Breast Cancer: Conventional Diagnosis and Treatment Modalities and Recent Patents and Technologies

Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer among women worldwide. However, increased survival is due to the dramatic advances in the screening methods, early diagnosis, and breakthroughs in treatments. Over the course of the last decade, many acquisitions have taken place in this critical field of research in the pharmaceutical industry. Advances in molecular biology and pharmacology aided in better understanding of breast cancer, enabling the design of smarter therapeutics able to target cancer and respond to its microenvironment efficiently. Patents and research papers investigating diagnosis and treatment strategies for breast cancer using novel technologies have been surveyed for the past 15 years. Various nanocarriers have been introduced to improve the therapeutic efficacy of anticancer drugs, including liposomes, polymeric micelles, quantum dots, nanoparticles, and dendrimers. This review provides an overview of breast cancer, conventional therapy, novel technologies in the management of breast cancer, and rational approaches for targeting breast cancer. Highlights Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women worldwide. However, survival rates vary widely, optimistically heading toward a positive trend. Increased survival is due to the drastic shift in the screening methods, early diagnosis, and breakthroughs in treatments. Different strategies of breast cancer classification and staging have evolved over the years. Intrinsic (molecular) subtyping is essential in clinical trials and well understanding of the disease. Many novel technologies are being developed to detect distant metastases and recurrent disease as well as to assess response to breast cancer management. Intensive research efforts are actively ongoing to take novel breast cancer therapeutics to potential clinical application. Most of the recent research papers and patents discuss one of the following strategies: the development of new drug entities that specifically target the breast tumor cells; tailor designing a novel carrier system that can multitask and multifunction as a drug carrier, targeting vehicle and even as a diagnostic tool, direct conjugation of a therapeutic drug moiety with a targeting moiety, diagnostic moiety or pharmacokinetics altering moiety; or the use of innovative nontraditional approaches such as genetic engineering, stem cells, or vaccinations.

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Orthodontic management of impacted mandibular second molars: A case series

Orthodontic Update ◽

10.12968/ortu.2021.14.2.98 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 14 (2) ◽

pp. 98-104

Author(s):

Andrea Cunningham ◽

Dipali Patel ◽

Zahra Sheriteh

Keyword(s):

Early Diagnosis ◽

Clinical Relevance ◽

Case Series ◽

Diagnosis And Treatment ◽

Treatment Modalities ◽

Individual Basis ◽

Diagnosis And Management

This case series describes a number of different treatment modalities used in the management of impacted mandibular second molars (MM2s). A variety of cases is used to illustrate a number of ways in which these teeth can be managed, and to demonstrate that each case should be managed on an individual basis, taking into account the overall malocclusion. The importance of early diagnosis and management is highlighted throughout. CPD/Clinical Relevance: This case series highlights the difficulties and challenges in managing patients who present with impacted lower second molars (MM2s), and the importance of early diagnosis and treatment.

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Developing a strategy for delivering educational information to patients with cancer.

Journal of Clinical Oncology ◽

10.1200/jco.2019.37.27_suppl.190 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 37 (27_suppl) ◽

pp. 190-190

Author(s):

Emily Elizabeth Monteleone ◽

Meredith Rachek ◽

Alison Ibsen ◽

Cheryl M. Carrino ◽

Edwin Wortham ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Focus Groups ◽

Cancer Patients ◽

Academic Medical Centers ◽

Diagnosis And Treatment ◽

Treatment Modalities ◽

Panel Survey ◽

Medical Centers ◽

Academic Medical ◽

Educational Information

190 Background: Patients’ preferences and ability to receive information regarding their cancer diagnosis and treatment vary greatly. Large academic medical centers are skilled at diagnosing and treating cancer. The perceived patient experience can be influenced by the delivery of information provided to them by clinical teams, support staff, and online resources. This project identified nuances in how cancer patients absorb and reference information regarding their diagnosis and treatment; specifically, treatment modalities, side effects, and resources available. The objective was to develop a strategy to improve and standardize the delivery and availability of educational information in our large academic medical center. Methods: Development of a team that has influence and understanding in various communication functions throughout the enterprise. Primary focus was on cancer patients. Research was conducted in three phases. Phase one was a patient panel survey electronically administered. Phase two involved observations and interviews of current breast cancer patients. Phase three incorporated the feedback received and design concepts generated from research during phases one and two, and involved six cancer patient focus groups. Results: Panel survey results contained feedback from 777 participants previously diagnosed with or caring for someone with cancer. Observations and interviews encompassed over 40 hours of information gathering from all stages of the breast cancer treatment process, including survivorship. Focus groups involved 7-9 patients (50 total) each of varying ages and diagnoses, with 4 of the 6 groups treated at our cancer center. Conclusions: In getting to know patients, large academic medical centers can tailor their educational information to ensure everyone receives what is needed and wanted in the time and manner best suited for them. Core components of the strategy being developed are 1) formulating ways to personalize the delivery of information, 2) methods to allow patients’ caregivers to participate in educational discussions remotely, 3) enabling on demand access to content previously discussed in person, 4) setting expectations for the intent of appointments ahead of time.

