Feeding micronized and extruded flaxseed to dairy cows: Effects on digestion and ruminal biohydrogenation of long-chain fatty acids

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (4) ◽  
pp. 705-711 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Gonthier ◽  
A. F. Mustafa ◽  
R. Berthiaume ◽  
H. V. Petit ◽  
D. R. Ouellet
Keyword(s):  
Heat Treatment ◽  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Dairy Cow ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Ruminal Biohydrogenation ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Matter Basis

Four lactating Holstein cows fitted with ruminal and duodenal cannulae were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square study to determine the effects of feeding micronized and extruded flaxseed on ruminal biohydrogenation (BH) and digestibility of fatty acids (FA) in the gastrointestinal tract. Four diets were formulated: a control diet with no flaxseed (C); a raw flaxseed diet (RF); a micronized flaxseed diet (MF); and an extruded flaxseed diet (EF). Flaxseed diets contained 126 g kg-1 flaxseed (dry matter basis). Experimental periods (n = 4) consisted of 21 d of diet adaptation and 7 d of data collection. Flaxseed supplementation increased (P < 0.05) intake of individual long-chain FA, reduced (P < 0.05) ruminal BH of total unsaturated C18, and increased (P < 0.05) duodenal flow of individual long-chain FA except for C18:2. Feeding flaxseed increased (P < 0.05) post-ruminal digestibility of C18:1, C18:2, and C18:3 and total tract digestibility of C16:0, C18:2, C18:3, and of total long-chain FA. Heat treatment had no effect on ruminal BH, duodenal flow and digestibility of unsaturated FA. Ruminal BH of C18:3 was higher (P < 0.05), while the duodenal flow of C18:3 was lower (P < 0.05) for cows fed EF than for those fed MF. Intake and duodenal flow of C16:0 were higher (P < 0.05) for cows fed MF relative to those fed EF. It was concluded that inclusion of flaxseed in dairy cow diets increased duodenal flow of polyunsaturated FA. However, heat treatments were not effective in protecting unsaturated FA from ruminal BH. Key words: Flaxseed, ruminal biohydrogenation, fatty acid, heat treatment

scholarly journals Effect of incremental amounts of fish oil in the diet on ruminal lipid metabolism in growing steers

2010 ◽  
Vol 104 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. Shingfield ◽  
M. R. F. Lee ◽  
D. J. Humphries ◽  
N. D. Scollan ◽  
V. Toivonen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Lipid Metabolism ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Growing Cattle ◽  
Potential Benefits ◽  
Ruminal Biohydrogenation ◽  
Long Chain

Based on the potential benefits to human health, there is interest in developing sustainable nutritional strategies to enhance the concentration of long-chainn-3 fatty acids in ruminant-derived foods. Four Aberdeen Angus steers fitted with rumen and duodenal cannulae were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square experiment with 21 d experimental periods to examine the potential of fish oil (FO) in the diet to enhance the supply of 20 : 5n-3 and 22 : 6n-3 available for absorption in growing cattle. Treatments consisted of total mixed rations based on maize silage fed at a rate of 85 g DM/kg live weight0·75/d containing 0, 8, 16 and 24 g FO/kg diet DM. Supplements of FO reduced linearly (P < 0·01) DM intake and shifted (P < 0·01) rumen fermentation towards propionate at the expense of acetate and butyrate. FO in the diet enhanced linearly (P < 0·05) the flow oftrans-16 : 1,trans-18 : 1,trans-18 : 2, 20 : 5n-3 and 22 : 6n-3, and decreased linearly (P < 0·05) 18 : 0 and 18 : 3n-3 at the duodenum. Increases in the flow oftrans-18 : 1 were isomer dependent and were determined primarily by higher amounts oftrans-11 reaching the duodenum. In conclusion, FO alters ruminal lipid metabolism of growing cattle in a dose-dependent manner consistent with an inhibition of ruminal biohydrogenation, and enhances the amount of long-chainn-3 fatty acids at the duodenum, but the increases are marginal due to extensive biohydrogenation in the rumen.

scholarly journals 365 Effect of feeding a blend of short, medium, and long chain fatty acids and triglycerides to lactating sows on piglet growth, feed intake, and survivability to weaning

