Study on Direct Reduction of Vanadium Slag

2015 ◽  
Vol 815 ◽  
pp. 254-262
Author(s):  
Neng Wei Wang ◽  
Guo Wei Li ◽  
Min Xian Fang
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Carbonate ◽  
Direct Reduction ◽  
Process Condition ◽  
Optimum Process ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Vanadium Slag ◽  
Anhydrous Sodium Carbonate ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Roasting Temperature ◽  
Slag Reduction

In this paper the process of direct reduction of vanadium slag was adopted. The main factor was determined by uniform experimental design and single factor analysis, and then the optimum process condition was drawn by the test. The test results showed that the regression equation curve fitting of the experiment data was very significant, the main factors affecting the vanadium slag reduction (according to the primary and secondary order) was the content of anhydrous sodium carbonate, roasting temperature, roasting time and reduction of carbon content. The factors for the reduction of the optimum process conditions are the carbon coefficient 1.04, roasting temperature 1100°C, roasting reduction time 4h, 4% mass percent of anhydrous sodium carbonate and slag. Under the optimum conditions, the actual rate of weight loss and theory rate of weight were close to 0, the results could be reproduced, and the vanadium slag metallization rate was 75%~83%.

scholarly journals Direct Bioconversion of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches for Bioethanol Production By Solid State Bioconversion

2010 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-36
Author(s):  
Nassereldeen Ahmed Kabbashi ◽  
Md Zahangir Alam ◽  
M. Fahrurrazi Tompang
Keyword(s):  
Solid State ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Wheat Flour ◽  
Process Condition ◽  
Inoculum Size ◽  
Optimum Process ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Bioethanol Production ◽  
Maximum Production ◽  
Empty Fruit Bunches

The bioethanol production was conducted by utilizing agriculture waste, palm oil empty fruit bunches (EFB) with the aid of T. harzianum and yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae using solid state bioconversion method. The compatibility of various fungal strains was done as to develop the direct bioconversion process of compatible mixed culture. Analyzes such ethanol estimation, reducing sugar and glucosamine as growth indicator were conducted in order to select the best experimented run for optimization. The optimization of process conditions, by using central composite design (CCD) was carried out. Optimization of process condition was done with varied level of moisture content, pH, inoculum size, concentration of co-substrate (wheat flour) and mineral solutions. Statistical analysis showed that the optimum process condition for moisture content was 50% (v/w), pH of 4, inoculum size of 10% (v/v), concentration of wheat flour of 1% (v/v) and mineral solutions 1%(v/v). In this study, the application levels of the methods of environmental management in regards to the maximum production were determined. The final optimization with the developed process conditions indicated that the maximum production was increased from 14.315 (v/v) to 34.785(v/v).

scholarly journals a EFFECT OF DIFFERENT ADDITIVES ON METALLIC LEAD RECOVERY FROM CRT FUNNEL GLASS USING THERMAL METHOD

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Muna K. Abbass ◽  
Abdulkaliq F. Hmood
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Carbonate ◽  
Reduction Method ◽  
Sodium Sulfide ◽  
Thermal Reduction ◽  
Optimum Process ◽  
Thermal Method ◽  
Carbon Powder ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Metallic Lead ◽  
Lead Recovery

Cathode ray tube like as electronic waste is a green crisis due to its toxicity. Remove of the lead from CRT funnel glass can prevent it from release into the environmental and allow it reuse. There are several ways to separation lead from its CRT funnel glass and then recovered from it. In this research, CRT funnel glass was treated by high thermal reduction method with using different additives. These additives that used in this method are sodium carbonate (Na2CO3 ) with (20, 25&30) wt% used as a melting agent, sodium sulfide ( Na2S) with (6, 8&10)wt% used as a catalytic agent and carbon powder (C) with (2.4, 3.6 &4.8) wt% used as a reducing agent, at fixed temperature (1100°C) and holding time (120 min). Taguchi technique for design of experiment (DOE) was applied to find the optimum process conditions of different additives for metallic lead recovery by high thermal reduction method. Experimental results presented that the maximum lead recovery was 97.36% when the optimum conditions were sodium carbonate (30%), sodium sulfide (10%), and carbon powder (3.6%) at 1100°C and 120 min.

