MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT AND EXTREMELY DRUG-RESISTANT BACTERIA: ARE WE FACING THE END OF THE ANTIBIOTIC ERA?

Antibiotics are one of the most significant advancements of modern medicine. They have changed the prognosis of several bacterial infections, and made possible advanced medical practices associated with a high risk of infectious complications. Unfortunately, antibiotics are affected by the phenomenon of antibiotic resistance, which jeopardizes their efficacy. In recent years, antibiotic discovery and development has been lagging, due to a lower appeal of this sector for the pharmaceutical industry, while antibiotic resistance has continued to evolve with the eventual emergence and dissemination of bacterial strains which are resistant to most available antibiotics and pose a major challenge to antimicrobial chemotherapy. This worrisome scenario, indicated as the “antibiotic resistance crisis”, has been acknowledged by Scientific Societies and Public Health Agencies, and is now gathering an increasing attention from the Media and Governments. This article reviews the antibiotic-resistant pathogens which currently pose major problems in terms of clinical and epidemiological impact, and briefly discuss future perspective in this field.

Download Full-text

Alternative Antimicrobial Approach: Nano-Antimicrobial Materials

Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine ◽

10.1155/2015/246012 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 2015 ◽

pp. 1-16 ◽

Cited By ~ 247

Author(s):

Nurit Beyth ◽

Yael Houri-Haddad ◽

Avi Domb ◽

Wahid Khan ◽

Ronen Hazan

Keyword(s):

Mechanism Of Action ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Antibacterial Agents ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Drug Resistant ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Drug Resistant Bacteria ◽

Antimicrobial Materials ◽

Nanoparticle Effect

Despite numerous existing potent antibiotics and other antimicrobial means, bacterial infections are still a major cause of morbidity and mortality. Moreover, the need to develop additional bactericidal means has significantly increased due to the growing concern regarding multidrug-resistant bacterial strains and biofilm associated infections. Consequently, attention has been especially devoted to new and emerging nanoparticle-based materials in the field of antimicrobial chemotherapy. The present review discusses the activities of nanoparticles as an antimicrobial means, their mode of action, nanoparticle effect on drug-resistant bacteria, and the risks attendant on their use as antibacterial agents. Factors contributing to nanoparticle performance in the clinical setting, their unique properties, and mechanism of action as antibacterial agents are discussed in detail.

Download Full-text

Antibiotics in Food Chain: The Consequences for Antibiotic Resistance

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics9100688 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. 688

Author(s):

Shashi B. Kumar ◽

Shanvanth R. Arnipalli ◽

Ouliana Ziouzenkova

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Food Chain ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Antibiotic Resistance Genes ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Alternative Strategies ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Continuous Use

Antibiotics have been used as essential therapeutics for nearly 100 years and, increasingly, as a preventive agent in the agricultural and animal industry. Continuous use and misuse of antibiotics have provoked the development of antibiotic resistant bacteria that progressively increased mortality from multidrug-resistant bacterial infections, thereby posing a tremendous threat to public health. The goal of our review is to advance the understanding of mechanisms of dissemination and the development of antibiotic resistance genes in the context of nutrition and related clinical, agricultural, veterinary, and environmental settings. We conclude with an overview of alternative strategies, including probiotics, essential oils, vaccines, and antibodies, as primary or adjunct preventive antimicrobial measures or therapies against multidrug-resistant bacterial infections. The solution for antibiotic resistance will require comprehensive and incessant efforts of policymakers in agriculture along with the development of alternative therapeutics by experts in diverse fields of microbiology, biochemistry, clinical research, genetic, and computational engineering.

