Adapting the CATIMO grass model to meadow bromegrass grown in western Canada

2014 ◽  
Vol 94 (1) ◽  
pp. 61-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Bonesmo ◽  
V. S. Baron ◽  
D. Young ◽  
G. Bélanger ◽  
Q. Jing
Keyword(s):  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Model Simulation ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Canadian Prairie ◽  
Primary Growth ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
Grass Model ◽  
Parameterized Model ◽  
Meadow Bromegrass

Bonesmo, H., Baron, V. S., Young, D., Bélanger, G. and Jing, Q. 2014. Adapting the CATIMO grass model to meadow bromegrass grown in western Canada. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 61–71. The Canadian Timothy Model (CATIMO) simulates the growth and nutritive value of timothy grown in eastern and western Canada, Norway, and Finland, but has not been parameterized for meadow bromegrass (Bromus riparius Rehm.) grown under Canadian prairie conditions. We parameterized and evaluated the CATIMO model to simulate the dry matter (DM) yield and N concentration of meadow bromegrass grown in western Canada with data from sequential sampling in primary growth and regrowth from two field experiments for a total of 5 yr of observation. Primary growth DM yield was simulated well [R2=0.95; normalized root mean square error (NRMSE) =16%; model simulation efficiency (EF)=0.93]. Simulations of the regrowth DM yield (R2=0.49, NRMSE=39%, EF=0.47) were not as successful as that of the primary growth, but they were within expected ranges for regrowth DM yields in western Canada. Forage N concentration was poorly simulated in primary growth (R2=0.32, NRMSE=38%, EF=−0.95) and regrowth (R2=0.27, NRMSE=30%, EF=−2.43). Plant-available soil moisture down to 30 cm was simulated well (R2=0.74, NRMSE=19%, EF=0.50). The parameterized model for meadow bromegrass expands the use of the CATIMO model to drier geographical areas where timothy may not be common, and it represents a first attempt to provide DM yield assessment of meadow bromegrass under Canadian Prairie conditions for whole-farm modeling.

Late summer forage yield, nutritive value, compatibility of warm- and cool-season grasses seeded with legumes in western Canada

2014 ◽  
Vol 94 (7) ◽  
pp. 1139-1148 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Biligetu ◽  
P. G. Jefferson ◽  
R. Muri ◽  
M. P. Schellenberg
Keyword(s):  
Binary Mixtures ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Warm Season ◽  
Late Summer ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Cool Season ◽  
Crested Wheatgrass ◽  
Western Wheatgrass ◽  
Meadow Bromegrass ◽  
Warm Season Grasses

