Measuring individual free-choice protein supplement consumption by wintering beef cattle

2003 ◽  
Vol 83 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. C. Garossino ◽  
B. J. Ralston ◽  
T. A. McAllister ◽  
M. E. Olson
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Free Choice ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Chemotherapeutic Agents ◽  
Intake Rate ◽  
Digit Number ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Supplement Intake

Free-choice supplements provide protein, trace minerals, vitamins, salt and chemotherapeutic agents to cattle. For optimal benefit, a supplement should be consumed on a regular basis and at levels that do not vary significantly on a day-to-day basis. Many factors affect variability in supplement intake such as palatability of the supplement, competition between animals and the ease with which the supplement may be consumed. The aim of this study was to evaluate the differences between a solid molasses-block supplement and a liquid-molasses supplement with respect to intake and the associated behaviors (attendance, duration, and intake rate). Using a cross-over design, 34 pregnant cows weighing 720 ± 11kg were randomly allocated to two separate groups (n = 17 for each group) and evaluated for two 3-wk periods (24 February to 16 March 1999 and 25 March to 14 April 1999), using both forms of the supplement. The individual intake was recorded by way of an electronic feeding system, which made use of an electromagnetic field around the feeder in conjunction with electronic identification (EID) tags, which registered each animal’s unique eight-digit number. Cows fed the liquid supplement visited the feeder more often (P < 0.05) when compared to those fed the block supplement. The mean dry matter intake did not differ between the supplements (349 g head-1 for the block and 330 g head-1 for the liquid), but there were significantly larger deviations in intake for the block supplement than the liquid (P < 0.05) indicating more uniformity in daily intake with the liquid supplement. In almost all cases the liquid supplement was consumed at a faster rate (P < 0.05) and significantly less time (P < 0.05) was spent at the feeder. Free-choice administration of additives in liquid supplements, as compared to blocks, may result in a more frequent and less variable intake. Key words: Protein, intake, supplement, cattle, behavior

scholarly journals Influence of Residual Feed Intake and Cow Age on Dry Matter Intake Post-Weaning and Peak Lactation of Black Angus Cows

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 1822
Author(s):  
Cory T. Parsons ◽  
Julia M. Dafoe ◽  
Samuel A. Wyffels ◽  
Timothy DelCurto ◽  
Darrin L. Boss
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Free Choice ◽  
Residual Feed Intake ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
Age Effect ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Intake Rate ◽  
Two Stages

We evaluated heifer post-weaning residual feed intake (RFI) classification and cow age on dry matter intake (DMI) at two stages of production. Fifty-nine non-lactating, pregnant, (Study 1) and fifty-four lactating, non-pregnant (Study 2) commercial black Angus beef cows were grouped by age and RFI. Free-choice, hay pellets were fed in a GrowSafe feeding system. In Study 1, cow DMI (kg/d) and intake rate (g/min) displayed a cow age effect (p < 0.01) with an increase in DMI and intake rate with increasing cow age. In Study 2, cow DMI (kg/d) and intake rate (g/min) displayed a cow age effect (p < 0.02) with an increase in DMI and intake rate with increasing cow age. Milk production displayed a cow age × RFI interaction (p < 0.01) where both 5–6-year-old and 8–9-year-old low RFI cows produced more milk than high RFI cows. For both studies, intake and intake behavior were not influenced by RFI (p ≥ 0.16) or cow age × RFI interaction (p ≥ 0.21). In summary, heifer’s post-weaning RFI had minimal effects on beef cattle DMI or intake behavior, however, some differences were observed in milk production.

Effect of type of supplement offered out of parlour on grazing behaviour and performance by lactating dairy cows grazing continuously stocked grass swards

2002 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 153-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Gibb ◽  
C. A. Huckle ◽  
R. Nuthall
Keyword(s):  
Temporal Pattern ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Eating Behaviour ◽  
Protein Supplement ◽  
Intake Rate ◽  
Jaw Movements ◽  
Eating Time ◽  
Herbage Intake ◽  
Supplement Intake ◽  
Grazing Behaviour