Download Full-text

Review on Multiple Facets of Drug Resistance: A Rising Challenge in the 21st Century

Journal of Xenobiotics ◽

10.3390/jox11040013 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. 197-214

Author(s):

Mousumi Saha ◽

Agniswar Sarkar

Keyword(s):

Drug Resistance ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Molecular Mechanisms ◽

In Silico Analysis ◽

Relevant Information ◽

High Rate ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Potential Threat

With the advancements of science, antibiotics have emerged as an amazing gift to the human and animal healthcare sectors for the treatment of bacterial infections and other diseases. However, the evolution of new bacterial strains, along with excessive use and reckless consumption of antibiotics have led to the unfolding of antibiotic resistances to an excessive level. Multidrug resistance is a potential threat worldwide, and is escalating at an extremely high rate. Information related to drug resistance, and its regulation and control are still very little. To interpret the onset of antibiotic resistances, investigation on molecular analysis of resistance genes, their distribution and mechanisms are urgently required. Fine-tuned research and resistance profile regarding ESKAPE pathogen is also necessary along with other multidrug resistant bacteria. In the present scenario, the interaction of bacterial infections with SARS-CoV-2 is also crucial. Tracking and in-silico analysis of various resistance mechanisms or gene/s are crucial for overcoming the problem, and thus, the maintenance of relevant databases and wise use of antibiotics should be promoted. Creating awareness of this critical situation among individuals at every level is important to strengthen the fight against this fast-growing calamity. The review aimed to provide detailed information on antibiotic resistance, its regulatory molecular mechanisms responsible for the resistance, and other relevant information. In this article, we tried to focus on the correlation between antimicrobial resistance and the COVID-19 pandemic. This study will help in developing new interventions, potential approaches, and strategies to handle the complexity of antibiotic resistance and prevent the incidences of life-threatening infections.

Download Full-text

Metabolic profiling and antibacterial activity of Eryngium pristis Cham. & Schltdl. - prospecting for its use in the treatment of bacterial infections

Archives of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.29328/journal.apps.1001027 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

pp. 020-028

Author(s):

Fernandes Laura Silva ◽

da Costa Ygor Ferreira Garcia ◽

de Bessa Martha Eunice ◽

Ferreira Adriana Lucia Pires ◽

do Amaral Corrêa José Otávio ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Activity ◽

Bioactive Compounds ◽

Metabolic Profile ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Ethanolic Extract ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

New Antibiotics

Morbidity and mortality of the infected patients by multidrug-resistant bacteria have increased, emphasizing the urgency of fight for the discovery of new innovative antibiotics. In this sense, natural products emerge as valuable sources of bioactive compounds. Among the biodiversity, Eryngium pristis Cham. & Schltdl. (Apiaceae Lindl.) is traditionally used to treat thrush and ulcers of throat and mouth, as diuretic and emmenagogue, but scarcely known as an antimicrobial agent. With this context in mind, the goals of this study were to investigate the metabolic profile and the antibacterial activity of ethanolic extract (EE-Ep) and hexane (HF-Ep), dichloromethane (DF-Ep), ethyl acetate (EAF-Ep) and butanol (BF-Ep) fractions from E. pristis leaves. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was performed to stablish the metabolic profile and revealed the presence of 12 and 14 compounds in EAF-Ep and HF-Ep, respectively. β-selinene, spathulenol, globulol, 2-methoxy-4-vinylphenol, α-amyrin, β-amyrin, and lupeol derivative were some of phytochemicals identified. The antibacterial activity was determined by Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) using the broth micro-dilution against eight ATCC® and five methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clinical strains. HF-Ep was the most effective (MIC ≤ 5,000 µg/µL), being active against the largest part of tested Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains, including MRSA, with exception of Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (ATCC 9027) and (ATCC 27853). These results suggest that E. pristis is a natural source of bioactive compounds for the search of new antibiotics which can be an interesting therapeutic approach to recover patients mainly infected by MRSA strains.