Biligetu, B., Jefferson, P. G., Muri, R. and Schellenberg, M. P. 2014. Late summer forage yield, nutritive value, compatibility of warm-and cool-season grasses seeded with legumes in western Canada. Can. J. Plant Sci. 94: 1139–1148. In late summer and fall, quality and quantity of forage are important for weight gain by grazing animals in western Canada. The objective of this study was to evaluate forage nutritive value, dry matter (DM) yield, and compatibility of crested wheatgrass [Agropyron cristatum (L.) Gaertn.], meadow bromegrass (Bromus riparius Rehm.), green needle grass [Nasella viridula (Trin.) Barkworth], northern wheatgrass [Elymus lanceolatus (Scribn. & J. G. Sm.) Gould], western wheatgrass [Pascopyrum smithii (Rydb.) Barkworth & D.R. Dewey], Russian wildrye [Psathyrostachys juncea (Fisch.) Nevski], big bluestem (Andropogon gerardii Vitman), or switchgrass (Panicum virgatum L.) in eight grass monocultures, and their binary mixtures with alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.), or cicer-milkvetch (Astragalus cicer L.) harvested once in August or September. A field study was conducted over a 7-yr period from 1998 to 2004 near Swift Current (lat. 50°25'N, long. 107°44'W, 824 m elev.), SK, Canada, using a randomized complete block design. Forage DM yield was similar between August and September harvests (P>0.05). Binary mixtures of alfalfa–grass produced highest (P<0.05) DM yield ranging from 2449 to 2758 kg ha−1. The monoculture of crested wheatgrass (2143 kg ha−1), sainfoin with crested wheatgrass (2061 kg ha−1), and cicer-milkvetch with green needle grass (1838 kg ha−1) or cicer-milkvetch with western wheatgrass (1861 kg ha−1) produced the second highest (P<0.05) DM yields in the ranking. The two warm-season grasses produced the lowest (P>0.05) DM yields over the 7-yr period. Monocultures of green needle grass or northern wheatgrass had the highest acid detergent fiber (ADF) and neutral detergent fiber (NDF), while warm-season grasses with legumes had the lowest. Alfalfa with western wheatgrass and alfalfa with Russian wildrye had the highest crude protein (CP) concentrations. Monocultures of meadow bromegrass, crested wheatgrass, green needle grass, or cicer-milkvetch with meadow bromegrass, and sainfoin with crested wheatgrass had the lowest CP concentrations. In vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) was greater for mixtures than for the grass monocultures. Concentration of Ca and P was greater for warm-season grasses than cool-season grasses. Alfalfa with western wheatgrass was the best combination considering yield, quality, and compatibility for deferred grazing in late summer and fall in the semiarid prairies. Tested warm-season grasses are not recommended for seeding as binary mixtures with legumes for southwestern Saskatchewan.

Attempts to rescue yield loss in continuous canola with agronomic inputs

2018 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
pp. 703-716
Author(s):  
K.N. Harker ◽  
M.D. Hartman ◽  
B.D. Tidemann ◽  
J.T. O’Donovan ◽  
T.K. Turkington ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Oil Content ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Yield Loss ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
High Fertility ◽  
Seeding Rate ◽  
Canadian Prairie ◽  
Fungicide Treatment ◽  
Standard Practice

Recent canola acreage and production in western Canada have reached record high levels. Field experiments were conducted from 2014 to 2016 on land previously seeded to continuous canola for 6 yr at three Canadian Prairie sites. We determined that more intensive seed inputs, fertilizer, fungicide, tillage, or chaff removal could increase continuous canola yields compared with a “standard practice” (SP) treatment or match yields compared with canola in rotation. Recommended or 50% higher fertility levels alone or in combination with a higher seeding rate, tillage, chaff removal, or additional fungicide were applied to the same plots in three successive years to determine effects after 1, 2, and 3 yr of treatment imposition. In continuous canola, blackleg incidence and severity were both reduced by fungicide treatment. In rotations where canola was preceded by wheat, blackleg incidence and severity were much lower than in continuous canola. None of the treatments improved continuous canola yields compared with SP after a single year of treatment imposition. In subsequent years, canola yield increases compared with SP usually occurred as a result of additional fertilizer, seed, or fungicide. In the final year, canola yield loss due to continuous canola was largely rescued by additional seed and fertilizer. Without additional inputs, and when preceded by a different crop, canola yields averaged 11% greater than the average of all continuous canola treatments. High fertility regimes generally reduced oil content and increased protein content relative to standard fertility in continuous canola or relative to canola preceded by wheat.

Herbage productivity and nutritive value of nine grasses in the Peace River region of northwestern Canada

2004 ◽  
Vol 84 (1) ◽  
pp. 163-171 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. A. Fairey
Keyword(s):  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Early Season ◽  
Red Fescue ◽  
Peace River ◽  
Primary Growth ◽  
N Concentration ◽  
River Region ◽  
Single Response

