scholarly journals A critical analysis of domestication in Makhambeni’s translation of Chinua Achebe’s novel No longer at ease (1960)

Literator ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 32 (3) ◽  
pp. 105-124 ◽  
Author(s):  
M.R. Masubelele
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Practices ◽  
Text Message ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Source Text ◽  
Language And Culture ◽  
Translation Strategy ◽  
Igbo Culture ◽  
Language Norms ◽  
Descriptive Approach ◽  
Target Culture

Through translation the target reader is exposed to other cultures. Translators, therefore, have to use the target language to convey the source text message to the target reader. There are various choices at their disposal as to how they wish to convey the source text message. They may choose to adopt the norms and conventions of the source text message, and therefore those of the source language and culture, or choose those of the target language. Commonly, adherence to the target language norms and conventions leads to a strategy in which the foreignness of both linguistic and cultural conventions is reduced. According to Venuti (1995) this is domestication. Since translations are rarely equivalent to the original, this article seeks to examine how Makhambeni uses Venuti‟s domestication as a translation strategy, with the purpose of rewriting the original to conform to functions instituted by the receiving system. The descriptive approach to translation, which advances the notion that translations are facts of the target culture, will be used to support the arguments presented in this article. It will be shown that, although Achebe has used a lot of Igbo expressions and cultural practices in his novel, Makhambeni has not translated any of the Igbo expressions and cultural practices into Zulu. Instead Makhambeni used Zulu linguistic and cultural expressions such as similes, metaphors, idioms, proverbs and of cultural substitutions to bring the Igbo culture closer to her audience. It will be concluded that through the use Zulu linguistic and cultural conventions Makhambeni has effectively minimised foreign culture and narrowed the gap between the foreign and target cultures. She has successfully naturalised the Igbo culture to make it conform more to what the Zulu reader is used to.

scholarly journals PECULIARITIES OF TRANSLATING CHILDREN’S LITERATURE

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (11(79)) ◽  
pp. 64-67
Author(s):  
Nataliya Hryciv ◽  
Roksolana Syndeha
Keyword(s):  
Children's Literature ◽  
Children’S Literature ◽  
Text Message ◽  
Source Text ◽  
Language And Culture ◽  
Children's Book ◽  
The One ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Functionalist Approach ◽  
Target Culture

The article focuses on the analysis of children’s literature translation. The definition of children’s literature is researched in the article, taking into account its purpose, audience and content, which makes it an interesting subject for studying. The function of the translated text in the target culture may also differ from the one intended by the author. The current study will take into account all of the mentioned factors (purpose, audience and content), taking a functionalist approach to the analysis. While translating children’s literature, the translator is not only the mediator between two systems of language and culture, but he also becomes the second writer of the work. Not only he is to transfer the meaning of the ST (source text) message, but also make it comprehensible for the target audience, which, thus, makes him bear in mind all the features of children’s book.. In the article the special attention is paid to the techniques of translating and its specific issues. The main approaches of translating for children and the features of children’s literature have been also researched.

scholarly journals Skopos and (Un)certainty: How Functional Translators Deal with Doubt

2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christiane Nord
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Perspective ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Cultural Norms ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Decision Point ◽  
Source Text ◽  
Binary Decision ◽  
Language Norms ◽  
Translation Type ◽  
Target Culture

There are no rules for translation. Translation is a decision-making process, and each decision point involves uncertainty. In the following article, I would like to show how, from a skopos-theoretical perspective, a top-down procedure can at least reduce uncertainty to some degree. The top level is that of the translation brief, which determines the choice of translation type and form. This is a binary decision. A documentary translation usually “documents” the pragmatics of the source text, whereas an instrumental translation gets a pragmatics of its own, for example with regard to deixis. At the next level, the translator has to deal with cultural norms and conventions. Here, the decision becomes more complex because the brief may require the reproduction of some source-culture behaviours and the adaptation of others to target-culture conventions, both in documentary and instrumental translations. The next level is that of language. We may safely assume that most translations are expected to conform to the norms of the target-language system, but there may be cases where source-language norms have to be reproduced, for example in an interlinear translation for linguistic purposes. At the last two levels, the remaining doubts have to be resolved first in line with contextual restrictions and, ultimately, the translator’s personal preferences, if necessary.

scholarly journals Translating Biblical Poetry as Poetry

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (3(53)) ◽  
pp. 103-116
Author(s):  
Lénart J. De Regt
Keyword(s):  
Target Language ◽  
Source Text ◽  
Direct Communication ◽  
Language And Culture ◽  
Biblical Poetry ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Poetic Translation ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Psalm 23 ◽  
Target Culture

After an introduction into translating biblical poetry as a new communication event in the target culture (and not as a documentation of a source culture event), an analysis is made of a Dutch poetic translation of Psalms 23 and 121 and a Frisian poetic translation of Psalm 23. Of the poetic features and means of expression in these translations, Dutch and Frisian patterns ofmeter are the most important. When a poetic translation of biblical poetry follows genre conventions of the target language and culture (rather than attempting but failing to reproduce the poetic features of the source text), such a translation is able to generate a new, direct communication event that reduces the distance between the hearer/receiver of the target culture and the text of the source culture. Such a translation engages the hearer more effectively in responding to the text, because the poetic features of the target language facilitate the expressive, appellative and phatic functions of the communication. This should be an encouragement to translators to render different types of biblical poetry into different genres and poetic patterns of the target language that will actually fit the subject matter of the text into the context of the target culture.

