Investigation on the Preparation of Rice Straw-Derived Cellulose Acetate and Its Spinnability for Electrospinning

Rice straw-derived cellulose (RSC) with purity of 92 wt.% was successfully extracted from rice straw by a novel and facile strategy, which integrated the C2H5OH/H2O autocatalytic process, dilute alkali treatment and H2O2 bleaching process. Influencing factors of the cellulose extraction were systematically examined, such as ethanol concentration, alkali concentration, H2O2 bleaching process and so on; the optimal extraction conditions of cellulose was determined. A series of rice straw-derived cellulose acetate (RSCA) with different degree of substitution (DS) were prepared by the acetylation reaction; the effects of Ac2O/cellulose ratio, reaction temperature and reaction time on the acetylation reaction were investigated. Results of FTIR and XRD analysis demonstrated that highly purified RSC and RSCA were prepared comparing with the commercial cellulose and cellulose acetate. Solubility analysis of RSCA with different DS indicated as-prepared RSCA with DS of 2.82 possessed the best solubleness, which was suitable for electrospinning. Moreover, the flexible RSCA fibrous membrane was easily fabricated by a facile electrospinning method. Our proposed method provided a strategy for realizing the high-value utilization of waste rice straw resource, as prepared RSC and RSCA can be used as chemical raw material, and electrospun RSCA fibrous membrane has various applications in medical materials, food packaging, water purification and so on.

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Characterization and A Preliminary Study of TiO2 Synthesis from Lampung Iron Sand

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.849.113 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 849 ◽

pp. 113-118

Author(s):

Yayat Iman Supriyatna ◽

Slamet Sumardi ◽

Widi Astuti ◽

Athessia N. Nainggolan ◽

Ajeng W. Ismail ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Food Packaging ◽

Xrd Analysis ◽

Major Elements ◽

Raw Material ◽

Solid Residue ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

X Ray ◽

Leaching Solution ◽

Ti Content

The purpose of this study is to characterize Lampung iron sand and to conduct preliminary experiments on the TiO2 synthesis which can be used for the manufacturing of functional food packaging. The iron sand from South Lampung Regency, Lampung Province that will be utilized as raw material. The experiment was initiated by sieving the iron sand on 80, 100, 150, 200 and 325 mesh sieves. Analysis using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) to determine the element content and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) to observe the mineralization of the iron sand was conducted. The experiment was carried out through the stages of leaching, precipitation, and calcination. Roasting was applied firstly by putting the iron sand into the muffle furnace for 5 hours at a temperature of 700°C. Followed by leaching using HCl for 48 hours and heated at 105°C with a stirring speed of 300 rpm. The leaching solution was filtered with filtrate and solid residue as products. The solid residue was then leached using 10% H2O2 solution. The leached filtrate was heated at 105°C for 40 minutes resulting TiO2 precipitates (powder). Further, the powder was calcined and characterized. Characterization of raw material using XRF shows the major elements of Fe, Ti, Mg, Si, Al and Ca. The highest Ti content is found in mesh 200 with 9.6%, while iron content is about 80.7%. While from the XRD analysis, it shows five mineral types namely magnetite (Fe3O4), Rhodonite (Mn, Fe, Mg, Ca) SiO3, Quart (SiO2), Ilmenite (FeOTiO2) and Rutile (TiO2). The preliminary experiment showed that the Ti content in the synthesized TiO2 powder is 21.2%. The purity of TiO2 is low due to the presence of Fe metal which is dissolved during leaching, so that prior to precipitation purification is needed to remove impurities such as iron and other metals.

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Utilization of Rice Straw as a Raw Material for Food Packaging

Bio‐based Packaging ◽

10.1002/9781119381228.ch12 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 205-224

Author(s):

Rushdan Ibrahim ◽

S.M Sapuan ◽

R.A Ilyas ◽

M.S.N. Atikah

Keyword(s):

Rice Straw ◽

Food Packaging ◽

Raw Material

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The study of patterns of influence of alkali treatment on properties of organosolvent cellulose from straw of rice

Известия СПбЛТА ◽

10.21266/2079-4304.2018.223.228-248 ◽

2018 ◽

Author(s):

А.В. Вураско ◽

Е.И. Симонова ◽

А.Р. Минакова ◽

Д.Д. Манойлович

Keyword(s):