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Screening and Early Diagnosis of Breast Cancer: Assessment of Knowledge and Practical Abilities of Final Year Nursing and Midwifery Students in Health Schools of Ouagadougou

Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Care ◽

10.31557/apjcc.2017.2.3.47 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 2 (3) ◽

pp. 47

Author(s):

Nayi Zongo ◽

Sanon/Lompo Marthe Sandrine ◽

Bambara H. Aboubacar ◽

Soma Chantal ◽

Bambara Augustin Tozoula ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Early Diagnosis ◽

Clinical Signs ◽

Study Data ◽

P Value ◽

Screening Methods ◽

Breast Cancers ◽

Chi Square ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Difference

The Objective was to assess the knowledge and practical abilities of final year nursing and midwifery students in health schools of Ouagadougou relating to screening and early diagnosis of breast cancer. This is a cross-sectional, prospective and descriptive observational study conducted from 1st November 2014 to 31st January 2015. A sample of 403 students was used for this study. Data were collected using an individual questionaire and were typed on Epi data and then analyzed on SPSS software. Chi-square tests were used to compare the different proportions. The difference is considered to be significant if p value < 0.05. Three hundred and ninety nine students filled the questionnaire, i.e. a rate of non-respondents of 1%. All students were aware of the existence of breast cancer. The media (47.8%) was the main source of information. The level of knowledge of students was satisfactory with frequencies of 83.9% for risk factors; 91.6% for clinical signs; 83.4 % for screening methods and 88.1% for therapeutic terms of breast cancers. However, focus should be put on the teaching of cancerology and the supervision of students during internship, must be reinforced. These results attest that the level of students in the knowledge and practical abilities concerning screening and early diagnosis of breast cancer is satisfactory.

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Advanced metastatic breast carcinoma in sickle cell disease

Zinc supplementation improves heme biosynthesis in rats exposed to lead ◽

10.18051/univmed.2019.v38.139-143 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 38 (2) ◽

pp. 139

Author(s):

Marcellinus Uchechukwu Nwagu ◽

Ologo Thompson ◽

Akinola Oyekemi

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Family History ◽

Sickle Cell Disease ◽

Early Diagnosis ◽

Sickle Cell ◽

Positive Family History ◽

Metastatic Breast ◽

Diagnosis And Treatment ◽

Cell Disease ◽

History Of

Background Breast cancer is the leading cancer in women leading to over 400,000 deaths per year worldwide. It begins in the breast tissue and can metastasize to other organs if early diagnosis and treatment is not instituted. Women with sickle cell disease are usually spared from breast cancer and other solid tumours due to the tumoricidal effect of sickled erythrocytes. Breast cancers are rare among these group of patients. Despite its rare occurrence, this paper was to emphasize the need for breast cancer screening among female sickle cell disease patients who have positive family history of breast cancer. Case description OO was a 30-year old woman with sickle cell disease who presented to the hospital one and half years ago with a seven months history of right breast swelling and pains. She had lost her mother to breast cancer about 15 years ago. Mammography and histology of breast biopsy confirmed diagnosis of invasive ductal carcinoma of the right breast. Financial constraint was a major challenge in managing this patient as she was unable to buy her chemotherapy. She developed features suggestive of metastasis such as seizures and hepatomegaly. She was stabilized and discharged home but we lost her to follow up. She died at home. Conclusion Breast cancer is rare among females with sickle cell disease; any of them with a family history should be routinely screened for early diagnosis and treatment.

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Gestational breast cancer: current challenges in staging and treatment of breast cancer

BMJ Case Reports ◽

10.1136/bcr-2020-235308 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 13 (11) ◽

pp. e235308

Author(s):

Aimee Schad ◽

Jessica Slostad ◽

Ruta Rao

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Ductal Carcinoma ◽

Growth Factor Receptor ◽

Disease Recurrence ◽

Treatment Modalities ◽

Cancer Management ◽

Fetal Toxicity ◽

Cancer In Pregnancy ◽

Epidermal Growth ◽

Current Guidelines

Gestational breast cancer (GBC) is the most common form of invasive cancer in pregnancy and has unique challenges in both staging and treatment given the dual goal of appropriate cancer management and minimising the risk of fetal toxicity. A 38-year-old woman with no significant medical history and 21 weeks pregnant presented with a palpable right breast mass. She was diagnosed with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive infiltrating ductal carcinoma with advanced disease. The patient underwent treatment; however, unfortunately, she passed away after developing devastating distant disease recurrence.We highlight both the challenges and current guidelines for management of GBC. Our goal is to discuss the current limitations of GBC management and the necessity of further investigation for safe novel imaging and treatment modalities for pregnant women. It is crucial to increase awareness across multiple subspecialities, as a multidisciplinary team is necessary for proper treatment of GBC.

