Impact of B-vitamin supply on major metabolic pathways of lactating dairy cows

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 213-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. Girard ◽  
J. J. Matte
Keyword(s):  
Folic Acid ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
B Vitamins ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Metabolic Efficiency ◽  
B Vitamin

Knowledge of the major nutrient requirements of dairy cows has increased substantially during the past decades. Little is known, however, about the importance of the roles played by B vitamins. Since most of those vitamins act as essential cofactors in energy, protein and lipid metabolism, it is likely that as milk yield increases, the demand for these cofactors also increases. The supply of B vitamins from dietary sources and synthesis by the ruminal microflora is generally sufficient to avoid deficiency symptoms, but could be insufficient for optimizing metabolic efficiency, production, composition and the nutritional quality of milk in high-producing dairy cows. Results from recent experiments show how the supply of three B vitamins — folic acid, biotin and vitamin B12 — affects major metabolic pathways. Supplementary biotin has frequently been reported to increase milk yield but has a limited effect on milk composition. Folic acid supplements have been found to increase milk and milk protein yields in multiparous cows without affecting dry matter intake when vitamin B12 supply was adequate. An insufficient vitamin B12 supply blocked those effects but they can be restored through vitamin B12 supplementation. Supplemental vitamin B12 and biotin increased milk and milk protein yields without changing dry matter intake. Vitamin B12 utilization by tissues increased in cows fed supplementary folic acid simultaneously; plasma glucose also increased in these cows but plasma biotin decreased. From these findings, it appears that, in high-producing dairy cows, especially in early lactation, the strong competition for nutrients that occurs between gluconeogenesis, methylneogenesis and protein synthesis increases the amount of folic acid, vitamin B12 and biotin required to maintain metabolic efficiency, especially when the nutrient supply is limited. These observations emphasize the need to review the paradigm according to which B-vitamin supply by ruminal microflora cannot be limiting in dairy cow. Key words: Dairy cow, B vitamins, folic acid, vitamin B12, biotin, lactation, metabolism

Effects of the forage to concentrate ratio on B-vitamin concentrations in different ruminal fractions of dairy cows

2005 ◽  
Vol 85 (3) ◽  
pp. 389-399 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. E. Santschi ◽  
J. Chiquette ◽  
R. Berthiaume ◽  
R. Martineau ◽  
J. J. Matte ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
B Vitamins ◽  
Free Fluid ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Associated Bacteria ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Liquid Portion ◽  
B Vitamin ◽  
High Forage ◽  
Surrounding Fluid

Two studies were undertaken to verify the effect of the forage to concentrate ratio of the diet on B-vitamin concentrations in ruminal contents. In Study 1, eight primiparous and eight multiparous cows were used in a cross-over design, and concentrations of biotin, folates and vitamin B12 were determined in ruminal fluid and plasma of cows fed a high-forage (HF; 58:42 forage to concentrate ratio; DM basis) or a low-forage (LF; 37:63 forage to concentrate ratio; DM basis) diet. In Study 2, six ruminally cannulated lactating cows were used in a cross-over design to evaluate the effects of forage to concentrate ratio (HF = 60:40; LF = 40:60; DM basis) on concentrations of seven B-vitamins in the particle-free fluid and in both liquid- and solid-associated bacteria. Results showed that B-vitamins were present mainly in the bacterial fractions of the ruminal content, while only limited amounts were found in the surrounding fluid. A change in the forage to concentrate ratio had a greater effect on vitamin concentration in the bacteria associated with the solid fraction than in those present in the liquid portion of the rumen. The most noticeable effects of a low forage diet were an increase in riboflavin, but a decrease in true vitamin B12 concentrations in solid-associated bacteria as well as a decrease in biotin concentration in particle-free fluid. In conclusion, it appears that ruminal B-vitamin concentration is altered by changes in the forage to concentrate ratio, which suggests that the supply of vitamins to dairy cows is influenced by diet composition. Key words: B-vitamins, dairy cow, ruminal fractions, forage to concentrate ratio

scholarly journals Tissue Engineering Therapies Based on Folic Acid and Other Vitamin B Derivatives. Functional Mechanisms and Current Applications in Regenerative Medicine

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (12) ◽  
pp. 4068 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Fernández-Villa ◽  
Mirta Jiménez Gómez-Lavín ◽  
Cristina Abradelo ◽  
Julio San Román ◽  
Luis Rojo
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Engineering ◽  
Folic Acid ◽  
Regenerative Medicine ◽  
Bioactive Compounds ◽  
Metabolic Pathways ◽  
B Vitamins ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Great Stability ◽  
Functional Mechanisms

