Stray voltage: its influence on swine production during the fattening period

1992 ◽  
Vol 72 (3) ◽  
pp. 467-475 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Robert ◽  
J. J. Matte ◽  
J. Bertin-Mahieux ◽  
G.-P. Martineau
Keyword(s):  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Observation Time ◽  
Sitting Time ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Eating Frequency ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Fattening Period ◽  
Ulcerative Lesions ◽  
Stray Voltage

The effects of continuous stray voltage were evaluated on growing-finishing pigs between the ages of 10 and 12 wk. Seventy-two pigs were assigned to six blocks of 12 animals each. The following treatments were randomly distributed in each block according to a 2 × 3 factorial design: feeding level (A) (restricted or ad libitum) and voltage level (0, 5 or 8 volts) as a continuous difference of potential between feeder or drinker and the metallic floor). The total drinking time (P < 0.10) and the number of drinking bouts (P < 0.05) were lower in the 8-V group than in the 0-V group for restricted-fed pigs during the hour after feed distribution. The percentage of observation time spent drinking during light hours was reduced in the 5-V and 8-V groups at 18 (P < 0.01) and 20 wk (P < 0.05). However, it was only between 14 and 16 wk of age that water intake was lower in the voltage groups (P < 0.05). There was no effect of voltage on mean daily feed intake and average daily gain over the whole fattening period (P > 0.3). Nonetheless, the mean eating frequency during light hours from 10 to 20 wk of age was higher in the 8-V than in the 0-V and 5-V groups of restricted-fed pigs, while it was similar in the three groups fed ad libitum (A × V lin; P < 0.05). Stray voltage at 8 V increased sitting time and decreased resting time in restricted-fed groups during light hours (A × V lin; P < 0.05) but the occurrence of aggressive encounters was very low in the three treatment groups throughout the study. Finally, the metabolic profile, the frequency and the severity of gastric ulcerative lesions and the meat color were similar among the treatments (P > 0.10). Key words: Stray voltage, growing-finishing pigs, behavior, growth performance, health

scholarly journals Effects of dietary lysine level on the content and fatty acid composition of intramuscular fat in late-stage finishing pigs

2018 ◽  
Vol 98 (2) ◽  
pp. 241-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
Taiji Wang ◽  
Mark A. Crenshaw ◽  
Naresh Regmi ◽  
Brian J. Rude ◽  
M. Shamimul Hasan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Late Stage ◽  
National Research Council ◽  
Intramuscular Fat ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Fa Composition ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Imf Content ◽  
The Imf

This study was conducted to investigate how dietary lysine level affects the intramuscular fat (IMF) content and fatty acid (FA) composition in late-stage finishing pigs. Nine crossbred barrows [94.4 ± 6.7 kg body weight (BW)] were randomly allotted to three treatment groups (n = 3). Three corn- and soybean-meal-based diets were formulated to meet the National Research Council (2012) requirements for various nutrients except for lysine, whose concentrations were 0.43%, 0.71%, and 0.98% (as-fed basis) for Diets 1 (lysine-deficient), 2 (lysine-adequate), and 3 (lysine-excess), respectively. After 5 wk of ad libitum access to diets, pigs were harvested and longissimus dorsi samples were collected. The IMF content and FA composition of the samples were analyzed by gas chromatography. Results showed that the IMF content of the muscle was increased linearly (P < 0.05) with decreasing dietary lysine level from 0.98% to 0.43%. Dietary lysine level altered the composition of FA, especially the unsaturated FA, in the muscle. Particularly, the percentages of C18:1 n-9 and total monounsaturated FA were higher, whereas the percentages of C18:2 n-6 and total polyunsaturated FA were lower, in the muscle of the pigs fed Diet 1. Collectively, dietary lysine deficiency increased the proportion of monounsaturated FA and decreased the proportion of polyunsaturated FA, which may benefit pork palatability.