Download Full-text

Tea: An anti-bacterial agent against drug resistant bacteria

10.53350/pjmhs2115102506 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 15 (10) ◽

pp. 2506-2511

Author(s):

Nayyab Sultan ◽

Sabahat Javaid Butt ◽

Wajeeha Mehak ◽

Samreen Qureshi ◽

Syed Hamza Abbas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Infections ◽

Salmonella Typhi ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Klebsiella Pneumonia ◽

Drug Resistant ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Bacterial Agent ◽

Drug Resistant Bacteria ◽

Scientific World

Antibiotics have played a crucial role in the treatment of bacterial infections. Past few decades are marked with advancement of multidrug resistant (MDR) pathogens, which have endangered antibiotic’s therapeutic efficacy. Scientific world is now struggling with the crisis of MDR pathogens. This supreme matter demands careful attention or otherwise it would jeopardize clinical management of infectious diseases. Implication of alternative approaches can pave a new way in the treatment of these troublesome bacteria. Tea leaves are known to pose antibacterial activity against many pathogenic microorganisms. This review has summarized the antibacterial potential of tea leave’s extracts against resistant bacterial pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Helicobacter pylori, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumonia, Salmonella typhi, Acenitobacter spp, Campylobacter spp. Consumption of natural products such as tea may very well replace, minimize or obliterate this complicated situation. Keywords: Anti-bacterial, Tea, Camellia sinensis, Drug resistant bacteria, Antibiotic resistant bacteria, Synergism, Polyphenols.

Download Full-text

New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase-1: A weapon for the newly emerging drug-resistant bacteria

Indian Journal of Medical Sciences ◽

10.18203/issn.0019-5359.indianjmedsci20170487 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 69 (1) ◽

pp. 29

Author(s):

Sanghamitra Padhi

Keyword(s):

Bacterial Infections ◽

Medical Literature ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

New Delhi ◽

Beta Lactamase ◽

Drug Resistant ◽

Recent Past ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Drug Resistant Bacteria ◽

Micro Organisms

The world has seen the emergence of many micro-organisms in the recent past which can curb the human population with their newly built genetic make-up. The latest addition to this list of panic creating organisms is, bacteria encoding the gene for New Delhi metallo-beta-lactamase (NDM)-1. NDM-1 is an enzyme that can hydrolyse and inactivate carbapenems, which are used as a last resort for the treatment of multiresistant bacterial infections. Name of these bacteria were not found in the medical literature before December 2009, because of which it can take the credit of becoming a powerful emerging bacteria which are difficult to treat. Besides Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, other bacterial strains have also expressed the gene for NDM-1, which are detected in many countries.<div> </div>

Download Full-text

Silver nanoflower coupled with low dose antibiotics enables highly effective Drug-resistant bacteria eradication

Journal of Materials Chemistry B ◽

10.1039/d1tb01773j ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Xin Li ◽

Xianting Ding ◽

Khan Zara Ahmad ◽

Jie He ◽

Hongxia Li ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Low Dose ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Effective Drug ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Drug Resistant ◽

Multidrug Resistant Bacteria ◽

Effective Strategies ◽

Drug Resistant Bacteria ◽

Highly Effective

Due to the global overuse of antibiotics, multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDR) continuously call for effective strategies to tackle the antibiotic resistance crisis. Here, we develop a silver nanomaterial with a petal-like...

Download Full-text

Photosensitized reactive chlorine species-mediated therapeutic destruction of drug-resistant bacteria using plasmonic core–shell Ag@AgCl nanocubes as an external nanomedicine

Nanoscale ◽

10.1039/d0nr01300e ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (24) ◽

pp. 12970-12984 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Suresh Thangudu ◽

Sagar Sunil Kulkarni ◽

Raviraj Vankayala ◽

Chi-Shiun Chiang ◽

Kuo Chu Hwang

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Rapid Growth ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Core Shell ◽

Drug Resistant ◽

Bacterial Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Drug Resistant Bacteria

Due to the rapid growth of drug-resistant bacterial infections, there is an urgent need to develop innovative antimicrobial strategies to conquer the bacterial antibiotic resistance problems.