B-vitamins are a group of soluble vitamins which are cofactors of some of the enzymes involved in the metabolic pathways of carbohydrates, fats and proteins. These compounds participate in a number of functions as cardiovascular, brain or nervous systems. Folic acid is described as an accessible and multifunctional niche component that can be used safely, even combined with other compounds, which gives it high versatility. Also, due to its non-toxicity and great stability, folic acid has attracted much attention from researchers in the biomedical and bioengineering area, with an increasing number of works directed at using folic acid and its derivatives in tissue engineering therapies as well as regenerative medicine. Thus, this review provides an updated discussion about the most relevant advances achieved during the last five years, where folic acid and other vitamins B have been used as key bioactive compounds for enhancing the effectiveness of biomaterials’ performance and biological functions for the regeneration of tissues and organs.

scholarly journals B-vitamins and prevention of dementia

2008 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert Clarke
Keyword(s):  
Folic Acid ◽  
Cognitive Function ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
B Vitamins ◽  
Vitamin Supplementation ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Principal Investigators ◽  
Individual Participant ◽  
B Vitamin

Elevated plasma homocysteine (Hcy) concentrations have been implicated with risk of cognitive impairment and dementia, but it is unclear whether low vitamin B12 or folate status is responsible for cognitive decline. Most studies reporting associations between cognitive function and Hcy or B-vitamins have used a cross-sectional or case–control design and have been unable to exclude the possibility that such associations are a result of the disease rather than being causal. The Hcy hypothesis of dementia has attracted considerable interest, as Hcy can be easily lowered by folic acid and vitamin B12, raising the prospect that B-vitamin supplementation could lower the risk of dementia. While some trials assessing effects on cognitive function have used folic acid alone, vitamin B12 alone or a combination, few trials have included a sufficient number of participants to provide reliable evidence. An individual-patient-data meta-analysis of all randomised trials of the effects on cognitive function and vascular risk of lowering Hcy with B-vitamins will maximise the power to assess the epidemiologically-predicted differences in risk. Among the twelve large randomised Hcy-lowering trials for prevention of vascular disease, data should be available on about 30 000 participants with cognitive function. The principal investigators of such trials have agreed to combine individual-participant data from their trials after their separate publication.

The nutritive value for dairy cows of silage made from formaldehyde-treated herbage

1975 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 769 ◽  
Author(s):  
SC Valentine ◽  
JC Radcliffe
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Ammonia Nitrogen ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Similar Degree ◽  
Significant Treatment

Formaldehyde-prepared silages and untreated silage were made from grass-clover herbage and offered to dairy cows. Formaldehyde was applied at 0.6 and 1.2% of the dry matter of the herbage. The 1.2% formaldehyde-prepared silage had significantly lower concentrations of ammonia nitrogen, total organic acids and propionic acid than untreated silage, but a higher concentration of lactic acid. The 0.6% formaldehyde-prepared silage had a similar degree of fermentation to untreated silage, but more lactic acid and less butyric acid were produced. Treatment with formaldehyde significantly reduced the in vitro digestibilities of dry matter and nitrogen. Cows offered the formaldehyde-prepared silages had significantly greater ad libitum dry matter intakes, produced significantly more milk, protein, butterfat and solids not fat (SNF), and utilized digestible energy more efficiently for milk production than cows offered untreated silage. Differences between treatments in the percentages of butterfat, protein and SNF in milk from cows offered the silages were generally not significant. Treatment with formaldehyde was a suitable method of controlling the ensiling fermentation to Increase the ad lib. dry matter intake and the production of milk and milk components by dairy cows.

scholarly journals Effects of dry period management on milk production, dry matter intake, and energy balance of dairy cows

2015 ◽  
Vol 95 (3) ◽  
pp. 433-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Khazanehei ◽  
S. Li ◽  
E. Khafipour ◽  
J. C. Plaizier
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Short Treatment ◽  
Cell Counts ◽  
Lower Production

Khazanehei, H., Li, S., Khafipour, E. and Plaizier, J. C. 2015. Effects of dry period management on milk production, dry matter intake, and energy balance of dairy cows. Can. J. Anim. Sci. 95: 433–444. Effects of dry-period management on milk production, feed intake, and energy balance were determined in 11 second-parity (PAR 2) and 15 third or later parity (PAR 3+) cows. Cows were paired based on expected calving date, and randomly assigned to treatments including a conventional 60-d dry period with a 39-d far-off and a 21-d close-up diet (CONV), and a short 40-d dry period with only a close-up diet (SHORT). Treatment did not affect dry matter intake (DMI) and energy balance across the 6 wk before calving and the 4 wk after calving. Across the first 16 wk of lactation, cows on the short treatment had lower milk yield compared to cows on the CONU treatment that was mostly due to the lower production in PAR 3+ cows. Also, PAR 3+ cows on the SHORT treatment had lower milk protein yields and higher somatic cell counts than the other cows. In general, PAR 2 cows on the SHORT treatment had similar DMI, fat corrected milk yields, and protein and fat yields and percentages compared to cows in both parity groups on the CONV treatment. This suggests that the SHORT treatment may be suitable for PAR 2 cows, but not for older cows.