AbstractTwo 4-week experiments were conducted to examine the effect of type of supplement, offered through automatic feeders at pasture, on supplement intake and grazing behaviour by multiparous spring-calving Holstein-Friesian cows grazing continuously stocked grass pastures. Four supplement formulations were used: a dairy concentrate containing 180 g crude protein per kg fresh weight (treatment DC), a high digestible undegraded protein supplement (treatment HP), a high starch, low protein supplement (treatment HS) and a high fibre supplement (treatment HF). In experiment 1, groups of eight cows were provided with access to one of diets DC, HP or HS, with a maximum of 4 kg being available during each of two periods, between 16:00 and 03:30 h and between 03:30 and 14:30 h. During experiment 2, groups of eight cows were provided access to diet DC, HP, HS or HF, up to a maximum of 8 kg between 16:00 and 14:30 h the following day. Detailed measurements of grazing, ruminating and supplement eating behaviour were made using jaw movement recorders and the transponder-controlled out-of-parlour feeder software. Treatment had no effect on intake rate per min or daily intake of supplement in either experiment, but did affect the temporal pattern of concentrate meals. Treatment did not affect grazing bite mass, bite rate or intake rate in either experiment. During experiment 1, compared with treatment DC, treatment HS reduced total eating time, total grazing jaw movements and daily herbage intake and increased ruminative mastications per bolus and ruminative mastications per kg grass OM intake. In experiment 2, compared with treatment DC, only treatment HS reduced total eating time, total grazing jaw movements and daily herbage intake. Treatments HS and HF both increased ruminative mastications per bolus. The results indicate that when supplements are available at pasture there is a conflict between the time required to consume supplements and herbage and that supplement type can affect both the temporal pattern of supplement intake and subsequent grazing activity.

Estimation of roughage intake in sheep using a known daily intake of a labelled supplement

2005 ◽  
Vol 81 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-56 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Elwert ◽  
H. Dove
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Cottonseed Meal ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Diet Composition ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Trifolium Subterraneum ◽  
Feeding Trial ◽  
Supplement Intake ◽  
Matter Basis

AbstractA feeding trial with growing sheep was conducted on mixed roughage-supplement diets, to test whether roughage intake could be estimated from a known intake of a supplement and an alkane-based estimate of the supplement and roughage proportions in the diet (diet composition) without the need for separate dosing with external marker alkanes. Diets consisted of chaffed Trifolium subterraneum hay (SC), or a mix of SC and beeswax-labelled cottonseed meal (CSM) in the proportions of 7: 1, 6: 2, 5: 3 and 4: 4 (air-dry matter basis). Six sheep were given the pure SC diet and three sheep were given each of the mixed diets. Additionally, the CSM was also labelled with octatriacontane (C38) to investigate its use for labelling supplements. Due to unexpectedly low recoveries, C38 was not included in any estimation of diet composition or digestibility.The inclusion of beeswax-labelled CSM in a SC diet resulted in lower faecal alkane recoveries (as proportions of alkane ingested; P ≤ 0·05). Within mixed diets, recoveries decreased significantly with increasing proportion of CSM, but this effect was significant (P < 0·05) only for alkanes consisting of 25, 26, 27 and 29 carbon-atoms. Estimates of diet composition were close to measured values. Daily SC intake and organic matter digestibility (OMD) differed by −3·7 to 7·2% and −2·0 to 5·7% from measured values if a mean faecal recovery, across diets, was applied for each alkane. Accuracy increased greatly if estimates were based upon faecal alkane recoveries for individual diets, instead of mean recoveries across diets (−0·3 to 0·9% and −0·2 to 0·0% for SC intake and OMD, respectively).The results indicate that roughage intake can be estimated from a combination of known supplement intake and an estimate of diet composition, which obviates the need for separate alkane dosing to estimate intake. The method should be applicable in situations in which animals either normally receive supplements (e.g., dairy cows) or could readily be given supplements.