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Community engaged breast cancer screening program in Kannur District, Kerala, India: A ray of hope for early diagnosis and treatment

Indian Journal of Cancer ◽

10.4103/ijc.ijc_397_18 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 56 (3) ◽

pp. 222 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

NeethuAmbali Parambil ◽

Sairu Philip ◽

JayaPrasad Tripathy ◽

PhinseM Philip ◽

Karthickeyan Duraisamy ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Cancer Screening ◽

Early Diagnosis ◽

Breast Cancer Screening ◽

Screening Program ◽

Diagnosis And Treatment ◽

Breast Cancer Screening Program ◽

Cancer Screening Program

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Multi-functionalization, a promising adaptation to overcome challenges to clinical translation of nanomedicines as nano-diagnostics and nano-therapeutics for breast cancer

Current Pharmaceutical Design ◽

10.2174/1381612827666210830092539 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 27 ◽

Author(s):

Lama Abdulrahim Abdul Moti ◽

Zahid Hussain ◽

Hnin Ei Thu ◽

Shahzeb Khan ◽

Mohammad Sohail ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Early Diagnosis ◽

Efflux Pump ◽

Pharmacokinetic Profile ◽

Reticuloendothelial System ◽

Clinical Translation ◽

High Rate ◽

Diagnosis And Treatment ◽

Efficient Treatment ◽

Specific Accumulation

Background: Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most aggressive and prevalent types of cancer which is associated with high rate of mortality and colossal potential of metastasis to other body organs. Conventionally, there are three commonly employed strategies for treatment of BC including, surgery, radiations and chemotherapy; however, these modalities are associated with several deleterious effects and high rate of relapse. Objective: This review was aimed to critically discuss and conceptualize existing evidences related to pharmaceutical significance and therapeutic feasibility of multi-functionalization of nanomedicines for early diagnosis and efficient treatment of BC. Results: Though the implication of nanotechnology-based modalities has revolutionised the outcomes of diagnosis and treatment of BC; however, the clinical translation of these nanomedicines is facing grandeur challenges. These challenges include, recognition by reticuloendothelial system (RES), short plasma half-life, non-specific accumulation in the non-cancerous cells, and expulsion of drug(s) by the efflux pump. To circumvent these challenges, various adaptations such as PEGylation, conjugation of targeting ligand(s), and site-responsive behaviour (i.e., pH-responsiveness, biochemical, or thermal-responsiveness) have been adapted. Similarly, multi-functionalization of nanomedicines has been emerged as an exceptional strategy to improve pharmacokinetic profile, specific targetability to tumor microenvironment (active targeting) and efficient internalization, and to alleviate the expulsion of internalized drug contents by silencing-off efflux pump. Conclusion: Critical analysis of the available evidences revealed that multi-functionalization of nanomedicines is a plausible and sustainable adaptation for early diagnosis and treatment of BC with better therapeutic outcomes.

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A CASE OF NEONATAL SPINAL MUSCULAR ATROPHY WITH SEPSIS LIKE PRESENTATION

MNJ (Malang Neurology Journal) ◽

10.21776/ub.mnj.2021.007.02.11 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 136-139

Author(s):

Oznur Yilmaz Gondal ◽

Ebru Yalin Imamoglu ◽

Elif Yuksel Karatoprak

Keyword(s):

Early Diagnosis ◽

Spinal Muscular Atrophy ◽

Neonatal Intensive Care ◽

Muscular Atrophy ◽

Severe Form ◽

Diagnosis And Treatment ◽

Treatment Modalities ◽

Type I ◽

Reactive Protein ◽

New Treatment

Introduction: Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) is a progressive neuromuscular disease causing degeneration of nerves at anterior horn of spinal cord. The most common and severe form is SMA type 1 which starts before 6 months of age. Patients do not survive more than 2 years and usually die of respiratory failure. Although there was no specific cure for the disease until the last 3 years, new treatment modalities, with the improving gene-technology have given good results in progression of the disease and early diagnosis and treatment gained importance. Case: A male 28-days-old baby visited our clinic for routine physical examination and was found to be slightly hypotonic. He had decreased strength in sucking and crying and had slowing in motion in the last 4-5 days. C-reactive protein level was slightly elevated. Since he had a sepsis-like presentation, he was referred to neonatal intensive care unit (ICU). He was given antibiotics and monitored. However, in follow-up he became more hypotonic and deep tendon reflexes were lost. He was diagnosed as SMA type I and was referred for nusinersen (antisense-oligonucleotide) treatment. After treatment, he showed a good progress in motor functions and still does not need any respiratory support. Conclusions: We presented this case to draw attention to SMA in differential diagnosis of hypotonic newborns with sepsis-like presentation and emphasize the importance of early diagnosis and treatment.