Temporal changes in growth enhancement by ractopamine in pigs: performance aspects

1993 ◽  
Vol 44 (7) ◽  
pp. 1449 ◽  
Author(s):  
RD Sainz ◽  
YS Kim ◽  
FR Dunshea ◽  
RG Campbell
Keyword(s):  
Meat Quality ◽  
Control Diet ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Quality Characteristics ◽  
Growth Enhancement ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Large White ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Total Weight Gain ◽  
Over Time

Ractopamine is a phenethanolamine with G-adrenergic agonist activity which stimulates growth in pigs. In order to test whether the growth-enhancing properties of ractopamine change over time, 40 Large White crossbred gilts (47.0 kg liveweight) were assigned to five treatment groups: CON, control diet for 6 weeks; RAC, ractopamine(20 mg/kg feed) for 6 weeks; C/R, CON for 3 weeks, then RAC for 3 weeks; R/C, RAC for 3 weeks, then CON for 3 weeks; ALT, CON for weeks 1, 3, and 5, and RAC in weeks 2, 4 and 6. The control diet was a commercial wheat and soy-based grower ration (13 MJ DE/kg, 16% crude protein, 0.9% lysine, 0.6 g available lysine/MJ DE); all pigs were fed 2.25 kg/day. Weekly measurements included body weight and P2 backfat (by ultrasound). Due to uncertainty about the data from the final week, results for weeks 1 to 3 and 3 to 5 are presented. Average daily gain (ADG) was increased by RAC (+16%) during the first 3 weeks, with no further improvement thereafter. C/R produced higher ADG (+21%) during weeks 3 to 5 compared with controls, and ALT tended to do the same (+12%, P < 0.10). Over the 5 week period, total weight gain was increased (P > 0.05) by RAC (+18%) and ALT (+15%), and tended to increase with C/R (+12%, P < 0.10) with no significant effect of R/C (+l0%, P > 0.05). There were no differences among groups in P2 backfat during the feeding period ( P > 0.05). With the exception of dressing percentage, which was increased by RAC, C/R and ALT ( P < 0.05), carcass and meat quality characteristics (carcass weight, P2 backfat, loin eye area, pH, colour, drip loss and protein solubilities) were unaffected by any of the treatments (P > 0.05). In conclusion, ractopamine stimulated growth in finishing pigs on restricted intakes; this effect diminished over time, and was more pronounced in older and heavier pigs. In addition, meat quality characteristics were unaffected.

scholarly journals Impact of single or repeated short-term heat challenges mimicking summer heat waves on thermoregulatory responses and performances in finishing pigs

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
David Renaudeau
Keyword(s):  
Treatment Group ◽  
Heat Waves ◽  
Core Body Temperature ◽  
Recovery Period ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Summer Heat ◽  
Thermoregulatory Responses ◽  
Entire Experiment

Abstract The objectives of this study were to determine the effects of single or repeated short heat stress (HS) challenges that mimicked summer heat waves on performance and thermoregulatory responses in finishing pigs. A total of 45 crossbred castrated males were tested in three consecutive replicates of 15 pigs. Within each replicate, pigs were assigned to one of five treatments. Pigs in treatment group TTT were maintained in thermoneutral conditions (22 °C) for the entire experiment (45 d). Pigs in treatment group HHH were subjected to an HS challenge (32 °C for 5 d) at 113, 127, and 141 d of age (in experimental periods P1, P2, and P3, respectively). Pigs in treatment groups HTT, THT, and TTH were subjected to the HS challenge at 113, 127, or 141 d of age, respectively. Each 5-d challenge was preceded by a 3-d prechallenge period and followed by a 7-d recovery period. Pigs were housed in individual pens and fed ad libitum. HS significantly reduced average daily feed intake (ADFI) and the average daily gain (ADG). Expressed as a percentage of the performance observed during the prechallenge period, ADFI decreased by 12%, 22%, and 26% and ADG decreased by 12%, 43%, and 72% in the HTT, THT, and TTH groups, respectively. Regardless of the experimental group, no compensatory performance was observed during the recovery period, suggesting that HS has a long-lasting effect on animal performance. Pigs subjected to HS had an immediate increase in core body temperature (Tcore), skin temperature, and respiratory rate, all of which gradually decreased during the HS challenge. Based on Tcore measurements, hypothermia was observed during the recovery period in each of the three experimental periods, especially for pigs in the HHH and the HTT groups but only during the first HS cycle. Repeated exposure to HS for the HHH group resulted in heat acclimation responses characterized by a lower increase in Tcore and lower decrease in ADFI during P2 and P3 than during P1.