scholarly journals A Meta-Analysis on the Impact of the Supplementation of Rumen-Protected Choline on the Metabolic Health and Performance of Dairy Cattle

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 566 ◽  
Author(s):  
Humer ◽  
Bruggeman ◽  
Zebeli
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Metabolic Health ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Yield Level ◽  
Lactating Dairy Cows

After parturition, cows undergo negative energy balance leading to fat mobilization, predisposing them to fatty liver syndrome and ketosis with major consequences for health and reproduction. Supplementation of rumen-protected choline (RPC) has attracted major research efforts during the last decade, assuming that choline improves liver function by increasing very low-density lipoprotein exportation from the liver, thereby improving metabolic profiles, milk production, and reproduction. However, the effects of RPC on production, health, and reproduction have been inconsistent. Therefore, the aim of this meta-analysis was to evaluate the effects of RPC supplementation, starting from d 20 (± 12.2) ante partum to d 53 (± 31.0) postpartum, on feed intake, milk production performance and metabolic profiles of dairy cows early postpartum. Data analyses from 27 published studies showed an increase in postpartal dry matter intake (from on average 19.1 to 19.9 kg/d; p < 0.01) and milk yield (from on average 31.8 to 32.9 kg/d; p = 0.03) in cows receiving RPC. Milk fat yield and milk protein yield were also increased (p ≤ 0.05), without changing milk protein and fat contents. However, no interactive effects between cow’s milk yield level and RPC-supplementation as well as no dose-dependent effects of RPC supplementation were observed. Supplementing the diet with RPC showed no effects on blood metabolites (non-esterified fatty acids, beta-hydroxybutyrate, glucose, and cholesterol), independent of the milk yield level of the cows. An effect on liver triacylglycerol contents, incidence of ketosis, and mastitis could not be confirmed across all studies included in this meta-analysis. Also, the positive effects of RPC supplementation on reproductive performance were not consistent findings. In conclusion, supplementing RPC in lactating dairy cows showed positive effects on dry matter intake which likely caused the improved milk yield. However, RPC supplementation did not improve the metabolic health status of the cows. As several factors might be related to the responses to RPC, further research is needed to explore the precise mechanisms of RPC action in lactating cows, especially with regards to feed intake improvement and its related metabolic health-promoting potential in early lactating dairy cows.

scholarly journals  Effects of a rumen-protected form of methionine and a methionine analogue on the lactation performance of dairy cows

2012 ◽  
Vol 57 (No. 9) ◽  
pp. 410-419 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Čermáková ◽  
V. Kudrna ◽  
J. Illek ◽  
K. Blažková ◽  
J. Haman
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Latin Square ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Isopropyl Ester ◽  
Lactation Performance ◽  
Beta Casein

The objective the present study was to determine the influence of a supplemental methionine analogue, the isopropyl ester of 2-hydroxy-4-(methylthio)-butanoic acid, commercially available as MetaSmart<sup>TM</sup>, on lactation performance, particularly milk protein production. The effects of this preparation were compared with those of a rumen-protected form of methionine, marketed as Smartamine<sup>TM</sup> M. Experiments were conducted according to a 3 &times; 3 Latin square design and included 30 high-yielding dairy cows (22&nbsp;Holstein and 8 Czech Fleckvieh) randomly allocated to three balanced groups. Cows were fed a basal diet based on maize silage, lucerne silage, lucerne hay, fresh brewer&rsquo;s grains, and a concentrate mixture in the form of a total mixed ration ad libitum. The diet M was supplemented with MetaSmart<sup>TM</sup> (42.5 g/day) and diet S was supplemented with Smartamine<sup>TM</sup> M (19 g/day), while control diet C contained solvent-extracted soybean meal, which was added to achieve required levels of dietary protein. Each period lasted four weeks in total, including three preliminary weeks and one experimental week during which samples of milk and tail vein blood were taken. Supplementation of MetaSmart<sup>TM</sup> decreased dry matter intake of cows (18.96&nbsp;kg) in contrast to the diet containing Smartamine<sup>TM</sup> M, for which dry matter intake was the highest (20.48 kg; P&nbsp;&lt; 0.001). Despite decreased dry matter intake, the highest average milk yields were recorded for cows supplemented with MetaSmart<sup>TM </sup>(31.34 kg), which produced by approximately 1.14&nbsp;kg (P &lt; 0.001) and 0.78&nbsp;kg (P &lt; 0.01) more milk than cows fed diets C and S, respectively. As expressed by greater ratios milk/DMI, FCM/DMI, and ECM/DMI, the feed efficiency was improved in cows supplemented with MetaSmart<sup>TM</sup>.Both MetaSmart<sup>TM </sup>and Smartamine<sup>TM</sup> M dietary supplementation increased milk yield, milk protein concentrations, and yields and increased the prevalence of &beta;-casein fraction in milk protein. &nbsp;