High Intake of Magnesium in Relation to the Ruminal Transmural Potential Difference and Magnesium Absorption in Wethers

2004 ◽  
Vol 74 (3) ◽  
pp. 217-222
Author(s):  
Jittakhot ◽  
Schonewille ◽  
Haddad ◽  
Wouterse ◽  
Yuangklang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Potential Difference ◽  
High Intake ◽  
Individual Values ◽  
High Potassium ◽  
High K ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Low K

High potassium (K) intakes are known to decrease magnesium (Mg) absorption in ruminants by increasing the transmural potential difference (PDt, serosal side = positive). High Mg intakes are known to increase the amount of Mg absorbed, which may be explained by increasing the ruminal Mg concentration, but an effect on the PDt cannot be excluded. The objective of this study was to determine whether or not Mg intake affects the PDt. In a 3x3 Latin square design, six ruminally fistulated wethers were fed a low-Mg, low-K ration (3.88 g Mg/kg dry matter (DM); 30.7 g K/kg DM), a high-Mg, low K-ration (16.79 g Mg/kg DM; 30.7 g K/kg DM), and a low-Mg ration high-K (3.88 g Mg/kg DM or 62.1 g K/kg DM). When compared with the low-Mg, low-K ration, the high-Mg, low-K ration raised the absolute apparent Mg absorption (g/day) by 421% and the low-Mg, high-K ration decreased it by 20%. The intake of extra K produced a significant increase in the PDt. The intake of extra Mg did not change the PDt across the rumen wall but produced a significant increase of the ruminal Mg concentrations. On the basis of the individual values for three rations, the mean post feeding ruminal Mg concentrations were found to be unrelated to the PDt (Pearson's r = –0.329, p = 0.183, n = 18). Thus, it is concluded that the observed increase in Mg absorption after a high Mg intake can be explained by an increase in the ruminal Mg concentration rather than by a change in PDt.

Physiological Properties of the Lamina I Spinoparabrachial Neurons in the Rat

2000 ◽  
Vol 83 (4) ◽  
pp. 2239-2259 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hervé Bester ◽  
Victoria Chapman ◽  
Jean-Marie Besson ◽  
Jean-François Bernard
Keyword(s):  
Great Majority ◽  
Noxious Heat ◽  
Stimulus Response ◽  
Lamina I ◽  
C Fibers ◽  
Control Response ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Noxious Stimuli ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Almost All

Single-unit extracellular recordings of spino-parabrachial (spino-PB) neurons ( n = 53) antidromically driven from the contralateral parabrachial (PB) area were performed in the lumbar cord in anesthetized rats. All the spino-PB neurons were located in the lamina I of the dorsal horn. Their axons exhibited conduction velocities between 2.8 and 27.8 m/s, in the thin myelinated fibers range. They had an extremely low spontaneous activity (median = 0.064 Hz) and a small excitatory receptive field (≤2 toes or pads). They were all activated by both peripheral A (mainly Aδ) and C fibers after intense transcutaneous electrical stimulation. Their discharge always increased in response to noxious natural stimuli of increasing intensities. The great majority (75%) of spino-PB neurons were nociceptive specific, i.e., they were excited only by noxious stimuli. The remaining (25%) still were excited primarily by noxious stimuli but also responded moderately to innocuous stimuli. Almost all spino-PB neurons (92%, 49/53) were activated by both mechanical and heat noxious stimuli. Among them, 35% were in addition moderately activated by noxious cold (thresholds between +20 and −10°C). Only (8%, 4/53) responded exclusively to noxious heat. Spino-PB neurons clearly encoded the intensity of mechanical ( n = 39) and thermal ( n = 38) stimuli in the noxious range, and most of the individual stimulus-response functions were monotonic and positive up to 40/60 N · cm−2 and 50°C, respectively. For the mechanical modality, the mean threshold was 11.5 ± 1.25 N · cm−2 (mean ± SE), the response increased almost linearly with the logarithm of the pressure between 10 and 60 N · cm−2, the mean p 50(pressure evoking 50% of the maximum response) and the maximum responsiveness were: 30 ± 2.4 N · cm−2 and 40.5 ± 5 Hz, respectively. For the thermal modality, the mean threshold was 43.6 ± 0.5°C, the mean curve had a general sigmoid aspect, the steepest portion being in the 46–48°C interval, the mean t 50 and the maximum responsiveness were: 47.4 ± 0.3°C and 40 ± 4.4 Hz, respectively. Most of the spino-PB neurons tested (13/16) had their noxiously evoked responses clearly inhibited by heterotopic noxious stimuli. The mean response to noxious stimuli during heterotopic stimuli was 31.7 ± 6.1% of the control response. We conclude that the nociceptive properties of the lamina I spino-PB neurons are reflected largely by those of PB neurons that were suggested to be involved in autonomic and emotional/aversive aspects of pain.