Influence of the efficacy of a probiotic complex containing Bacillus subtilis and Pichia farinosa on the growth performance and fecal microbiota of finishing pigs

2019 ◽  
Vol 99 (4) ◽  
pp. 966-970
Author(s):  
Huan Wang ◽  
In Ho Kim
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Fecal Microbiota ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Pichia Farinosa

A total of 120 finish pigs [(Landrace × Yorkshire) × Duroc; 52.61 ± 2.37 kg] were randomly allotted into three treatments for a 70 d trial to evaluate the growth performance and fecal microbiota counts in finishing pigs. Treatment groups were (i) basal diet (CON), (ii) CON + 0.1% probiotic complex (TRT1), and (iii) CON + 0.2% probiotic complex (TRT2). Each treatment consisted of eight replicate pens with five pigs per pen. The average daily gain and fecal Lactobacillus counts of TRT2 were increased (P < 0.05) compared with CON treatment. The result showed that 0.2% complex probiotic was more effective than 0.1%.

Metabolic and endocrine responses to cold and feed restriction in ruminants

2000 ◽  
Vol 80 (1) ◽  
pp. 87-95 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. D. Ekpe ◽  
R. J. Christopherson
Keyword(s):  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Cold Exposure ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Feed Restriction ◽  
Plasma Insulin Concentration ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Cold Environments ◽  
Warm Environment ◽  
Ad Libitum

Twenty-four wether lambs were assigned to different temperature and feeding levels to assess their metabolic and endocrine profiles and to test the hypothesis that energy conservation responses of sheep to feed restriction occur in warm but not cold environments. Lambs were kept in warm (W; 23 ± 2 °C) or cold (C; 0 ± 2 °C) environments and received either an ad libitum (A) or a restricted (1.35 × maintenance) (R) level of feed intake, thus creating four treatment groups (WA, WR, CA and CR). Average daily gain (ADG), feed intake, metabolic rates, rectal temperature, and plasma levels of insulin, thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3) and cortisol were recorded during three periods of 5 wk each. The ADG was lower (P < 0.001) in feed-restricted groups. Cold exposure reduced the ADG along with feed efficiency in the first period (P < 0.01). Metabolic rate was lowered by feed restriction (P < 0.01) in periods 1 and 3, but was increased by cold exposure in ad libitum-fed sheep during period 1 (P < 0.05). Both cold exposure and feed restriction lowered rectal temperature (P < 0.001). Plasma insulin concentration was lowered by feed restriction (P < 0.05) and was increased (P < 0.05) by cold exposure during periods 2 and 3. Plasma T3 concentration was reduced (P < 0.05) by feed restriction and was increased by cold exposure during periods 1 and 2. Plasma T4 level remained unaltered (P > 0.05) while plasma cortisol concentration was increased by both cold exposure and feed restriction (P < 0.01). The results indicate that lambs show metabolic and physiological responses to feed restriction, which conserve energy in a cold as well as a warm environment. Key words: Sheep, hormone, cold-exposure, feed-restriction.

scholarly journals Effects of added fat on growth performance of finishing pigs sorted by initial weight1

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 307-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chad W Hastad ◽  
Mike D Tokach ◽  
Steve S Dritz ◽  
Robert D Goodband ◽  
Joel M Derouchey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Performance ◽  
Dietary Fat ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Weight Category ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
White Grease ◽  
Main Effects ◽  
Light Group

