Nitrogen dynamics under growth chamber conditions as influenced by method of alfalfa termination 2. Plant-available N release

1998 ◽  
Vol 78 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-266 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Mohr ◽  
H. H. Janzen ◽  
M. H. Entz
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Uptake ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Nitrogen Accumulation ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Available N ◽  
N Release ◽  
Barley Crop

Herbicide application has been proposed as an alternative to tillage for termination of established alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) stands but it may alter the pattern and amount of N released from alfalfa residues. A controlled environment study was conducted to investigate the effect of termination technique on the availability of N to four barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) crops. Four treatments consisting of a factorial combination of two termination methods (chemical, mechanical) and two methods of residue placement (surface, incorporated) were established. Nitrogen uptake by the four consecutive crops of barley was measured during a 125-d period after termination. Termination method, particularly residue placement, strongly affected N release from alfalfa residues. Nitrogen accumulation by the initial barley crop accounted for >60% of cumulative N uptake in incorporated treatments compared with 39% and 24% for herbicide and tillage treatments in which alfalfa residue was surface applied. Herbicide application also slightly increased N uptake by the initial barley crop. Nitrogen uptake by subsequent barley crops was not affected by termination method; however, cumulative N uptake remained substantially greater for incorporated treatments throughout the 125 d experiment. Effects of residue particle size on N release from alfalfa residues were small. These results suggest that herbicide termination in which residue is retained on the soil surface may reduce the short-term plant-available N supply. Provided that mineralization is sufficient to meet the N needs of subsequent crops, maintaining a smaller reservoir of soil inorganic N may be beneficial in reducing the potential for leaching or denitrification losses. Key words: Plant-available N, termination method, alfalfa, herbicide, tillage, growth chamber

Factors Involved in Alachlor Injury to the Potato (Solanum tuberosum)

Weed Science ◽  
1977 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 482-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.N. Belote ◽  
T.J. Monaco
Keyword(s):  
Solanum Tuberosum ◽  
Soil Surface ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Herbicide Application ◽  
Time Of Application ◽  
Plant Emergence ◽  
Chamber Studies ◽  
Growth Chamber Studies

Results from greenhouse and growth chamber studies indicated that alachlor [2-chloro-2′,6-diethyl-N-(methoxymethyl) acetanilide] injury to ‘Superior’ potatoes (Solanum tuberosumL.) was related to time of herbicide application and temperature. Injury to the ‘Superior’ cultivar was observed when alachlor was applied just before potato emergence. Necrosis of shoots near the soil surface, shoot dieback, stem swelling, leaf crinkle, and plant stunting were characteristic symptoms of alachlor injury. Cool temperatures appeared to intensify the injury. ‘Superior’ potatoes outgrew injury within 41 days after treatment. Herbicide placement studies in the growth chamber suggested that alachlor or its metabolites were absorbed by the shoots of emerging ‘Superior’ potatoes. Under growth chamber conditions the ‘Katahdin’ cultivar was injured by preemergence applications of alachlor when the herbicide was applied just before plant emergence. Injury symptoms were similar to those observed on the ‘Superior’ cultivar. ‘Pungo’ and ‘Norchip’ potatoes were tolerant to preemergence applications of the herbicide regardless of time of application.

scholarly journals Effect of Sources, Split and Foliar Application of KCl and KClO3 on Availability and Uptake of Nitrogen in Aerobic Rice

2021 ◽  
pp. 55-72
Author(s):  
P. Anji Babu ◽  
K. Omar Hattab ◽  
L. Aruna ◽  
R. Mohan
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Uptake ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Rice Variety ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Aerobic Rice ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Flowering Stage ◽  
Positive Interaction ◽  
Available N ◽  
N Status

Aim: To investigate the effect of KCl and KClO3 as sources of potassium in aerobic rice with four types of split doses and two levels of foliar applications of potassium. Study Design: The experiment was laid out in Randomized Block Design with three replications. Place and Duration of Study: Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru College of Agriculture and Research Institute, Karaikal, Puducherry. Methodology: The rice variety PMK 4 was tested with two sources of potassium viz., Potassium chloride (KCl) and Potassium chlorate (KClO3), four types of split application viz., K control (S1), basal with no split (S2), two splits (S3) and three splits (S4) along with foliar application treatments viz., no foliar (F1) and foliar spray (F2). Results: The results of field experiment revealed that the N availability in soil was more at all stages of crop growth by two and three split doses of potassium. The KClO3 increased the available N status at active and panicle initiation stages. Whereas in flowering stage, the KCl recorded the higher available N status in soil. The nitrogen uptake at active tillering stage and flowering stage was evidently improved with three split doses of potassium. Whereas in panicle initiation stage, the two split doses registered higher N uptake. The nitrogen uptake by both grain and straw was conspicuously higher in three and two split doses of potassium. Conclusion: The split applications tested in this investigation influenced the available N status in soil. Almost in all the stages, three split applications retained more available N in soil. This implies the positive interaction of potassium with nitrogen.