Seasonal production profiles are fundamental to the effective utilisation of herbage crops. In the Peace River region of north-western Canada, the seasonal productivity and nutritive value of the primary growth of nine grasses was assessed under conditions of potentially non-limiting N fertiliser (150 kg N ha-1). Yield, digestibility and N concentration of dry matter (DM) were determined for herbage harvested at six dates during primary growth (late-May to mid-August at 2-wk intervals), and regressed on time in the growing season. Herbage DM yield increased exponentially throughout primary growth for each grass although the nature of the relationship differed among the grasses, both with respect to the maximum yield and the amount of early-season production; maximum yields ranged from 3.61 t ha-1 for reed canary to 6.31 t ha-1 for intermediate wheat. The early-season productivity of meadow foxtail and crested wheat was particularly evident, with DM yields in excess of 1 t ha-1 by 24 May compared to less than 0.32 t ha-1 for the other seven grasses. Reed canary and meadow foxtail had high N concentrations, meadow brome and three wheatgrasses had low N concentrations, and smooth brome, timothy and creeping red fescue had intermediate N concentrations. Herbage digestibility during the primary growth could be characterised by a single response curve for the nine grasses; digestibility decreased exponentially during the vegetative to head-emergence stage of growth at an average rate of 4.1 g kg-1 DM d-1, from 830 g kg-1 DM in late-May to 616 g kg-1 DM in mid-July. Herbage N concentration and digestibility were related linearly for each of the nine grasses. Key words: Grasses, herbage, yield, nutritive value, primary growth

Dynamics and risk assessment of pesticides in cucumber through field experiments and model simulation

2021 ◽  
Vol 773 ◽  
pp. 145615
Author(s):  
Xiaoxiao Feng ◽  
Lixiang Pan ◽  
Jing Jing ◽  
Jingcheng Zhang ◽  
Ming Zhuang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Model Simulation

scholarly journals Timing of primary growth harvest affects the yield and nutritive value of timothy-red clover mixtures

2000 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 121-134 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. RINNE ◽  
A. NYKÄNEN
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Growth Time ◽  
Primary Growth ◽  
Organically Grown

The effects of partition of growth time between primary growth and regrowth of organically grown mixed (mainly timothy and red clover) leys were studied over two years in Juva, Finland. Primary growth was harvested at three different dates and regrowth on a single occasion from all plots. Dry matter (DM) yield of primary growth increased by 116 kg per ha per day by delaying harvest (P

scholarly journals Development of yield and nutritive value of timothy in primary growth and regrowth in northern growing conditions

2008 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 252 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. NISSINEN ◽  
P. KALLIAINEN ◽  
L. JAUHIAINEN
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Protein Content ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Rapid Decline ◽  
Crude Protein Content ◽  
Percentage Unit ◽  
Primary Growth ◽  
Organic Matter Digestibility

The development of the yield and nutritive value of timothy (Phleum pratense L.) both in the primary growth and in the regrowth were studied at MTT Plant Production Research, a unit of MTT Agrifood Research Finland, in Rovaniemi (66°35´N) in 1999–2001. The dry matter yield and leaf:stem ratio were measured from the crop samples, and the contents of crude protein and organic matter digestibility of both whole plant samples and leaf and stem fractions were analysed. In primary growth, the most rapid increase of dry matter, 220–240 kg ha-1 per day, was measured around the beginning of the heading stage. There was a very strong positive correlation between the proportion of stems and the amount of dry matter in the primary yield. The daily growth rate of the regrowth was less than half of that of the primary growth. The fastest decrease, 1 percentage unit per day, in crude protein content was measured at the pasture stage (4–5-leaf stage). During the entire sampling period, the average daily decline in crude protein content in the primary growth of timothy was 0.65 percentage units. The main cause for the rapid decline in crude protein content was the high proportion of stem matter and its low protein content. In the regrowth, during the last four weeks before the harvest, the average daily decline in crude protein content was 0.28 percentage units.The average decline in organic matter digestibility from early pasture stage to late silage stage was 0.9 percentage units per day. The most remarkable change was noticed at the growth stage of timothy when about the half of stems were heading and it was then that the digestibility decreased by more than one percentage unit per day. The rapid decline in organic matter digestibility was due to the low digestibility of stem matter. The daily change in forage digestibility in the regrowth was very small, on average 0.11%.;

scholarly journals Ammonia Volatilization, Forage Accumulation, and Nutritive Value of Marandu Palisade Grass Pastures in Different N Sources and Doses