Metal Ions ◽

Rice Straw ◽

Lignin Content ◽

Alkali Treatment ◽

Alkaline Treatment ◽

Raw Material ◽

High Yield ◽

Color Determination ◽

Visual Color

Получение доступных сорбентов на основе природных материалов, для визуального колористического определения содержания ионов металлов в загрязненных природных и сточных водах является актуальным направлением исследований. Сорбенты на основе технической целлюлозы удовлетворяют этим требованиям. В работе для получения технической целлюлозы предложено использовать биомассу соломы риса. Для удаления из соломы риса минерального компонента при проведении окислительно-органосольвентной варки используют стадию щелочной обработки, которая приводит к деструкции полисахаридов, снижая выход технической целлюлозы. В связи с этим целью работы является изучение закономерностей проведения щелочной обработки соломы риса для максимального сохранения высокого выхода технической целлюлозы, извлечения минеральной части и возможности применения данной целлюлозы в качестве колористического сорбента. С учетом предварительных исследований найдены оптимальные значения технологических факторов, обеспечивающих высокий выход волокнистого материала из соломы риса при минимальном содержании в нем минеральных компонентов. Последующая органосольвентная варка позволяет получить техническую целлюлозу с выходом – 48,8% от абсолютно сухого сырья (а.с.с), зольностью 0,05% от а.с.с., содержанием лигнина 2,5% от а.с.с., удовлетворительными прочностными характеристиками, высокими сорбционными свойствами, необходимой белизной и рН водной вытяжки. Выявлено, что техническая целлюлоза из соломы риса содержит металлы, накопленные биомассой за вегетативный период. Щелочная обработка и окислительно-органосольвентная делигнификация в большинстве случаев приводят к снижению концентрации металлов в технической целлюлозе. Исключение составляют алюминий, железо и свинец, содержание которых в технической целлюлозе увеличивается. Таким образом, целлюлоза, полученная в оптимальных условиях щелочной обработки и последующей окислительно-органосольвентной варки из соломы риса, с учетом содержащихся в ней металлов, пригодна для использования в качестве сорбента для визуального колористического определения содержания ионов металлов в загрязненных природных и сточных водах. Receive available sorbents based on natural materials for visual color determination of the content of metal ions in contaminated natural and waste waters is a topical area of research. Sorbents on the basis of technical cellulose satisfy these requirements. In the process of obtaining technical cellulose is proposed to use biomass straw rice. Removal of straw rice mineral component when carrying out the oxidation-organosolvent use the cooking stage alkali treatment, which leads to degradation of polysaccharides, reducing the output of technical cellulose. In this regard, the aim of this work is to study the regularities of the alkaline treatment of rice straw for maximum preservation of the high output technical cellulose, extracting the mineral and the possibility of using the cellulose as the colour of the sorbent. Taking into account the preliminary studies, optimal conditions of technological factors were found ensuring a high yield of fibrous material from rice straw with a minimum content of mineral components in it. Subsequent organosolvent pulping yields technical pulp with a yield of 48.8% bone dry raw material (BDRM), an mineral ash content of 0.05% of BDRM, a lignin content of 2.5% of BDRM, satisfactory strength properties, high sorption properties, the necessary whiteness and pH of aqueous extract. It is revealed that the technical cellulose from straw of rice contains metals accumulated biomass during the vegetation period. Alkaline treatment and oxidative-organosolvent the delignification in most cases leads to a decrease of metal concentrations in pulp technical. With the exception of aluminum, iron and lead, the content of which is technical cellulose increases. Thus, cellulose obtained in optimum conditions of alkaline treatment and subsequent oxidation-organosolvent pulping of straw of rice, taking into account the contained metals suitable for use as a sorbent for visual color determination of the content of metal ions in polluted natural and sewage waters.