scholarly journals Methods for Determining Nitrogen Release from Controlled-release Fertilizers Used for Vegetable Production

2012 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luther C. Carson ◽  
Monica Ozores-Hampton
Keyword(s):  
Weight Loss ◽  
Controlled Release ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Vegetable Production ◽  
Field Methods ◽  
N Losses ◽  
N Release ◽  
Plastic Bag

The purpose of this article is to review nitrogen (N) controlled-release fertilizer (CRF) research methods used to measure nutrient release from CRFs. If CRF-N release patterns match vegetable crop needs, crop N uptake may become more efficient, thus resulting in similar or greater yields, reduced fertilizer N needs, and reduced environmental N losses. Three methods categories to estimate N release are: laboratory; growth chamber, greenhouse, or both; and field methods. Laboratory methods include a standard and accelerated temperature-controlled incubation methods (TCIMs); methods incubate CRF using selected time periods, temperatures, and/or sampling methods. Accelerated TCIMs, in contrast to the standard method, allow for shorter incubation periods. Growth chamber and greenhouse methods, including column and plastic bag studies, may be used to test new CRF products in conditions similar to particular vegetable production systems. However, the column method predicts N release from CRFs more effectively than the plastic bag method because of ammonia volatilization and lower N recovery rates associated with the bag method. Both field methods, pot-in-pot and pouch methods, are viable vegetable research options. The pouch method measures N remaining in the CRF prill and the pot-in-pot method measures N released from the CRF, thus each method can be applied to different research objectives. Nitrogen released during incubation may be measured using methods such as total Kjeldahl N (TKN), prill weight loss, combustion, colorimetric, or ion-specific electrodes. The prill weight loss method is the least expensive but can only be used with urea CRF. Thus, the CRF-N source(s) and research objectives will determine the appropriate N analysis method. More research needs to be completed on correlations of field and laboratory CRF extractions. Field release methods should be considered the most reliable indicator of CRF-N performance until a laboratory method reliably predicts CRF-N expected field response.

scholarly journals Effects of micro-nano bubble aerated irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer level on tillering, nitrogen uptake and utilization of early rice

2018 ◽  
Vol 64 (No. 7) ◽  
pp. 297-302 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sang Honghui ◽  
Jiao Xiyun ◽  
Wang Shufang ◽  
Guo Weihua ◽  
Salahou Mohamed Khaled ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Uptake ◽  
Nitrogen Fertilizer ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Effective Means ◽  
Irrigation Treatment ◽  
Utilization Efficiency ◽  
Nitrogen Accumulation ◽  
Response Characteristics ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Early Rice

In order to clarify the response characteristics of tillering and nitrogen (N) uptake and utilization under micro-nano bubble aeration irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer level, the nitrogen uptake and utilization characteristics, tillering and yield of early rice under different irrigation methods and nitrogen levels were investigated. The results showed that micro-nano bubble aerated irrigation and nitrogen fertilizer have substantial influence on tillering of early rice, and the effect of N fertilizer was greater than the effect of oxygen. Nitrogen accumulation increased by 6.75–10.79% in micro-nano bubble aerated irrigation treatment compared with the conventional irrigation. The application of N in treatment of micro-nano bubble aerated irrigation and 160 kg N/ha fertilizer used (W<sub>1</sub>N<sub>1</sub>) was 90% of the treatment of micro-nano bubble aerated irrigation and 180 kg N/ha fertilizer used (W<sub>1</sub>N<sub>2</sub>), while the yield decreased by only 0.31%. The study indicated that the adoption of an appropriate deficit N rate combine with micro-nano bubble aerated irrigation can be an effective means to reduce non-beneficial N consumption, achieve higher crop yield and N utilization efficiency.

FATE OF 15N-LABELED UREA IN THE GROWTH CHAMBER AS AFFECTED BY ADDED ORGANIC MATTER AND N PLACEMENT

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 639-646 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. TOMAR ◽  
R. J. SOPER
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
C:N Ratio ◽  
Growth Chamber ◽  
Plant Residues ◽  
N Recovery ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Total N ◽  
Mixed Treatment ◽  
Point Placement