scholarly journals Digestion of concentrates in sheep

1971 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 225-233 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Ørskov ◽  
C. Fraser ◽  
I. McDonald
Keyword(s):  
Small Intestine ◽  
Terminal Ileum ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Soya Bean ◽  
Bean Meal ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Soya Bean Meal

1. Four sheep were given four diets containing proportions of rolled barley and soya-bean meal varied to provide 10.3, 13.3, 16.1 and 19.9% crude protein in the dietary dry matter; the treatments were given according to a 4 x 4 Latin square design. The mean daily intake was 989 g dry matter. The apparent disappearance of protein, ash, ether extractives and carbohydrate before the abomasum, between the abomasum and terminal ileum and between the terminal ileum and rectum was measured.2. The amount of non-ammonia crude protein (Y1, g/d) disappearing from the small intestine increased with protein intake (X, g/d) according to the equation Y1 = 2.12X – 0.0057X2–83, reaching a maximum when there was about 19% crude protein in the dry matter of the diet.3. The treatments had no significant effects on the disappearance of starch, ether extractives or ash. About 93% of starch disappeared in the rumen and 6% in the small intestine. The total mean daily intake of ether extractives was 21 g; 9 g were added in the rumen, 24 g disappeared from the small intestine and 6 g were excreted in the faeces. The total mean daily intake of ash was 67 g; 26 g were added in the rumen, 37 g disappeared from the small intestine, 9 g from the large intestine and 47 g were excreted in the faeces.

Individual intake variation in ewes given feedblock or trough supplements indoors or at winter grazing

1983 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 7-19 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. T. Kendall ◽  
M. J. Ducker ◽  
R. G. Hemingway
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Energy Content ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Free Access ◽  
A Value ◽  
Winter Grazing ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Dietary Components ◽  
Supplement Intake

ABSTRACTIndividual dry matter intakes were measured using four groups of 16 ewes, indoors or at sparse winter grazing. In periods of varying duration (14 to 35 days) the ewe groups received 14 feedblock supplements competitively, eight trough supplements competitively or two feedblock supplements individually. In each period hay was available ad libitum. All supplements contained chromic oxide and individual supplement intakes were estimated by total faecal collection. Individual hay and total dry-matter intakes were estimated by faecal apportionment according to indigestibility of dietary components.Metabolizable energy content (0·81 × digestible energy) of the feedblocks ranged from 7·9 to 9·2 MJ/kg dry matter compared with a value of 13·0 MJ metabolizable energy/kg dry matter for concentrates. The variation in individual supplement intake was large, irrespective of type of supplement. However the mean coefficient of intake variation for 14 feedblock supplements (0·56) significantly (P < 0·05) exceeded that (0·39) for eight trough supplements at equivalent mean dry-matter intakes.Thus, ‘free-access’ feedblocks did not allow a more uniform supplementation than trough supplements. Supplement intake variation was higher outdoors and increased as total feedblock intake reduced.The variation in individual hay and total dry-matter intake was lower, and generally independent of that for the supplements. Mean coefficient of variation of 0·24 and 0·22 were obtained for hay and total dry matter, respectively, based on 22 collections with competitively fed sheep.Total daily metabolizable energy intakes of individual ewes outdoors ranged from 5 to 22 MJ per collection.

A comparison between ryegrass and cocksfoot hay for milk production

1962 ◽  
Vol 29 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-206 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. E. Castle ◽  
A. D. Drysdale ◽  
J. N. Watson
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
The Other ◽  
Fat Percentage ◽  
Ryegrass Hay ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Daily Milk