Atmosphere ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 1179
Author(s):  
Darlena Caroline da Cruz Corrêa ◽  
Abmael da Silva Cardoso ◽  
Mariane Rodrigues Ferreira ◽  
Débora Siniscalchi ◽  
Pedro Henrique de Almeida Gonçalves ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Ammonium Sulfate ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Accumulation Rate ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Neutral Detergent Fiber ◽  
Urea Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
The Impact

The reduction in ammonia (NH3) losses from volatilization has significant implications in forage production. The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of N fertilizers (urea, ammonium nitrate, and ammonium sulfate) and four doses (0, 90, 180 and 270 kg N ha−1) on N losses by NH3 volatilization, accumulation, and forage chemical composition of Urochloa brizantha cv Marandu. Two field experiments were conducted to measure NH3 losses using semi-open chambers. The forage accumulation and chemical composition were evaluated in the third experiment; the response variables included forage accumulation, crude protein (CP), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF). Compared to urea, ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulfate reduced NH3 losses by 84% and 87% and increased total forage accumulation by 14% and 23%, respectively. Forage accumulation rate and CP increased linearly with the N levels, while NDF contents decreased linearly with the N levels. In both experiments, NH3 losses and forage characteristics were different according to the rainfall pattern and temperature variations. Our results indicate that the use of nitric and ammoniacal fertilizers and the application of fertilizer in the rainy season constitute an efficient fertilizer management strategy to increase forage yield and decrease losses from volatilization of NH3.

EFFECT OF UREA AND AMMONIUM NITRATE ON YIELDS AND NITROGEN CONCENTRATION OF TIMOTHY AND BROMEGRASS AND LOSS OF AMMONIA FROM UREA SURFACE APPLICATIONS

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (1) ◽  
pp. 185-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. T. KUNELIUS ◽  
J. A. MACLEOD ◽  
K. B. MCRAE
Keyword(s):  
Ammonium Nitrate ◽  
Total Nitrogen ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Secondary Growth ◽  
Nitrogen Sources ◽  
Primary Growth ◽  
Total Nitrogen Concentration ◽  
Harvest Year

Urea and ammonium nitrate were applied at 30, 60, 90 and 120 kg N ha−1 in spring and after cutting the primary growth of timothy and bromegrass in three field experiments. Dry matter yields of timothy and bromegrass and total nitrogen concentration of tissue and nitrogen yields of timothy were determined. Loss of nitrogen as ammonia was monitored on microplots between the end of May and early July. Primary growth yields were usually similar for ammonium nitrate and urea but in the secondary growth timothy fertilized with ammonium nitrate outyielded timothy fertilized with urea in four out of six harvest years. Dry matter response to applied nitrogen was usually curvilinear in primary growth but linear in secondary growth over the nitrogen rates studied. Total nitrogen concentration in primary and secondary growths of timothy increased linearly with nitrogen rate during the initial 2–3 yr; ammonium nitrate and urea were equally effective in all but one harvest year. Total nitrogen production of timothy also increased linearly over the range of 30–120 kg N ha−1, while ammonium nitrate outyielded urea-fertilized timothy during one season in primary and two seasons out of four in secondary growth. Nitrogen losses increased from spring to summer, in general, with 68–75% of the variation explained by air temperature. Urea and ammonium nitrate were considered equivalent nitrogen sources for the primary growth of timothy but urea was less efficient in the secondary growth under summer conditions.Key words: Urea, ammonium nitrate, timothy, bromegrass, ammonia losses

STUDIES ON THE CONTROL OF ROOT-ROT DISEASES OF CEREALS: IV. INFLUENCE OF MECHANICAL SEED INJURY ON INFECTION BY FUSARIUM CULMORUM IN WHEAT