The effects of N placement and organic matter amendments on plant uptake and immobilization of N from 15N-labeled urea were investigated in a growth chamber employing two successive crops of rapeseed (Brassica napus L.). Immature barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) (C:N ratio 20.9) and fababean (Vicia faba L.) (C:N ratio 21.8) plant residues, and sucrose were mixed throughout the soil at 10 g material kg−1 soil. Urea enriched with 20.2 atom % 15N was either mixed throughout the soil, or placed as a point in the center of the soil at 100 mg N kg−1 soil. The soil was incubated at field capacity for 30 d before the seeding of first crop and 60 d before the second crop. For the first crop of rapeseed, there was a net mineralization of N from the added barley and fababean materials regardless of N application. For total N uptake and dry matter yield of rapeseed, the mixed treatment of urea was superior to the point placement where barley and fababean residues were added. However, due to considerable biological interchange of N with added plant residues in the mixed treatment, 15N uptake was greater for the point placement of added urea (47.3 vs. 26.7%). Sucrose led to considerable net immobilization of N with the result that the point placement of N was superior to mixing for N uptake and 15N recovery. Added N remaining in the soil at harvest time after removal of the first crop's roots varied between 20.0 and 48.8% for the point placed N and between 27.5 and 79.2% for the mixed placement and was largest where sucrose was added. In spite of the large variation in 15N remaining in the soil, plant recovery of residual 15N in the second crop ranged from only 11.3 to 13.8%, except for the point placement of urea with sucrose where the value was 19.3%. Key words: N immobilization, organic residues, residual 15N, tagged urea

A comparison of six cover crop types in terms of nitrogen uptake and effect on response to nitrogen by a subsequent spring barley crop

1996 ◽  
Vol 127 (4) ◽  
pp. 441-449 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. R. Richards ◽  
P. A. Wallace ◽  
I. D. S. Turner
Keyword(s):  
Nitrogen Uptake ◽  
Cover Crops ◽  
Cover Crop ◽  
Spring Barley ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Sowing Date ◽  
Crop Species ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Barley Crop ◽  
Late Sowing

SUMMARYA field experiment was conducted at nine sites in England (1991–94) to compare six sown species of cover crop and natural regeneration in terms of nitrogen uptake and effect on response to applied N by a subsequent spring barley crop. The success and extent of cover crop establishment varied among sites and was insignificant in two. This may be associated with the relatively late sowing of the cover crops, the earliest site being sown on 27 August and the latest on 19 October. Dry matter (DM) yield of the sown cover crop at time of incorporation was related to sowing date, earlier sowing giving the higher yields. Maximum total DM yield and N uptake by the above-ground portion of cover crops were 1280kgDM/ha and 38 kg N/ha respectively. The extent of N uptake by the cover crops appeared to be related to the success of establishment rather than to the level of soil nitrate-N at the time of their sowing. Effects of cover crop incorporation on the subsequent spring barley were small. There was no evidence for any positive effect of the cover crop on N supply to the barley. In one trial, incorporation of forage rye significantly reduced grain yield of the barley by 0·7–1·2 t/ha compared to other cover crop species.

scholarly journals Biosolids Benefit Yield and Nitrogen Uptake in Winter Cereals without Excess Risk of N Leaching

Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 1482
Author(s):  
Silvia Pampana ◽  
Alessandro Rossi ◽  
Iduna Arduini
Keyword(s):  
Triticum Turgidum ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Triticum Aestivum L ◽  
N Leaching ◽  
Specific Rate ◽  
Mineral Fertilization ◽  
Hordeum Vulgare L ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Winter Cereals

Winter cereals are excellent candidates for biosolid application because their nitrogen (N) requirement is high, they are broadly cultivated, and their deep root system efficiently takes up mineral N. However, potential N leaching from BS application can occur in Mediterranean soils. A two-year study was conducted to determine how biosolids affect biomass and grain yield as well as N uptake and N leaching in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), durum wheat (Triticum turgidum L. var. durum), and oat (Avena byzantina C. Koch). Cereals were fertilized at rates of 5, 10, and 15 Mg ha−1 dry weight (called B5, B10, and B15, respectively) of biosolids (BS). Mineral-fertilized (MF) and unfertilized (C) controls were included. Overall, results highlight that BS are valuable fertilizers for winter cereals as these showed higher yields with BS as compared to control. Nevertheless, whether 5 Mg ha−1 of biosolids could replace mineral fertilization still depended on the particular cereal due to the different yield physiology of the crops. Moreover, nitrate leaching from B5 was comparable to MF, and B15 increased the risk by less than 30 N-NO3 kg ha−1. We therefore concluded that with specific rate settings, biosolid application can sustain yields of winter cereals without significant additional N leaching as compared to MF.