2019 ◽  
Vol 97 (Supplement_2) ◽  
pp. 152-153
Author(s):  
Larissa Becker ◽  
Nick Knute ◽  
Mahfuz Abdullah ◽  
Mohan Dasari ◽  
Chad W Hastad
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Weaning Weight ◽  
Piglet Growth ◽  
Oil Blend ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Abstract Dietary fat may impact energy intake and palatability of feed, and influence energy storage. The objective of this experiment was to test the hypothesis that including a blend of short, medium, and long chain fatty acids and triglycerides (R2 Feed Energy, Pleasant Hill, IA) in lactation diets will reduce pre-weaning mortality and increase litter weaning weight. On day 114 of gestation, dietary treatments were initiated: 1) Negative control diet and 3.2% of an all-vegetable oil blend, (Trt B); 2) Control diet with replacement of oil blend with 3.2% proprietary blend of short, medium, and long chain fatty acids and triglycerides (Trt R). Sows (n = 207; L02 Cross; PIC, Hendersonville, TN) were allotted to treatment based on body condition and parity. There were 88 parity 0 and 1 sows: 45 on TRT R and 43 on TRT B, and 119 parity 2 to 6 sows: 59 on TRT R and 60 on TRT B. Average sow parity was 2.85. Sows received 1.56 kg of their assigned diet twice per day prior to farrowing. After farrowing, sows were fed ad libitum with free access to water. Data on sow ADFI, litter weaning weight, and number of piglets weaned per sow were evaluated using PROC MIXED (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Compared with B, sows fed R consumed more feed (6.44 vs. 5.90 kg/d; P < 0.025). There was no difference in weaning weight (6.1 vs. 5.9kg; P > 0.10) or number weaned per litter (11.44 vs. 11.28; P > 0.10), for treatments R and B, respectively. There was no difference in sow body condition score after weaning (2.07 vs. 1.93; P = 0.18) for treatments R and B, respectively. The addition of R2 to sow lactation diets improved sow feed intake, but not piglet growth or number weaned.

Combination of long-chain alcohols and fatty acids with alkanes as faecal markers to estimate feed intake and digestibility in horses and cattle fed on grass-heathland vegetation communities

2016 ◽  
Vol 96 (2) ◽  
pp. 221-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos López López ◽  
Rafael Celaya ◽  
Ana Sofia Santos ◽  
Miguel A.M. Rodrigues ◽  
Koldo Osoro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Diet Composition ◽  
Calluna Vulgaris ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Heathland Vegetation ◽  
Internal Markers ◽  
Long Chain

Application of long-chain alcohols (LCOH) and long-chain fatty acids (LCFA) combined with alkanes as faecal markers to estimate dry matter intake (DMI) and dry matter digestibility (DMD) of equines and cattle was assessed. Six crossbred mares, randomly divided in two groups (H1 and H2), and three nonlactating cows (C) were housed in individual stalls. Groups H1 and C were fed on a diet of ryegrass (Lolium perenne, 0.7) and heather (Erica spp., Calluna vulgaris, 0.3), and H2 received ryegrass (0.4), heather (0.3) and gorse (Ulex gallii, 0.3). Digestibility was estimated using LCOH (C28-OH and C30-OH) and LCFA (C28-FA, C30-FA, and C32-FA) as internal markers. For DMI estimation, animals received daily a paper pellet containing C24, C32, and C36n-alkanes. Intake was estimated from the faecal ratio of naturally occurring LCOH, LCFA, and dosed n-alkanes, and was compared with the known DMI values. In horses, all markers provided accurate estimates of DMD. Similarly, LCOH provided accurate estimates of DMD in cattle, whereas LCFA underestimated it (P < 0.05). Intake estimates were affected (P < 0.05) by the marker pair used in calculations. In general, the C24:C24-FA pair provided the most accurate DMI estimates. Results suggest the usefulness of combining epicuticular compounds as faecal markers to estimate DMI, DMD and diet composition of horses and cattle grazing grass-heathland communities, simultaneously.