1936 ◽  
Vol 14c (12) ◽  
pp. 438-444 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Machacek ◽  
F. J. Greaney
Keyword(s):  
Root Rot ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Fusarium Culmorum ◽  
Western Canada ◽  
Wheat Seed ◽  
Fusarium Root Rot ◽  
Field Plots ◽  
Made In ◽  
Experimentally Induced

The results of field experiments made in 1932, 1933, and 1934, to determine the effect of mechanical seed injury on the incidence of root rot caused by Fusarium culmorum and on yield in wheat are presented.Successful positive attacks of Fusarium root rot were experimentally induced in field plots. The tests showed that reduced emergence, increased root rot, and reduced yield uniformly followed the planting of injured wheat seed; and that the amount of disease increased and the yield decreased with an increase in the degree of seed injury. In these experiments Mindum and Marquis wheat seemed equally affected by seed injury.The investigation suggests that the large annual losses in yield caused by root-rot diseases of cereals in Western Canada may be substantially reduced by sowing clean, vigorous, sound seed.

A review of copper fertilizer management for optimum yield and quality of crops in the Canadian Prairie provinces

2006 ◽  
Vol 86 (3) ◽  
pp. 605-619 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. S. Malhi ◽  
R. E. Karamanos
Keyword(s):  
Seed Yield ◽  
Growth Stage ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Seed Quality ◽  
Soil Analysis ◽  
Growth Stages ◽  
Canadian Prairie ◽  
Cu Deficiency ◽  
Yield And Quality

Deficiency of copper (Cu) in Canadian prairie soils is not widespread, but whenever it occurs it can cause a drastic reduction in seed yield and quality of most cereals, especially wheat. Field experiments conducted in western Canada indicated that broadcast-incorporation of granular Cu fertilizers prior to seeding at 3-5.6 kg Cu ha-1 was usually sufficient to prevent Cu deficiency in wheat, and improve seed yield and quality. At lower rates (< 2.0 kg Cu ha-1), broadcast-incorporation of granular Cu fertilizers was not effective, while surface spray-broadcast followed by incorporation of liquid Cu fertilizers was much more effective in increasing seed yield of wheat in the first year of application. Surface broadcast without incorporation and seedrow-placed granular Cu fertilizers were much less effective in improving seed yield of wheat than their foliar or soil-incorporated applications. In the growing season, foliar applications of Cu at 0.20 to 0.28 kg Cu ha-1 to wheat at the Feekes 6 (first node of stem visible at base of shoot or stem elongation), Feekes 10 (sheath of last leaf completely grown or flag-leaf) and early boot growth stages were very effective in restoring seed yield, while Cu applications at the Feekes 2 (four-leaf) or Feekes 10.5 (complete heading) growth stage did not have a consistent effect to correct damage caused by Cu deficiency. Some Cu fertilizers (e.g., Cu oxide) were less effective than others in preventing/correcting Cu deficiency. Soil application at relatively high rates produced residual benefits in increasing seed yield for a number of years. The sensitivity of crops to Cu deficiency is usually in the order (wheat, flax, canary seed) > (barley, alfalfa) > (timothy seed, oats, corn) > (peas, clovers) > (canola, rye, forage grasses). Stem melanosis in wheat was associated with deficiency of Cu in soil, and the disease was reduced substantially with Cu application. A high level of available P in soil was observed to induce/increase severity of Cu deficiency in wheat. Soil analysis for diethylene triamine pentacetic acid- (DTPA) extractable Cu in soil can be used as a good diagnostic tool to predict Cu deficiency, but there was a poor relationship between total Cu concentration in shoots and the degree of Cu deficiency in crops. Application of Cu fertilizers to wheat on Cu-deficient soils also generally improved seed quality. Key words: Application time, Cu source, foliar application, granular Cu, growth stage, placement method, rate of Cu, seedrow-placed Cu, soil incorporation, wheat

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