Abstract Two studies were conducted to determine whether dietary fat fed to pigs of different weight categories differentially influences growth performance. Both experiments were conducted in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement with main effects of dietary fat addition (0 or 6% choice white grease) and sort weight category (HEAVY, LIGHT, or MIXED). In experiment 1, 1,032 pigs (initially 30.7 kg) were individually weighed and sorted into two body weight (BW) groups with one group consisting of pigs greater than median BW and the other group less than median BW. Pens were then formed by randomly selecting pigs: 1) only from heavy group (HEAVY), 2) only from light group (LIGHT), or 3) from both heavy and light groups to create a normal distribution around barn BW mean (simulation of unsorted pigs; MIXED). In experiment 2, 1,176 pigs (initially 35.1 kg) were visually sorted into BW groups and assigned to HEAVY, LIGHT, and MIXED pen weight categories. Overall in experiment 1, adding 6% dietary fat increased average daily gain (ADG) of LIGHT pigs, but not HEAVY pigs (HEAVY vs. LIGHT × fat interaction, P = 0.03), but increased (P &lt; 0.05) ADG regardless of sort category in experiment 2. In both experiments, HEAVY pigs had greater (P &lt; 0.05) overall ADG and average daily feed intake (ADFI), but decreased (P &lt; 0.05) G:F compared with LIGHT pigs. However, when HEAVY and LIGHT treatment groups were combined, growth performance and carcass characteristics were similar to MIXED pigs. Sorting decreased coefficient of variation (CV) of final BW but did not affect CV of ADG. In conclusion, because adding fat to the diets of lightweight pigs improved ADG in both experiments, dietary fat could be used selectively in the barn to increase the weight of the lightest 50% of the pigs. However, the sorting pigs into light and heavy weight groups did not improve growth performance or carcass characteristics.

scholarly journals Nucleotide Supplementation to Whole Milk Has Beneficial Effects on Post-Weaning Holstein Calf Performance

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 218
Author(s):  
Yousef Abbaslou ◽  
Davood Zahmatkesh ◽  
Ehsan Mahjoubi ◽  
Mehdi Hossein Yazdi ◽  
Hamed Beiranvand ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Weight ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Free Access ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Beneficial Effects ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Whole Milk ◽  
Calf Performance ◽  
Daily Gain ◽  
Fecal Score

The positive effects of nucleotide (NU) supplementation in milk replacer have been elucidated in infants and in dairy calves; however, NU addition to whole milk has not been evaluated previously. This study aimed to assess NU supplementation in the whole milk on calf growth and health. Thirty Holstein calves (body weight: 39.1 ± 1.0 kg; 3 d after birth) were randomly assigned to the following treatments: whole milk without any supplementation (NU0), whole milk + 0.5 g/d added a NU-containing supplement to whole milk (NUCS0.5), and whole milk + 1 g/d added a NU-containing supplement to whole milk (NUCS1). Calves were weaned at d 55 and stayed on study until d 75. Calves had free access to feed and water throughout the study. Dry matter intakes (DMI) were similar among treatments (p > 0.05) during the pre-weaning period; however, increasing NU resulted in a linear (p < 0.05) increase in DMI during the post weaning period (2158, 2432, and 2518 g/d for NU0, NUCS0.5, and NUCS1, respectively). Treatments did not affect body weight (BW) at the first and second month of study, but final BW linearly increased as NU was added (87.1, 90.6, and 95.4 kg for NU0, NUCS0.5, and NUCS1, respectively). Neither pre-weaning average daily gain nor post-weaning average daily gain was affected by treatments; accordingly, feed efficiency was similar among treatment groups. Days with loose fecal score were linearly decreased as NU was added to whole milk during the first month of life, while the fecal score did not differ among treatments until the end of the study. No difference was observed in the skeletal growth of calves in the current study. Therefore, it can be concluded that NU supplementation in the whole milk has some beneficial effects on calf performance in terms of final BW, post-weaning DMI, and less days with loose feces.

scholarly journals 138 Effects of Increasing Soybean Meal in Corn-based Diets on Growth Performance of Late-finishing Pigs

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 70-71
Author(s):  
Julia P Holen ◽  
Robert D Goodband ◽  
Mike D Tokach ◽  
Jason C Woodworth ◽  
Joel M DeRouchey
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Growth Performance ◽  
Soybean Meal ◽  
Fixed Effects ◽  
Average Length ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Random Effect ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Distillers Grains With Solubles ◽  
Dietary Treatments