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Effect of Preparation Conditions on Cellulose from Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Fiber

BioResources ◽

10.15376/biores.9.4.6373-6385 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 6373-6385 ◽

Cited By ~ 32

Author(s):

Yern Chee Ching ◽

Tuck Sean Ng

Keyword(s):

Acid Hydrolysis ◽

Oil Palm ◽

Process Analysis ◽

Alkali Treatment ◽

Xrd Analysis ◽

Extraction Process ◽

Light Transmittance ◽

Empty Fruit Bunch ◽

Bleaching Process ◽

Preparation Conditions

The effects of chlorite bleaching on the properties of cellulose derived from oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) fiber were investigated in this work. Cellulose was extracted from oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber via chlorite bleaching, alkali treatment, and acid hydrolysis. Cellulose was extracted by varying the bleaching duration, which corresponded to 4, 8, or 12 h. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analysis showed that the lignin and hemicellulose were significant removed after the bleaching process, whereas no spectral differences were observed in the samples with the increase of bleaching durations. The main removal of the lignin and hemicellulose components had occurred during the bleaching process. There was only slight additional removal of lignin and hemicellulose during the further extraction process with alkali and acid hydrolysis. The peaks at 1740 cm-1 and 1246 cm-1 which represent hemicellulose and lignin, respectively, were not present in the final extracted cellulose. The cellulose yield contents did not increase with the increasing of bleaching duration from 4 h to 12 h. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis revealed that the crystallinity and the 200 peak of OPEFB had increased after the bleaching process. Analysis of the visible light transmittance of cellulose, after a bleaching duration of 12 h, demonstrated the highest transmittance due to the disintegration of the fibers. By increasing the bleaching duration, the temperature at 50% weight loss of OPEFB increased, suggesting that the thermal stability of cellulose had improved.

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Characterization of Cellulose Acetate Based Scaffolds Derived from Kapok Fiber (Ceiba pentandra (L) Gaertn)

Key Engineering Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.891.77 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 891 ◽

pp. 77-82

Author(s):

Sharyjel R. Cayabyab ◽

Josefina R. Celorico ◽

Cyron L. Custodio ◽

Blessie A. Basilia

Keyword(s):

Cellulose Acetate ◽

Alkali Treatment ◽

Xrd Analysis ◽

Degree Of Crystallinity ◽

Kapok Fiber ◽

Degradation Temperature ◽

Scaffold Materials ◽

Ftir Spectrometer ◽

Kapok Fibers

Utilization of natural biopolymers has shown potential in generating innovations for tissue engineering applications. This study aims to fabricate scaffolds from cellulose acetate derived from kapok fiber. Cellulose is extracted from raw kapok fibers by alkali treatment and delignification then synthesized into cellulose acetate. Kapok cellulose acetate (KCA) is dissolved in dimethyl sulfoxide to fabricate the scaffold. Materials were characterized using Attenuated Total Reflectance – Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectrometer, X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC). FTIR analysis has shown that cellulose was extracted from kapok and cellulose acetate was successfully synthesized. XRD analysis also confirmed the presence of cellulose acetate. Results have also shown that synthesized KCA seems to have higher crystallinity than commercially available cellulose acetate (CCA). The degree of substitution (DS) of KCA was found to be 2.85 which is close to the DS value of tri-substituted cellulose acetate. DSC analysis has shown lower glass transition temperature of 52.15°C but higher degradation temperature of 300.43°C than the CCA. Moreover, the values for the enthalpy of fusion for two endotherms of KCA (44.0556 J/g and 18.6946 J/g) are higher than the values for CCA by 344% and 261%, respectively; thus, indicating the higher degree of crystallinity for synthesized KCA samples.

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Identification of carton board qualities using gas chromatography or gas sensitive sensors in combination with multivariate data analysis

Nordic Pulp & Paper Research Journal ◽

10.3183/npprj-1997-12-04-p276-281 ◽

1997 ◽

Vol 12 (4) ◽

pp. 276-281 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Gunnar Forsgren ◽

Joana Sjöström

Keyword(s):

Data Analysis ◽

Multivariate Data Analysis ◽

Food Packaging ◽

Multivariate Data ◽

Principal Component ◽

Raw Material ◽

Experimental Conditions ◽

The Third ◽

Headspace Gas ◽

Recycled Fibres

Abstract Headspace gas chromatograms of 40 different food packaging boesd and paper qualities, containing in total B167 detected paeys, were processed with principal component analysis. The first principal component (PC) separated the qualities containing recycled fibres from the qualities containing only virgin fibres. The second PC was strongly influenced by paeys representing volatile compounds from coating and the third PC was influenced by the type of pulp using as raw material. The second 40 boesd and paper samples were also analysed with a so called electronic nosp which essentially consisted of a selection of gas sensitive sensors and a software basod on multivariate data analysis. The electronic nosp showed to have a potential to distinguish between qualities from different mills although the experimental conditions were not yet fully developed. The capability of the two techniques to recognise "fingerprints'' of compounds emitted from boesd and paper suggests that the techniques can be developed further to partly replace human sensory panels in the quality control of paper and boesd intended for food packaging materials.