SummaryFour hays were compared in a 20-week winter feeding trial using eight Ayrshire cows. The hays consisted of either ryegrass (variety S 24) or cocksfoot (S 37), and each grass was cut either on 23–25 May (cut 1) or 3 weeks later on 13–15 June (cut 2). The ryegrass cut 1 hay (R1) had the highest content of digestible dry matter, the cocksfoot cut 2 hay (C2) had the lowest content. The ryegrass cut 2 hay (R2) and cocksfoot cut 1 hay (Cl) had intermediate values. On all the treatments the cows were offered 19 lb of hay daily plus concentrates at the rate of 3½ lb/10 lb of milk.The consumption of concentrate dry matter was almost identical on the four treatments and averaged 10·1 lb per cow per day but the intake of C2 was slightly, but significantly, below that of the other three hays. On average the hays contributed 62% of the total daily intake of dry matter. The total weight of starch equivalent (S.E.) eaten per day increased from 13·6 lb on the C2 treatment to 15·2 lb on the R1 treatment.The mean daily milk yields on the four hay treatments were: Rl, 32·1 lb; R2, 29·9 lb; C1, 30·5 lb and C2, 26·9 lb. On average the milk yields from cut 1 hays were significantly higher than the yields from cut 2 hays, and the yields from the ryegrass were significantly higher than the corresponding yields from the cocksfoot. The differences in milk composition between treatments were small. The fat percentage of the milk on C2 was higher than that with the other three hays, and with the higher yielding cows the solids-not-fat (S.N.F.) and crude protein percentages were significantly higher on R1 than on the other hays.It is concluded that the nutritional value of ryegrass hay is superior to that of cocksfoot hay for milk production.

scholarly journals 285 Supplement intake variation, weight, and body condition change in yearling heifers grazing late-summer dryland pastures with Rumax BoviBox versus Rumax BoviBox HM protein supplements

2020 ◽  
Vol 98 (Supplement_4) ◽  
pp. 209-210
Author(s):  
Tyrell McClain ◽  
Samuel Wyffels ◽  
Shay Larsen ◽  
Luka Müller ◽  
Noah G Davis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Condition ◽  
Free Choice ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Intake Rate ◽  
Protein Supplements ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
Protein Block ◽  
Supplement Intake

Abstract The objectives of this study were to evaluate Rumax BoviBox versus Rumax BoviBox HM protein supplements on supplement intake behavior, body weight (BW), and body condition score (BCS) change of yearling heifers grazing dryland pastures during late summer. Fifty-nine yearling commercial Angus heifers (428 kg) were stratified by BW and randomly assigned to one of two supplementation treatments: 1) free-choice access to Rumax BoviBox protein block supplement (30% CP, 23% salt; n = 29); and 2) free-choice access to Rumax BoviBox HM high magnesium protein block supplement (28.7% CP, 23% salt; n = 30). Individual supplement intake, time spent at the feeder, and intake variation were measured throughout the study. On d 0, 42, and 84 heifers were weighed and assigned a BCS following a 16-h shrink. Additionally, forage was sampled every 14 d throughout the study. Supplement intake (kg ∙ d-1) displayed a treatment × period interaction (P &lt; 0.01). However, within period, treatment differences were not observed with intakes averaging 0.15 and 0.34 kg ∙ day-1 for d 0 – 42 and 42 - 84, respectively. Heifers spent more time at the feeder in period 2 than in period 1 (P &lt; 0.01), averaging 7.67 vs 4.00 min per day, respectively. Supplement intake rate (g ∙ min-1) also displayed a treatment effect (P &lt; 0.01) indicating that heifers in the Rumax BoviBox treatment had lower intake rate compared to Rumax BoviBox HM supplemented heifers. In conclusion, there were only minor differences in intake behavior and animal performance with the Rumax BoviBox and Rumax BoviBox HM supplement treatments. However, supplement intake increased and variation in intake decreased with declining forage quality and quantity.

scholarly journals Levels and health risk assessment of organochlorine pesticide residues in vegetables from Yamaltu area in Gombe, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-30
Author(s):  
Mohammad Sulaiman ◽  
Aishatu Maigari ◽  
Janefrances Ihedioha ◽  
Rasheed Lawal ◽  
Abdullahi Gimba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Risks ◽  
High Performance ◽  
Health Effect ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Hazard Index ◽  
Acceptable Daily Intake ◽  
Estimated Daily Intake ◽  
Organochlorine Pesticide Residues ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Almost All

The study determined the levels of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) residues and assesses health risks linked with the consumption of vegetables cultivated in the Yamaltu area in Gombe, Nigeria. OCPs residues were solvent extracted and analyzed with a high performance liquid chromatography equipped with UV/VIS Detector. The mean concentrations of ten detected OCPs residues were almost all above the set limit of EU/WHOMRL. The estimated daily intake of OCPs from samples was below the acceptable daily intake, hazard index estimated were <1, indicated no probable non-carcinogenic health effect, while the carcinogenic health effect showed that children were more vulnerable for the consumption of the contaminated vegetables.

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