Abstract Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of increasing levels of soybean meal (SBM) replacing feed grade amino acids in corn or corn-dried distillers grains with solubles (DDGS)-based diets on growth performance of late finishing pigs. In both experiments, there were 22 to 27 pigs per pen and 14 pens per treatment. Average length of the experiments was 35 (Exp. 1) and 29 days (Exp. 2). Diets were balanced to contain 0.70% SID Lys and 2,667 or 2,610 kcal NE/kg for Exp. 1 and 2, respectively. Minimum amino acid ratios relative to Lys were: Ile, 55; Met&Cys, 60; Thr, 65; Trp, 19.5, and Val, 70. Dietary crude protein ranged from 10.1 to 15.2 for Exp. 1 and 13.6 to 19.4 for Exp. 2. The statistical model considered fixed effects of treatment, linear and quadratic contrasts, and random effect of block. In Exp.1, 1,793 pigs (L337×1050, PIC; initially 104.9 ± 1.4 kg) were fed corn-based diets and pens of pigs were assigned to 1 of 5 dietary treatments with increasing SBM from 5 to 20%. Overall, average daily gain (ADG) and gain-to-feed (G:F) increased (linear; P &lt; 0.05) as SBM increased with the greatest improvement observed as SBM increased from 5 to 8.75%, with little improvement thereafter. In Exp. 2, 1,827 pigs (L337×1050, PIC; initially 97.9 ± 1.1 kg) were used in a similar study as Exp. 1, but all diets contained 25% DDGS and SBM levels increased from 0 to 16%. Overall, G:F and final bodyweight of pigs marginally improved (linear and quadratic, respectively; P &lt; 0.10) as SBM increased, with the greatest performance observed when diets contained 8% SBM. These results suggest that increasing SBM up to 8% at the expense of feed grade amino acids in corn or corn-DDGS-based diets improved ADG or G:F in late-finishing pigs.

The effects of environmental temperature and method of feeding on the performance and carcass composition of bacon pigs

1967 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 209-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. W. Holme ◽  
W. E. Coey
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Temperature ◽  
Average Daily Gain ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Restricted Feeding ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Feeding Method ◽  
Feeding Regimes ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Environmental Temperatures

A trial designed to investigate the effects of two environmental temperatures, three feeding regimes and the interactions between them is described. A temperature of 72° F. was better than one of 54° F. for bacon pigs between 40 lb. and 200 lb. weight. The higher temperature resulted in faster growth, more efficient feed conversion and increased length of carcass. Other carcass characteristics were not significantly altered. Ad libitum feeding resulted in faster growth and fatter carcasses than restricted feeding, but did not have a significant effect on efficiency of feed conversion. When feed intake was restricted, feeding pigs once daily or twice daily resulted in similar performance and carcass composition.There was a significant interaction between environmental temperature and feeding method for average daily gain in that pigs fed ad libitum grew faster at the low temperature and pigs fed restricted amounts of feed grew faster at the high temperature. No other interaction reached significant levels.

scholarly journals The effects of changes in nutritional demand on gastrointestinal parasitism in lactating rats

2007 ◽  
Vol 97 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heidi Normanton ◽  
Jos G. M. Houdijk ◽  
Neil S. Jessop ◽  
Dave P. Knox ◽  
Ilias Kyriazakis
Keyword(s):  
Crude Protein ◽  
Inflammatory Cells ◽  
Host Immunity ◽  
Nippostrongylus Brasiliensis ◽  
Protein Food ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Nutrient Demand ◽  
Low Protein ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Gastrointestinal Parasitism

Lactating rats experience a breakdown of immunity to parasites, i.e. they carry larger worm burdens after re-infection compared to their non-lactating counterparts. Feeding high-protein foods to lactating rats results in reduced worm burdens. This could be attributed to changes in gastrointestinal environment or to overcoming effects of nutrient scarcity on host immunity. The latter hypothesis was addressed through a manipulation of nutrient demand by manipulating litter size. Twenty-three rats were immunized prior to mating and re-infected on day 2 of lactation with 1600 infective Nippostrongylus brasiliensis larvae. From parturition onwards, rats received ad libitum a low-protein food (100 g crude protein/kg). Litter sizes were standardised to nine (LS9), six (LS6) or three (LS3) pups, by day 2 of lactation. After a further 10 d, LS9 and LS6 rats carried more worms than LS3 rats. However, feeding treatments did not affect concentrations of mucosal inflammatory cells. Achieved feed intake did not differ consistently between the treatment groups. However, LS9 and LS6 rats lost weight, whilst LS3 rats gained weight during lactation. The results support the view that resistance to N. brasiliensis is sensitive to changes in nutrient demand, and the improved resistance to N. brasiliensis is likely due to effects of overcoming nutrient scarcity on host immunity.

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