Download Full-text

The Delivery of the Novel Drug ‘Halicin’ Using Electrospun Fibers for the Treatment of Pressure Ulcer against Pathogenic Bacteria

Pharmaceutics ◽

10.3390/pharmaceutics12121189 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 12 (12) ◽

pp. 1189

Author(s):

Walaa S. Aburayan ◽

Rayan Y. Booq ◽

Nouf S. BinSaleh ◽

Haya A. Alfassam ◽

Abrar A. Bakr ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Pressure Ulcer ◽

Pathogenic Bacteria ◽

Extended Period ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Medical Attention ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Electrospun Fibers ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Multidrug Resistant Bacteria ◽

Drug Resistant Bacteria

Pressure ulcer or bedsore is a form of skin infection that commonly occurs with patients admitted to the hospital for an extended period of time, which might lead to severe complications in the absence of medical attention, resulting in infection either by drug-sensitive or drug-resistant bacteria. Halicin, a newly discovered drug effective against several bacterial strains, including multidrug-resistant bacteria, was investigated to reduce bacterial infection burden. This study aims to formulate halicin into electrospun fibers to be applied in bedsores as antibacterial dressing to assess its efficacy against gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus) and gram-negative bacteria (Escherichia coli and Acinetobacter baumannii) by studying the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and bacterial zone of inhibition assays. The diameters of inhibition growth zones were measured, and the results have shown that the drug-loaded fibers were able to inhibit the growth of bacteria compared to the halicin discs. The release profile of the drug-loaded fibers exhibited a complete release of the drug after 2 h. The results demonstrated that the drug-loaded fibers could successfully release the drug while retaining their biological activity and they may be used as a potential antimicrobial dressing for patients with pressure ulcers caused by multidrug resistant bacteria.

Download Full-text

Occurrence of Multi-drug Resistant Bacteria in Some Selected Street Food Samples

Journal of Pharmaceutical Research International ◽

10.9734/jpri/2019/v31i130288 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

Mohamed H. El-Sayed

Keyword(s):

Public Health ◽

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

Bacterial Species ◽

Food Samples ◽

Resistance Pattern ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Drug Resistant ◽

Bacterial Strains ◽

Gram Negative ◽

Drug Resistant Bacteria

Antimicrobial resistance is a subject of great concern in the public health. The prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among food pathogens has increased during recent decades. Studying the incidence and antibiotic resistance pattern of bacterial species isolated from fish and vended street fruits. Eleven fish swabs and thirteen sliced fruit samples were collected and prepared for isolation of bacterial species through inoculation onto selective and non-selective nutrient media. The grown colonies were purified through subculturing on nutrient agar plates then identified by morphological and biochemical methods. The obtained pure cultures were then kept on nutrient agar slants. Testing antibiotic resistance of the isolated bacterial strains was studied by Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion method on Mueller Hinton agar using ten antibiotics belonging to different classes. The resultant inhibition zone was interpreted according to Clinical Laboratory Standard Institute. Twenty-eight bacterial cultures were isolated from the collected food samples. The conventional identification using morphological and biochemical methods of these cultures revealed presence of three Gram positive species; Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus sp. and Bacillus subtilis in addition to four Gram negative; Escherichia coli, Brucella sp., Enterococcus faecalis and Proteus mirabilis. The incidence of the obtained bacterial species was arranged as 29.16% for both S. aureus and E. faecalis followed by Brucella sp. 16.66%; B. subtilis & E. coli 12.5% then Streptococcus sp. and P. mirabilis with an incidence of 8.33% each. Testing antibiotic resistance pattern of seven bacterial species against ten antibiotics showed that, among three Gram positive bacterial species, only one (33.33%) strain S. aureus exhibited resistance to six antibiotics; amoxicillin, erythromycin, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, fluconazole and dicloxacillin. Among four Gram negative bacterial strains only one (25.0%) strain Enterococcus faecalis exhibited resistance to eight antibiotics; amoxicillin, streptomycin, chloramphenicol, cotrimoxazole, ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, sparfloxacin and cloxacillin. Occurrence of multi-drug resistant bacteria in fish and vended street fruits poses not only risk of disease to the foods but public health hazard to food handlers and consumers in general. Also the result of this study recommended augmentin and cephazolin as good choice antibiotics for treatment of infection in the study area.

Download Full-text