The Analysis of Translation of Live Metaphors in Japanese Novel Haru No Yuki

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 115
Author(s):  
Melati Desa
Keyword(s):  
Creative Writing ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Source Text ◽  
Language And Culture ◽  
Full Load ◽  
Abstract Language ◽  
The Way

ABSTRACT   : Language and culture influences each other and its effect is reflected in not only the way humans think, but could also be seen in a full load of figurative elements in creative writing, such as metaphors. Thus, the report examines the aspects of the transfer of meaning in the live metaphors in Haru No Yuki, literary Japanese texts written by Yukio Mishima (1925 – 1970) translated to Malay by Muhammad Haji Salleh (1993) as Salju Musim Bunga published by Penataran Ilmu. This report studies on the equivalence of the meaning of translated live metaphors from the source text to the target text. From the study of the equivalence of meaning can be evaluated that, if there is any type of losses of meaning in form of under translation, over translation or wrong translation. The retention of live metaphors in the target text produced an ideal translation. Universal live metaphors maintained by the translator, this approach produced an ideal translation in form of meaning and accepted by the culture and speakers of the target language. The conclusion of this report shows that, one of the factors in producing quality translations is to understand the elements of the original cultural metaphors contained in the source text. Keywords: live metaphor, personification, ideal translation, equivalence of meaning ABSTRAK         : Bahasa dan budaya saling mempengaruhi dan kesannya dapat dilihat bukan sahaja dalam cara manusia berpikir malah dalam penulisan kreatif yang memuatkan unsur figuratif, metafora misalnya. Justeru, kajian ini meneliti aspek pemindahan makna dalam terjemahan metafora hidup dan personifikasi yang terdapat dalam teks kesusasteraan Jepun, Haru No Yuki hasil penulisan Yukio Mishima (1925 – 1970) diterjemahkan oleh Muhammad Haji Salleh (1993) menjadi Salju Musim Bunga (SMB) terbitan Penataran Ilmu. Kertas kerja ini mengkaji keselarasan makna terjemahan metafora hidup dan personifikasi daripada teks sumber kepada teks sasaran. Daripada kajian keselarasan makna dapat dinilai sama ada berlaku peleburan makna metafora apabila terhasilnya terjemahan kurang, terjemahan lebih atau terjemahan salah. Kaedah pengekalan metafora hidup dalam teks sasaran didapati menghasilkan terjemahan ideal. Metafora hidup yang bersifat universal dikekalkan oleh penterjemah, pendekatan ini menghasilkan terjemahan ideal dari sudut makna dan diterima oleh budaya dan penutur bahasa sasaran. Sebagai kesimpulan, kajian ini menunjukkan bahawa, salah satu faktor dalam usaha untuk menghasilkan terjemahan bermutu adalah dengan memahami unsur metafora budaya asal teks sumber.   Kata kunci : metafora hidup, personifikasi, terjemahan ideal, persamaan makna

Cultural Functions of Translation: Sustainable Development in the Context of Globalization

2011 ◽  
Vol 347-353 ◽  
pp. 426-430
Author(s):  
Da Lai Wang
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Mutual Understanding ◽  
Cultural Communication ◽  
Source Text ◽  
Cultural Information ◽  
Foreign Culture ◽  
Cultural Functions ◽  
Different Cultures ◽  
Target Culture

This paper aims to account for sustainable development of different cultures in the context of globalization from the perspective of cultural functions of translation, which wield enormous power in constructing representations of the foreign culture and have far reaching effects in the target culture. According to cultural communication of translation, the major task of translation is to turn the cultural information in one language into another. Therefore, in the process of translating, the translator should try his utmost to allow his target language reader to acquire cultural information of the source text in order to promote mutual understanding between Western people and Eastern people and make different cultures co-exist peacefully and achieve sustainable development.

Target Language, Target Culture

2020 ◽  
pp. 1064-1081
Author(s):  
José Carlos Escobar
Keyword(s):  
Intercultural Competence ◽  
Native Speakers ◽  
Social Background ◽  
Linguistic Competence ◽  
Target Language ◽  
General Description ◽  
Full Understanding ◽  
Language And Culture ◽  
Language Classrooms ◽  
Target Culture

Learning a language must result in becoming competent in a new culture because accessing the culture language stands for and being able to share its cultural content requires learning not just the meaning but also the historical and social background of its vocabulary. Words reveal the linguistic and social behavior of native speakers and give students a full understanding of the target language. This chapter deals with different concerns present in foreign language classrooms, a space where language and intercultural competence must be developed. It describes some linguistic competence-related concerns (Section 1), then it deals with specific intercultural related aspects of grammar and perception which are part of the linguistic competence to be developed in class (Section 2) and it finishes with a general description of three basic ways used in the Spanish-as-second-language (SSL) classroom in order to teach language and culture so as to help students to develop intercultural competence (Section 3).