scholarly journals Addressing optimal folate and related B-vitamin status through the lifecycle: health impacts and challenges

2019 ◽  
Vol 78 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-462 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helene McNulty ◽  
Mary Ward ◽  
Leane Hoey ◽  
Catherine F. Hughes ◽  
Kristina Pentieva
Keyword(s):  
Folic Acid ◽  
Methylenetetrahydrofolate Reductase ◽  
Folic Acid Supplementation ◽  
B Vitamins ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Natural Food ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
B Vitamin

The functional effects of folate within C1 metabolism involve interrelationships with vitamin B12, vitamin B6 and riboflavin, and related gene–nutrient interactions. These B vitamins have important roles throughout life, from pregnancy, through childhood, to middle and older age. Achieving optimal nutritional status for preventing folate-related disease is challenging, however, primarily as a result of the poor stability and incomplete bioavailability of folate from natural food sources when compared with the synthetic vitamin form, folic acid. Thus, in European countries, measures to prevent neural tube defects (NTD) have been largely ineffective because of the generally poor compliance of women with folic acid supplementation as recommended before and in early pregnancy. In contrast, countries worldwide with mandatory folic acid fortification policies have experienced marked reductions in NTD. Low vitamin B12 status is associated with increased risk of cognitive dysfunction, CVD and osteoporosis. Achieving optimal B12 status can be problematic for older people, however, primarily owing to food-bound B12 malabsorption which leads to sub-clinical deficiency even with high dietary B12 intakes. Optimising B-vitamin intake may be particularly important for sub-populations with impaired folate metabolism owing to genetic characteristics, most notably the 677C→T variant in the gene encoding the enzyme methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR). This common folate polymorphism is linked with several adverse health outcomes, including stroke, however, recent evidence has identified its novel interaction with riboflavin (the MTHFR cofactor) in relation to blood pressure and risk of developing hypertension. This review addresses why and how the optimal status of folate-related B vitamins should be achieved through the lifecycle.

PSXIII-28 Late-Breaking: Lactational performance of dairy cows receiving supplemental His: A meta-analysis

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 379-379
Author(s):  
Susanna Räisänen ◽  
Alexander N Hristov
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Milk Fat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Protein Concentration ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Meta Analysis ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Lactational Performance ◽  
Control Milk ◽  
Protein Supply

Abstract The objective of this meta-analysis was to examine the effect of supplemental histidine (His) on dry matter intake (DMI), milk (MY) and energy-corrected milk (ECM) yields, and milk components in lactating dairy cows. A comprehensive meta-analysis was performed to data from 20 studies published in peer-reviewed journals between 1999 and 2021. In 12 of the studies His was supplemented to the diet as rumen-protected His and in the remaining experiments free His was infused into the abomasum (5 experiments), the jugular vein (2 experiments) or the duodenum (1 experiment) of the cows. The diets were based on corn silage in 60% and on grass silage in 40% of the studies. In studies where data were available (13 out of 20), metabolizable protein supply was estimated to be on average 98% (min = 85% and max = 110%) of NRC (2001) requirements. Computations were carried out using Comprehensive Meta-Analysis (V. 3.3.070). Histidine supplementation increased (P &lt; 0.001) plasma His concentration by 59%, compared with control. Dry matter intake and MY increased (P ≤ 0.002) by 0.22 and 0.36 kg/d, respectively, whereas ECM yield tended to increase (P = 0.07) by 0.14 kg/d with His supplemented diets vs. the control. Milk protein concentration was also increased (P = 0.004) by 0.20 %-units, whereas milk fat concentration tended to decrease (P = 0.10) by 0.11 %-units with His supplementation. Further, His increased milk protein and lactose yield (P ≤ 0.05) by 0.31 and 0.14 kg/d, respectively. Overall, based on the available data, His supplementation of lactating dairy cow rations enhanced DMI, MY and milk protein concentration and yield.

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