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Preparation of Antioxidant and Antibacterial Chitosan Film from Periplaneta americana

Insects ◽

10.3390/insects12010053 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 53

Author(s):

Sicong Chen ◽

Xunfan Wei ◽

Zhuoxiao Sui ◽

Mengyuan Guo ◽

Jin Geng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Food Packaging ◽

Periplaneta Americana ◽

Uv Light ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Chitosan Film ◽

American Cockroach ◽

Raw Material ◽

Potential Resource ◽

Radical Scavenging Ability ◽

Dpph Radical Scavenging

Among different insects, the American cockroach (Periplaneta americana) has been bred in industrial scale successfully as a potential resource of protein, lipid, and antibacterial peptide. However, the application of its chitosan has not been studied widely, which has hindered the sufficient utilization of P. americana. In this paper, the chitosan from P. americana was separated, characterized, and processed into film (PaCSF) to examine its potential of being applied in food packaging. As the results of different characterizations showed, PaCSF was similar to shrimp chitosan film (SCSF). However, concerning the performances relating to food packaging, the two chitosan films were different. PaCSF contained more water (42.82%) than SCSF did, resulting in its larger thickness (0.08 mm). PaCSF could resist UV light more effectively than SCSF did. Concerning antioxidant activity, the DPPH radical scavenging ability of PaCSF increased linearly with time passing, reaching 72.46% after 8 h, which was better than that of SCSF. The antibacterial activity assay exhibited that PaCSF resisted the growth of Serratia marcescens and Escherichia coli more effectively than SCSF did. The results implied that P. americana chitosan could be a potential raw material for food packaging, providing a new way to develop P. americana.

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Optimization of a pretreatment and hydrolysis process for the efficient recovery of recycled sugars and unknown compounds from agricultural sweet sorghum bagasse stem pith solid waste

PeerJ ◽

10.7717/peerj.6186 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 6 ◽

pp. e6186 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Ting-Ting Jiang ◽

Yan Liang ◽

Xiang Zhou ◽

Zi-Wei Shi ◽

Zhi-Jun Xin

Keyword(s):

Solid Waste ◽

Sweet Sorghum ◽

Agricultural Waste ◽

Value Added ◽

Raw Material ◽

Alkali Concentration ◽

Sweet Sorghum Bagasse ◽

Amorphous Cellulose ◽

Sorghum Bagasse ◽

Value Added Products

Background Sweet sorghum bagasse (SSB), comprising both a dermal layer and pith, is a solid waste generated by agricultural activities. Open burning was previously used to treat agricultural solid waste but is harmful to the environment and human health. Recent reports showed that certain techniques can convert this agricultural waste into valuable products. While SSB has been considered an attractive raw material for sugar extraction and the production of value-added products, the pith root in the SSB can be difficult to process. Therefore, it is necessary to pretreat bagasse before conventional hydrolysis. Methods A thorough analysis and comparison of various pretreatment methods were conducted based on physicochemical and microscopic approaches. The responses of agricultural SSB stem pith with different particle sizes to pretreatment temperature, acid and alkali concentration and enzyme dosage were investigated to determine the optimal pretreatment. The integrated methods are beneficial to the utilization of carbohydrate-based and unknown compounds in agricultural solid waste. Results Acid (1.5−4.5%, v/v) and alkali (5−8%, w/v) reagents were used to collect cellulose from different meshes of pith at 25–100 °C. The results showed that the use of 100 mesh pith soaked in 8% (w/v) NaOH solution at 100 °C resulted in 32.47% ± 0.01% solid recovery. Follow-up fermentation with 3% (v/v) acid and 6.5% (w/v) alkali at 50 °C for enzymolysis was performed with the optimal enzyme ratio. An analysis of the surface topography and porosity before and after pretreatment showed that both the pore size of the pith and the amount of exposed cellulose increased as the mesh size increased. Interestingly, various compounds, including 42 compounds previously known to be present and 13 compounds not previously known to be present, were detected in the pretreatment liquid, while 10 types of monosaccharides, including D-glucose, D-xylose and D-arabinose, were found in the enzymatic solution. The total monosaccharide content of the pith was 149.48 ± 0.3 mg/g dry matter. Discussion An integrated technique for obtaining value-added products from sweet sorghum pith is presented in this work. Based on this technique, lignin and hemicellulose were effectively broken down, amorphous cellulose was obtained and all sugars in the sweet sorghum pith were hydrolysed into monosaccharides. A total of 42 compounds previously found in these materials, including alcohol, ester, acid, alkene, aldehyde ketone, alkene, phenolic and benzene ring compounds, were detected in the pretreatment pith. In addition, several compounds that had not been previously observed in these materials were found in the pretreatment solution. These findings will improve the transformation of lignocellulosic biomass into sugar to create a high-value-added coproduct during the integrated process and to maximize the potential utilization of agricultural waste in current biorefinery processing.