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Extremity chronic osteomyelitis in a population of North East India: epidemiology, clinical characteristics and management

International Journal of Research in Orthopaedics ◽

10.18203/issn.2455-4510.intjresorthop20202680 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 754

Author(s):

Tashi G. Khonglah ◽

Bhaskar Borgohain ◽

Wanlamkupar Khongwir ◽

Kashif A. Ahmed

Keyword(s):

Early Diagnosis ◽

Chronic Osteomyelitis ◽

Tertiary Care ◽

Diagnosis And Treatment ◽

Treatment Modalities ◽

Anatomical Site ◽

Care Hospital ◽

North East India ◽

North East ◽

Hematogenous Osteomyelitis

Background: The purpose of this study was to review the epidemiology, clinical features and the management of extremity chronic osteomyelitis in a population of North East India and to provide evidenced based guidelines for early diagnosis and treatment.Methods: We retrospectively reviewed patients who were diagnosed and treated for extremity chronic osteomyelitis at a tertiary care hospital at Shillong in North East India. Medical records for all patients were analysed and details on gender, age at incidence, anatomical site, infecting organisms, levels of inflammatory markers, and the various treatment modalities were evaluated.Results: A total of 131 patients (96 males and 35 females) were included in this study. The median age at first diagnosis was 17 years for all. Infections caused by hematogenous osteomyelitis was found to be slightly more than those of traumatic origin. All patients had single site infections with a majority of lesions affecting the lower extremities. The tibia was the most common site in traumatic osteomyelitis while the femur was mostly involved in hematogenous osteomyelitis. The positive rate for all cultures was at 57.25% with the most commonly encountered organism being Staphylococcus aureus. Treatment methods used in our study included radical debridement with the use of local and systemic antibiotics and reconstruction of bony or soft tissue defects. The overall infection control rate was 96.18%.Conclusions: The findings from this study can provide information for early diagnosis and treatment of this form of bone infection particularly in this part of the country.

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The Impact of a Breast Cancer Diagnosis on Women´s Work Status

Journal of Global Oncology ◽

10.1200/jgo.18.74500 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 4 (Supplement 2) ◽

pp. 120s-120s

Author(s):

M. Fisher ◽

L. Barry ◽

M. Pitcher ◽

L. Storer

Keyword(s):

Breast Cancer ◽

Cancer Diagnosis ◽

Health Care Professionals ◽

Employment Status ◽

Financial Stress ◽

Diagnosis And Treatment ◽

Treatment Modalities ◽

Work Status ◽

Paid Employment ◽

The Impact

Background: Many women diagnosed with breast cancer are of working age at the time of diagnosis, so the impact of a diagnosis and treatment regimen on their lives can cause financial stress-partly by impacting on their ability to continue in paid employment. The financial fallout from not working, changes in employment status and the hidden costs associated with cancer treatment can add to financial toxicity. Aim: Our aim was to identify changes in work status after a diagnosis of breast cancer. Our secondary aim was to determine if there was a correlation between different treatment modalities and work status at 12 month follow-up. Finally, we wanted to consider the role of treatment and change in work status on the financial stress experienced by patients after their diagnosis and treatment. Methods: An audit of the medical record of women who present to Western Health with a diagnosis of early breast cancer and consequently attended the nurse led breast cancer survivorship clinic (SC) between October 2015 and October 2016 was performed to identify employment status at diagnosis and at review in SC 12 months later. Results: 114 patients attended the SC in a 1 year period- 2 were males and both retired at diagnosis. The records of 111 women were reviewed. 46 of the 84 women < 65 years, were in paid employment at diagnosis. 38 of these 46 women were working in some capacity at 12 month review though only 28 were working the same, having decreased hours since diagnosis. 17 of the 111 (15%) women reported financial stress at the 12 month review. 9 of the 19 (42%) women with changed work status reported financial stress. 2 of the 28 (7%) women working the same hours reported financial stress. 14 of the 19 (74%) women who had changed work status had chemotherapy. 65% of those who reported financial stress (11/17) had chemotherapy as part of their treatment. 10/19 (53%) had changed or stop working since axillary dissection. Conclusion: Our data suggest that 83% of women returned to work in some capacity- most at the same level, and these women were unlikely to report financial stress. Women who returned to work at reduced hours, increased hours, or did not return to work at all were more likely to report significant financial concerns at one year postdiagnosis. Health care professionals as part of ongoing care should be aware of the financial impact a cancer diagnosis and its treatments, and should aim to refer appropriately.

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