical treatments. The degradation temperature of the cellulose fibers was >260°C. The cellulose fibers obtained from these treatments can be used as biocomposites in reinforced polymer manufacturing.

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Investigation on the Preparation of Rice Straw-Derived Cellulose Acetate and Its Spinnability for Electrospinning

Polymers ◽

10.3390/polym13203463 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 13 (20) ◽

pp. 3463

Author(s):

Juntao Yan ◽

Jinhong Liu ◽

Ya Sun ◽

Guangsen Song ◽

Deng Ding ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Cellulose Acetate ◽

Rice Straw ◽

Food Packaging ◽

Alkali Treatment ◽

Xrd Analysis ◽

Raw Material ◽

Fibrous Membrane ◽

Alkali Concentration ◽

Bleaching Process ◽

Autocatalytic Process

Rice straw-derived cellulose (RSC) with purity of 92 wt.% was successfully extracted from rice straw by a novel and facile strategy, which integrated the C2H5OH/H2O autocatalytic process, dilute alkali treatment and H2O2 bleaching process. Influencing factors of the cellulose extraction were systematically examined, such as ethanol concentration, alkali concentration, H2O2 bleaching process and so on; the optimal extraction conditions of cellulose was determined. A series of rice straw-derived cellulose acetate (RSCA) with different degree of substitution (DS) were prepared by the acetylation reaction; the effects of Ac2O/cellulose ratio, reaction temperature and reaction time on the acetylation reaction were investigated. Results of FTIR and XRD analysis demonstrated that highly purified RSC and RSCA were prepared comparing with the commercial cellulose and cellulose acetate. Solubility analysis of RSCA with different DS indicated as-prepared RSCA with DS of 2.82 possessed the best solubleness, which was suitable for electrospinning. Moreover, the flexible RSCA fibrous membrane was easily fabricated by a facile electrospinning method. Our proposed method provided a strategy for realizing the high-value utilization of waste rice straw resource, as prepared RSC and RSCA can be used as chemical raw material, and electrospun RSCA fibrous membrane has various applications in medical materials, food packaging, water purification and so on.

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Identification and Characterization of Different Types of Plastics Wastes Using X-Ray Diffraction and X-Ray Fluorescence Techniques

ARO-The Scientific Journal of Koya University ◽

10.14500/aro.10840 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 9 (2) ◽

pp. 22-25

Author(s):

Shawbo A. Abubaker ◽

Faten A. Chaqmaqchee ◽

Akram H. Taha

Keyword(s):

Xrd Analysis ◽

Spectral Lines ◽

Polymer Materials ◽

Degree Of Crystallinity ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Different Types ◽

Commercial Polymers ◽

Identification And Characterization

In this study, different types of polymers in postconsumer plastics with pure plastics have been studied. Highdensity polyethylene (HDPE1 and HDPE2), polyvinyl chloride (PVC3 and PVC4), polyethylene terephthalate (PET5 and PET6), and polypropylenes (PP7 and PP8) were compared using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) techniques. XRF has shown the spectral in K-lines of polymer materials present in plastics waste. The peak intensity and degree of crystallinity of commercial polymers are varied using XRD analysis. The intensity not attributable to the crystalline peaks may be regarded as the amorphous scattering and used as a template in analyzing the diffraction pattern of the samples. The XRD analysis helps to provide characteristic spectral lines whose intensities vary with the type of each constituent polymer. The combined usage of XRD and XRF techniques yielded very useful and effective results for a commercial plastic management.