scholarly journals Effect of Roasting Temperature and Duration on the Quality of Oil from Walnut (Plukenetia conophorum) Using Response Surface Methodology

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Raji, Fatima A. ◽  
Akinoso Rahman
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Free Fatty Acid ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Edible Oils ◽  
Process Condition ◽  
Oil Yield ◽  
Optimum Process ◽  
Walnut Oil ◽  
Roasting Temperature

This study investigated the effect of heat treatment and duration on yield and qualities of Walnut (Plukenetia conophorum) oil. The experimental design was carried out using the central composite rotatable design (CCRD) of response surface methodology with a total of thirteen experimental runs. The process variables and their ranges were roasting temperature 87.57ºC to 172.43ºC and roasting duration 10 min to 46.21 min. Oil from each experimental run was extracted using Piteba screw oil expeller. The expressed oil yield was determined and the results revealed that the oil yield ranged from 33.87% to 30.67% for the maximum and minimum values which were achieved at temperatures and duration of 172.43% at 25 min and 87.57ºC at 25 min respectively. Optimum process condition was achieved at roasting temperature and duration of 160ºC and 40 min with two possible solutions of 0.82 desirability which gave oil yield (33.50%); peroxide value (7.8 MeqO2/g); colour (13.69 mg/L); free fatty acid (1.46%) and iodine value (136.82 mmol/100 g). The low free fatty acid and peroxide values in walnut oil is an indication of its overall quality thus its suitability as an alternative oil to supplement existing edible oils.

Optimization of Preparation Process of Essential Oil of Baokening Granule-β-Cyclodextrin Inclusion by Orthogonal Test

2014 ◽  
Vol 937 ◽  
pp. 118-121
Author(s):  
Fang Luo ◽  
Shun Bin Qiao
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oil ◽  
Orthogonal Design ◽  
Process Condition ◽  
Phase Method ◽  
Optimum Process ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Inclusion Process ◽  
Preparation Conditions ◽  
Liquid Phase Method ◽  
Inclusion Rate

To study optimum inclusion process conditions for essential oil from perilla and Pericarpium Citri Reticulatae in Baokening granule,the utilization ratio of volatile and the inclusion rate were determined to evaluate process conditions, and the condition was optimized with orthogonal design by the liquid-phase method in aqueous solution. The experiment results showed that the optimum preparation conditions for inclusion were established as: oil: ß-CD was 1:8, and ratio of amount of water to ß –CD was 10. The inclusion temperature and time were at 40°C and for 180 min. The yield is high in such optimum process condition and the inclusion effect is good.

scholarly journals Optimization of Glass Edge Sealing Process Using Microwaves for Fabrication of Vacuum Glazing

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 874 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jae Kim ◽  
Young Kim ◽  
Euy Jeon
Keyword(s):  
Process Condition ◽  
Step Height ◽  
Optimum Process ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Main Process ◽  
Height Measurement ◽  
Effect Analysis ◽  
Response Optimization ◽  
Vacuum Glazing ◽  
Glass Edge

Among the various methods used for glass edge sealing, this study uses microwaves to seal glass edges. Through basic experiments, the main process conditions for edge sealing of glass were derived, and the experimental plan and analysis were carried out using the Box-Behnken method of response-surface analysis based on 3 factors and 3 levels. The step height which influences sealing was set as a response variable. If the step height becomes too large, the glass can be damaged, and if the step height is too small, the edge sealing will not be performed. Accordingly, process optimization that edge sealing is possible while minimizing the step height was carried out. A predictable regression equation was derived for the step height of edge sealing and the main-effect analysis was performed for the step height. Using the response-optimization tool, we derived the optimum process condition that minimized the step height of the edge sealing and verified that it matched the error value of 4.1% compared with the target value of the step height measurement result confirmed through the verification experiment.