Effects of dietary calcium soaps of unsaturated fatty acids on digestion, milk composition and physical properties of butter

1997 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 181-195 ◽  
Author(s):  
FRANCIS ENJALBERT ◽  
MARIE CLAUDE NICOT ◽  
CORINE BAYOURTHE ◽  
MICHELE VERNAY ◽  
RAYMOND MONCOULON
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Unsaturated Fatty Acids ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Ruminal Fermentation ◽  
Maize Silage ◽  
Ruminal Biohydrogenation

Dairy cows fitted with ruminal, duodenal and ileal cannulas were utilized to investigate the effects of feeding with Ca soaps (CaS) of palm fatty acids (FA) and rapeseed FA. Diets compared were control diet based on maize silage and concentrate, and two diets with 40 g CaS of palm oil FA or rapeseed oil FA/kg diet, replacing part of the concentrates of the control diet. Total digestibilities of dry matter, fibre and fat, and ruminal fermentation were not significantly altered by giving CaS; the extent of ruminal biohydrogenation of total unsaturated C18 FA was significantly reduced by both CaS diets. Apparent intestinal digestibility of FA was not different among diets, although the amount of FA absorbed with the CaS diets was twice that with the control diet. No difference among diets was observed for milk production, or fat and protein contents. Giving CaS diets decreased the proportions of 4[ratio ]0 to 14[ratio ]0 FA in milk fat, and increased cis-18[ratio ]1n−9, compared with control diet. The rapeseed diet lowered the content of 16[ratio ]0, and increased the contents of 18[ratio ]0 and trans-18[ratio ]1n−7. CaS diets did not result in a marked increase of polyunsaturated FA content in milk fat. Butter from cows fed on the CaS diets contained more liquid fat at 6 and 14°C than butter from the cows fed on the control diet. Incorporating CaS, particularly those from rapeseed, in dairy cows' diets increased C18 FA in milk and improved butter spreadability.

scholarly journals A Review of the Metabolic Origins of Milk Fatty Acids

2013 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 270-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anamaria COZMA ◽  
Doina MIERE ◽  
Lorena FILIP ◽  
Sanda ANDREI ◽  
Roxana BANC ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Mammary Gland ◽  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
De Novo ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
De Novo Synthesis ◽  
Ruminal Biohydrogenation ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

Milk fat and its fatty acid profile are important determinants of the technological, sensorial, and nutritional properties of milk and dairy products. The two major processes contributing to the presence of fatty acids in ruminant milk are the mammary lipogenesis and the lipid metabolism in the rumen. Among fatty acids, 4:0 to 12:0, almost all 14:0 and about a half of 16:0 in milk fat derive from de novo synthesis within the mammary gland. De novo synthesis utilizes as precursors acetate and butyrate produced through carbohydrates ruminal fermentation and involves acetyl-CoA carboxylase and fatty acid synthetase as key enzymes. The rest of 16:0 and all of the long-chain fatty acids derive from mammary uptake of circulating lipoproteins and nonesterified fatty acids that originate from digestive absorption of lipids and body fat mobilization. Further, long-chain fatty acids as well as medium-chain fatty acids entering the mammary gland can be desaturated via Δ-9 desaturase, an enzyme that acts by adding a cis-9-double bond on the fatty acid chain. Moreover, ruminal biohydrogenation of dietary unsaturated fatty acids results in the formation of numerous fatty acids available for incorporation into milk fat. Ruminal biohydrogenation is performed by rumen microbial population as a means of protection against the toxic effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Within the rumen microorganisms, bacteria are principally responsible for ruminal biohydrogenation when compared to protozoa and anaerobic fungi.

The digestion, by sheep, of diets containing different physical forms of rapeseed

1987 ◽  
Vol 109 (3) ◽  
pp. 459-465 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. M. Pallister ◽  
R. R. Smithard
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Small Intestine ◽  
Rapeseed Oil ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Rapeseed Meal ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Dispersed Oil ◽  
Extruded Product