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Isolation and Characterization of Cellulose from Banana Stems using Microwave Heating

Jurnal Kimia VALENSI ◽

10.15408/jkv.v6i2.15962 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 169-176

Author(s):

Inda Iliyin ◽

Henny Purwaningsih ◽

Tun Tedja Irawadi

Keyword(s):

Morphological Analysis ◽

Xrd Analysis ◽

Diffraction Peak ◽

Raw Material ◽

Degree Of Crystallinity ◽

Cellulose Content ◽

Ftir Analysis ◽

Isolation And Characterization ◽

The Fourier Transform

During each day of harvest, wasted banana stems are obtained in large quantities. These stems are composed mainly of 74.37% cellulose which is a very important raw material. This study aims to isolate cellulose from banana stems using liquefaction, delignification and bleaching processes with a microwave at power variations of 450, 600 and 800 W. The results showed that the highest cellulose content of 86.43% was obtained at 800 W for 14 minutes. Meanwhile, the fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) analysis result did not show a peak at wavenumber 1519 cm-1 which is the specific peak for lignin but showed a peak for cellulose at wavenumber 898 cm-1. Furthermore, XRD analysis of crystallinity showed a typical diffraction peak of cellulose at 22.5o with a degree of crystallinity of 56.8% while, morphological analysis with SEM showed that the sizes of the cellulose fibers produced varied, ranging from 5 to hundreds of micrometers and visible fibrillary fibers

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Development and characterization of novel biodegradable scaffold materials

Bone Abstracts ◽

10.1530/boneabs.3.pp38 ◽

2014 ◽

Author(s):

Tristan Fowler ◽

Carina Kampleitner ◽

Leander Poocza ◽

Andrea Markus ◽

Christian Dullin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Biodegradable Scaffold ◽

Scaffold Materials

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Effect of the structure of cellulose acetate membranes on their permeability, electrical conductivity and rejection

Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications ◽

10.1135/cccc19902933 ◽

1990 ◽

Vol 55 (12) ◽

pp. 2933-2939 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Hans-Hartmut Schwarz ◽

Vlastimil Kůdela ◽

Klaus Richau

Keyword(s):

Electrical Conductivity ◽

Electrical Properties ◽

Cellulose Acetate ◽

Reverse Osmosis ◽

Water Flux ◽

Cellulose Acetate Membrane ◽

Structure Parameters ◽

Dc Electrical Conductivity ◽

Cellulose Acetate Membranes

Ultrafiltration cellulose acetate membrane can be transformed by annealing into reverse osmosis membranes (RO type). Annealing brings about changes in structural properties of the membranes, accompanied by changes in their permeability behaviour and electrical properties. Correlations between structure parameters and electrochemical properties are shown for the temperature range 20-90 °C. Relations have been derived which explain the role played by the dc electrical conductivity in the characterization of rejection ability of the membranes in the reverse osmosis, i.e. rRO = (1 + exp (A-B))-1, where exp A and exp B are statistically significant correlation functions of electrical conductivity and salt permeation, or of electrical conductivity and water flux through the membrane, respectively.

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Chemical and Structural Characterization of Maize Stover Fractions in Aspect of Its Possible Applications

Materials ◽

10.3390/ma14061527 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (6) ◽

pp. 1527

Author(s):

Magdalena Woźniak ◽

Izabela Ratajczak ◽

Dawid Wojcieszak ◽

Agnieszka Waśkiewicz ◽

Kinga Szentner ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Structural Characterization ◽

Biogas Production ◽

Structural Parameters ◽

C:N Ratio ◽

Crystallinity Index ◽

Degree Of Crystallinity ◽

Cellulose Content ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Maize Stover

In the last decade, an increasingly common method of maize stover management is to use it for energy generation, including anaerobic digestion for biogas production. Therefore, the aim of this study was to provide a chemical and structural characterization of maize stover fractions and, based on these parameters, to evaluate the potential application of these fractions, including forbiogas production. In the study, maize stover fractions, including cobs, husks, leaves and stalks, were used. The biomass samples were characterized by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction and analysis of elemental composition. Among all maize stover fractions, stalks showed the highest C:N ratio, degree of crystallinity and cellulose and lignin contents. The high crystallinity index of stalks (38%) is associated with their high cellulose content (44.87%). FTIR analysis showed that the spectrum of maize stalks is characterized by the highest intensity of bands at 1512 cm−1 and 1384 cm−1, which are the characteristic bands of lignin and cellulose. Obtained results indicate that the maize stover fraction has an influence on the chemical and structural parameters. Moreover, presented results indicate that stalks are characterized by the most favorable chemical parameters for biogas production.

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