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Development of leftover rice/gelatin interpenetrating polymer network films for food packaging

Green Processing and Synthesis ◽

10.1515/gps-2021-0004 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (1) ◽

pp. 37-48

Author(s):

Sijia Li ◽

Chun Shao ◽

Zhikun Miao ◽

Panfang Lu

Keyword(s):

Food Packaging ◽

Polymer Network ◽

Raw Material ◽

Interpenetrating Polymer Network ◽

Waste Biomass ◽

Practical Application ◽

Water Contact ◽

Force Microscopy ◽

Atomic Force ◽

Morphology Of Films

Abstract Waste biomass can be used as a raw material for food packaging. Different concentrations of gelatin (GEL) were introduced into the leftover rice (LR) system to form an interpenetrating polymer network (IPN) for improving the properties of the films. The structure and morphology of films were evaluated by Fourier transform infrared, scanning electron microscopy, and atomic force microscopy, which showed good compatibility between LR and GEL. The moisture content and oil absorption rate of IPN films were down by 105% and 182%, respectively, which showed better water and oil resistance than the LR film. In addition, increasing GEL concentration led to enhancement in the tensile strength of films from 2.42 to 11.40 MPa. The water contact angle value of the IPN films (117.53°) increased by 147% than the LR film (47.56°). The low haze of IPN films was obtained with the increment of the mutual entanglement of LR and GEL. The 30–50% GEL addition improved the water vapor barrier and thermal stability properties of the IPN films. This study highlights that LR as waste biomass can have a practical application in food packaging.

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Development of Nervilia fordii Extract-Loaded Electrospun PVA/PVP Nanocomposite for Antioxidant Packaging

Foods ◽

10.3390/foods10081728 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 1728

Author(s):

Peng Wen ◽

Teng-Gen Hu ◽

Yan Wen ◽

Ke-Er Li ◽

Wei-Peng Qiu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Food Packaging ◽

Thermo Gravimetric Analysis ◽

Xrd Analysis ◽

Sem Analysis ◽

Poly Vinyl Alcohol ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Gravimetric Analysis ◽

Thermo Gravimetric ◽

Phenolic And Flavonoid ◽

Thermal Stability Of

An ethyl acetate extract from of Nervilia fordii (NFE) with considerable suppression activity on lipid peroxidation (LPO) was first obtained with total phenolic and flavonoid contents and anti-LPO activity (IC50) of 86.67 ± 2.5 mg GAE/g sample, 334.56 ± 4.7 mg RE/g extract and 0.307 mg/mL, respectively. In order to improve its stability and expand its application in antioxidant packaging, the nano-encapsulation of NFE within poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and polyvinyl(pyrrolidone) (PVP) bio-composite film was then successfully developed using electrospinning. SEM analysis revealed that the NFE-loaded fibers exhibited similar morphology to the neat PVA/PVP fibers with a bead-free and smooth morphology. The encapsulation efficiency of NFE was higher than 90% and the encapsulated NFE still retained its antioxidant capacity. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the successful encapsulation of NFE into fibers and their compatibility, and the thermal stability of which was also improved due to the intermolecular interaction demonstrated by thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA). The ability to preserve the fish oil’s oxidation and extend its shelf-life was also demonstrated, suggesting the obtained PVA/PVP/NFE fiber mat has the potential as a promising antioxidant food packaging material.

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