scholarly journals Indicative Marker Microbiome Structures Deduced from the Taxonomic Inventory of 67 Full-Scale Anaerobic Digesters of 49 Agricultural Biogas Plants

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1457
Author(s):  
Julia Hassa ◽  
Johanna Klang ◽  
Dirk Benndorf ◽  
Marcel Pohl ◽  
Benedikt Hülsemann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stable Process ◽  
Process Condition ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Process Models ◽  
Process Efficiency ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
General Process ◽  
Specific Distribution ◽  
Biogas Plants

There are almost 9500 biogas plants in Germany, which are predominantly operated with energy crops and residues from livestock husbandry over the last two decades. In the future, biogas plants must be enabled to use a much broader range of input materials in a flexible and demand-oriented manner. Hence, the microbial communities will be exposed to frequently varying process conditions, while an overall stable process must be ensured. To accompany this transition, there is the need to better understand how biogas microbiomes respond to management measures and how these responses affect the process efficiency. Therefore, 67 microbiomes originating from 49 agricultural, full-scale biogas plants were taxonomically investigated by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. These microbiomes were separated into three distinct clusters and one group of outliers, which are characterized by a specific distribution of 253 indicative taxa and their relative abundances. These indicative taxa seem to be adapted to specific process conditions which result from a different biogas plant operation. Based on these results, it seems to be possible to deduce/assess the general process condition of a biogas digester based solely on the microbiome structure, in particular on the distribution of specific indicative taxa, and without knowing the corresponding operational and chemical process parameters. Perspectively, this could allow the development of detection systems and advanced process models considering the microbial diversity.

Analyzing the Effect of Fiber, Yarn and Fabric Variables on Bagging Behavior of Single Jersey Weft Knitted Fabrics

2013 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 155892501300800 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitra Karimian ◽  
Hossein Hasani ◽  
Saeed Ajeli
Keyword(s):  
Optimum Process ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Knitted Fabrics ◽  
Yarn Twist ◽  
Fabric Density ◽  
Fabric Structure ◽  
Controllable Factors ◽  
Yarn Count ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Single Jersey

This research investigates the effect of fiber, yarn and fabric variables on the bagging behavior of single jersey weft knitted fabrics interpreted in terms of bagging fatigue percentage. In order to estimate the optimum process conditions and to examine the individual effects of each controllable factor on a particular response, Taguchi's experimental design was used. The controllable factors considered in this research are blending ratio, yarn twist and count, fabric structure and fabric density. The findings show that fabric structure has the largest effect on the fabric bagging. Factor yarn twist is second and is followed by fabric density, blend ratio and yarn count. The optimum conditions to achieve the least bagging fatigue ratio were determined.

Study on the Enzyme Desizing Process for Cotton Fabric Using Ultrasonication

2011 ◽  
Vol 331 ◽  
pp. 261-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi Ming Zhao ◽  
Shan Yan Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Cotton Fabric ◽  
Ph Value ◽  
Orthogonal Experiment ◽  
Research Result ◽  
Strength Loss ◽  
Cotton Fabrics ◽  
Optimum Process ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Fabric Strength ◽  
Enzyme Dosage

The auxiliary devices of ultrasonic treatment was designed and manufactured. The cotton fabric was desized using 2000L desizing enzyme with the conventional enzyme desizing process and ultrasonic enzyme desizing process respectively. Through the orthogonal experiment, the optimum process conditions of conventional enzyme desizing process and ultrasonic enzyme desizing process were determined. For the conventional enzyme desizing process, the optimized desizing conditions of cotton fabrics were: desizing enzyme dosage was 1.5g/l, temperature was 80°C, PH value was 6, and time was 60mins. The optimum process conditions of ultrasonic enzyme desizing process were: desizing enzyme dosage was 1.5g/l, temperature was 50°C, PH value was 6 and time was 45minutes. The research result indicates that, under the same desizing condition, ultrasonication can improve the desizing percentage and whiteness of cotton fabric, but the fabric strength loss increases slightly. And for the same required desizing percentage, the ultrasonic enzyme desizing process saved time and reduced the temperature of experiments compared with traditional enzyme desizing process

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