scholarly journals USING LITERARY TEXTS IN NORWEGIAN LANGUAGE TEACHING

2021 ◽  
pp. 505
Author(s):  
Danica Piršl ◽  
Tea Piršl
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Awareness ◽  
Language Skills ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Cultural Patterns ◽  
Authentic Material ◽  
Language And Culture ◽  
Teaching Language ◽  
Language Classroom ◽  
Target Culture

The use of literary texts in teaching language has varied from the strict focus on translation and essential grammar and vocabulary lists derived from the text to the more creative uses like acting, writing and debating. Nowadays, communicative language approach prevails in most classrooms and insists on immersing students into both the target language and culture. In this paper, the author argues that to accomplish this, one can use literary texts in a number of ways and help the students learn, practice and master various language skills, while at the same time relating the texts to the students' interests, goals and lived experiences and help them relate to the society whose language they are learning. Literature is presented as a great source of authentic material that can contribute to students' language enrichment and cultural awareness. According to the data obtained from the research conducted for the purpose of this paper, students learning the Norwegian language by extensive use of literature reported better understanding of the target culture, raised awareness of the different cultural patterns and improved language skills. The pedagogical implications of the research are that more authentic literary texts should be used in language classroom to boost successful language acquisition.

scholarly journals CULTURAL FILTERING IN LANGUAGE TRANSLATION

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-26
Author(s):  
Atikah Wati
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Differences ◽  
Language Translation ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Linguistic Expression ◽  
Source Text ◽  
Translation Strategies ◽  
Language And Culture ◽  
Cultural Event ◽  
Initial Stage ◽  
Target Culture

The aim of this paper is to find out the important of cultural filtering that used by translator in language translation. As we know that language and culture being inextricably interwoven, the transference of the linguistic expression is precisely an attempt to integrate elements of one culture into another. Translation, thus, becomes a cross cultural event and the translator has to formulate his translation strategies to translate source culture into target culture. To deal with these cultural problems, translator is supposed to insert cultural filter in the initial stage of understanding and analyzing codification of the source text in the first stance. Here the cultural filter helps translator in obtain various elements of source culture which cannot go as they are in the target culture because of cultural differences.

scholarly journals Non-Equivalence at the Grammatical Categories in the Kĩkamba Bible Translation

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 216-226
Author(s):  
Eunice Nthenya Musyoka ◽  
Kenneth Odhiambo
Keyword(s):  
Text Message ◽  
Relevance Theory ◽  
Study Data ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Careful Study ◽  
Source Text ◽  
Grammatical Category ◽  
Language Resources ◽  
Bible Translation ◽  
Grammatical Categories

This paper explores the challenges of non-equivalence at the grammatical categories in the Kĩkamba Bible translation. Translation involves rendering a source text message into the target text by using the register, background knowledge, and other language resources to meet the intended purpose. The process is hampered by non-equivalence, which occurs when a lexical item or an expression in the source language lacks an equivalent item to translate it into the target language. A descriptive research design was used to obtain information from a sampled population. The Bible is divided into two sections; the Old and the New Testament. It is further categorized into seven groups. Purposive sampling was used to select one book from each category and one chapter from each book to form the sample for the study. Data was collected through careful study of the English Revised Standard Version Bible to identify non-equivalences at the grammatical category level and the Kĩkamba Bible to analyse how it is handled, guided by Equivalence theory proposed by Nida and the Relevance theory (Sperber and Wilson). The study established four categories of non-equivalences at the grammatical category level; gender, number, person and case. According to the research non-equivalence at the grammatical level such as the third person singular and plural, the second person and pronouns in both subjective and objective case pose a challenge when the target language lacks a distinctive expression that is present in the source text, but appropriate strategies such as unit change, explicitation and specification meet the goal of translation. The study recommends that the translator needs to interpret what the categories represent in the context as a whole before translating the separate verses.  It is hoped that the research will be a contribution to applied linguistics in the area of translation, specifically on non-equivalence.

scholarly journals Translation Strategy of Proper Name

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-164
Author(s):  
M. Agus Suriadi ◽  
Ni’ mah Nurul Ihsani
Keyword(s):  
Proper Names ◽  
Harry Potter ◽  
Target Language ◽  
Translation Strategy ◽  
Foreign Culture ◽  
Proper Name ◽  
Copy Strategy ◽  
Target Culture

Massive discussion has been done related to the translation strategy, including the proper name. This study discussed the types of a proper name and the translation strategy of a proper name in an English-Indonesian Novel Harry Potter and The Chamber of Secret. The data will be presented qualitatively by using Peter Newmark and Lincoln Fernandes theories. Six data are frequently typed into addressing name, four are typed as a geographical place, and one as an object name. Moreover, the most strategies used to engage the equivalence effect are copy strategy with seven data, rendition strategy with three data, and re-creation strategy with one datum. Therefore, the copy strategy can be a solution to deliver proper names into TL because it preserves the proper name and introduces the foreign name of foreign culture to the target language and target culture. Moreover, if a proper name has its equivalence meaning in TL, it might be translated by rendition strategy.

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