SummaryThe effect of including full-fat rapeseed (Brassica napus, cv. Jet Neuf) into diets for mature wether sheep was studied. A 4 × 4 latin square was carried out with diets containing 4% rapeseed oil in different physical forms: as intact seeds; as a mixture of rapeseed oil and rapeseed meal; or as an extruded rapeseed product. A control diet, containing rapeseed meal but no added oil, was also fed.There was no effect of added oil on rumen fermentation or dietary fibre digestibility. Extrusion had the effect of lowering nutrient availability, both in the rumen and in the small intestine. Total nitrogen digestibility for the diet containing the extruded product was 5% lower than any other diet.All diets produced apparent net gains between mouth and duodenum of ether extract; however, the diet containing dispersed oil and meal was the only one that did not show apparent synthesis of long-chain fatty acids in the forestomach. Apparent disappearances of fatty acids in the small intestine were highest, at 56 and 58 g/day respectively, for the diets containing the extruded product and the intact whole seeds. Extrusion had the effect of reducing apparent biohydrogenation of 18:1 in the forestomach.The use of extruded rapeseed in this experiment showed little benefit over that of intact rapeseed, for sheep, owing to the lower digestion of nutrients for the heated supplement. The free-dispersal of rapeseed oil in the diet, however, may inhibit microbial synthesis in the rumen.

Some effects of chloral hydrate on rumen fermentation and digestion in sheep

1982 ◽  
Vol 99 (1) ◽  
pp. 215-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Mathers ◽  
E. L. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Volatile Fatty Acids ◽  
Chloral Hydrate ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Ether Extract ◽  
Rumen Metabolism ◽  
Long Chain

SUMMARYTwo experiments were carried out with adult sheep to investigate the effects of chloral hydrate (CH) on rumen metabolism and on the sites and extent of digestion.Experiment 1 confirmed that CH is a very potent methane inhibitor; doses of 1 or 4 g/day reduced methane production to 4% of that observed in the absence of the drug. In both experiments, CH administration altered the proportions of volatile fatty acids in rumen fluid. The main changes were an increase in propionic acid and a decrease in acetic acid with smaller increases in the proportion of isovaleric, valeric and caproic acids. Stoichiometric calculations indicated that only 21% of the hydrogen saved by prevention of methanogenesis was diverted to the synthesis of additional propionic and butyric acids and the fate of the remaining hydrogen was not determined unequivocally.CH had little effect on the extent of biohydrogenation in the rumen of the long-chain fatty acids in dried grass.The apparent digestibility of ether extract was reduced (P< 0·05) by CH but those of other proximate constituents and energy were little affected. There were no s gnificant effects of CH on the extent of digestion of dry matter, organic matter, non-ammonia nitrogen or ash between the mouth and abomasum, abomasum and terminal ileum or ileum and anus.

scholarly journals Influence of calcium salts of long chain fatty acids on the intake and digestibility of rations in female kids under heat stress

2016 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 163
Author(s):  
Isabella Ribeiro Ferrari ◽  
Claudete Regina Alcalde ◽  
Ludmila Couto Gomes ◽  
Bruna Susan de Labio Molina ◽  
Orlando Rus Barbosa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acids ◽  
Heat Stress ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Long Chain Fatty Acids ◽  
Total Carbohydrate ◽  
Calcium Salts ◽  
Long Chain ◽  
Chain Fatty Acids

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the addition of calcium salts of long chain fatty acids (CSFA) on the intake and digestibility of diets. Twenty-five female goat kids housed in digestibility cages and subjected to heat stress of 32°C in a climatic chamber, were used. The female kids were distributed in a randomized block design with five treatments: control (without inclusion of CSFA) and 6.25; 12.50; 18.75 and 25.00 g CSFA kg-1 of DM. The inclusion of CSFA in rations did not influence water intake (3.08 L day-1), dry matter (0.66 kg day-1), organic matter (0.62 kg day-1), crude protein (0.12 kg day-1), neutral detergent fiber (0.27 kg day-1) and total carbohydrate (0.47 kg day-1). The results of the digestibility of dry matter (0.66 kg kg-1), organic matter (0.67 kg kg-1), crude protein (0.78 kg kg-1), neutral detergent fiber (0.47 kg kg-1) and total carbohydrate (0.63 kg kg-1) were not affected by the treatments. However, there was a positive linear effect on the intake and digestibility of ether extract. Therefore, the addition of calcium salts of long chain fatty acids in the diets for female kids under heat stress of 32°C does not influence the intake and digestibility of dry matter and nutrients, except for ether extract, which is intrinsic to the product added to the rations. 

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