EFFECT OF WHEAT, LEGUME AND LEGUME-ENRICHED WHEAT RESIDUES ON THE PRODUCTIVITY AND NITROGEN UPTAKE OF RICE-WHEAT CROPPING SYSTEM AND SOIL FERTILITY

2001 ◽  
Vol 49 (4) ◽  
pp. 369-378 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. N. SHARMA ◽  
R. PRASAD
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effect ◽  
Soil Fertility ◽  
Nitrogen Uptake ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Cropping System ◽  
Available P ◽  
Fertilizer N ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Green Manuring

Field experiments were conducted for two crop years at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi to study the effect of enriching wheat residue with legume residue on the productivity and nitrogen uptake of a rice-wheat cropping system and soil fertility. The incorporation of wheat residue had an adverse effect on the productivity of the rice-wheat cropping system. When it was incorporated along with Sesbania green manure, not only did its adverse effect disappear but the response to fertilizer N was also increased. There was no response to fertilizer N when Sesbania green manure was incorporated. When wheat residue was incorporated along with Sesbania green manuring, rice responded significantly to fertilizer N up to 120 kg N ha-1 in the first year and to 60 kgN ha-1 in the second year and at these levels of N, Sesbania + wheat residue gave 0.8 to 1.2 t ha-1 more grain, 0.6-1.0 t ha-1 more straw and 8-15 kg ha-1 more N uptake of rice resulting in 0.04-0.17% more organic C, 3-8 kg ha-1 more available P and 17-25 kg ha-1 more available K content in the soil than wheat residue alone at the same rates of N application. The respective increaseas caused by Sesbania green manure + wheat residue over Sesbania green manure alone were 0.3-0.5 t ha-1 in the grain and straw yield, 1-9 kg ha-1 in the N uptake of rice, 0.02-0.10% in organic C, 1-8 kg ha-1 in available P and 35- 70 kg ha-1 in available K content in the soil. These treatments also gave higher residual effects in succeeding wheat than wheat residue alone. The incorporation of residues of both wheat and Sesbania is thus recommended to eliminate the adverse effect of wheat residue and to increase the beneficial effects of Sesbania green manuring.

scholarly journals Response of Rice Nitrogen Physiology to High Nighttime Temperature during Vegetative Stage

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Song Chen ◽  
Xiaoguo Zhang ◽  
Xia Zhao ◽  
Danying Wang ◽  
Chunmei Xu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
N Uptake ◽  
Plant Morphology ◽  
Carbohydrate Content ◽  
Shoot Biomass ◽  
Nitrogen Accumulation ◽  
Root Volume ◽  
Nitrogen Levels ◽  
Soluble Leaf Protein ◽  
Nitrogen Concentrations ◽  
Positive Effect

The effects of night temperature on plant morphology and nitrogen accumulation were examined in rice (Oryza sativaL.) during vegetative growth. The results showed that the shoot biomass of the plants was greater at 27°C (high nighttime temperature, HNT) than at 22°C (CK). However, the increase in both shoot and root biomasses was not significant under 10 mg N/L. The shoot nitrogen concentrations were 16.1% and 16.7% higher in HNT than in CK under 160 and 40 mg N/L. These results suggest that plant N uptake was enhanced under HNT; however, the positive effect might be limited by the N status of the plants. In addition, leaf area, plant height, root maximum length, root and shoot nitrogen concentrations, soluble leaf protein content, and soluble leaf carbohydrate content were greater in HNT than in CK under 40 and 160 mg N/L, while fresh root volume, root number, and the content of free amino acid in leaf were not significantly different between HNT and CK regardless of nitrogen levels. Moreover, leaf GS activity under HNT was increased at 160 mg N/L compared with that under CK, which might partly explain the positive effect of HNT on soluble protein and carbohydrate content.

scholarly journals Plant uptake of nitrogen adsorbed to biochars made from dairy manure

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Leilah Krounbi ◽  
Akio Enders ◽  
John Gaunt ◽  
Margaret Ball ◽  
Johannes Lehmann
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Liquid Fraction ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Dairy Manure ◽  
Production Costs ◽  
Available N ◽  
Dairy Waste ◽  
Pre Treatment

AbstractThe conversion of dairy waste with high moisture contents to dry fertilizers may reduce environmental degradation while lowering crop production costs. We converted the solid portion of screw-pressed dairy manure into a sorbent for volatile ammonia (NH3) in the liquid fraction using pyrolysis and pre-treatment with carbon dioxide (CO2). The extractable N in manure biochar exposed to NH3 following CO2 pre-treatment reached 3.36 g N kg−1, 1260-fold greater extractable N than in untreated manure biochar. Ammonia exposure was 142-times more effective in increasing extractable N than immersing manure biochar in the liquid fraction containing dissolved ammonium. Radish and tomato grown in horticultural media with manure biochar treated with CO2 + NH3 promoted up to 35% greater plant growth (dry weight) and 36–83% greater N uptake compared to manure biochar alone. Uptake of N was similar between plants grown with wood biochar exposed to CO2 + NH3, compared to N-equivalent treatments. The available N in dairy waste in New York (NY) state, if pyrolyzed and treated with NH3 + CO2, is equivalent to 11,732–42,232 Mg N year−1, valued at 6–21.5 million USD year−1. Separated dairy manure treated with CO2 + NH3 can offset 23–82% of N fertilizer needs of NY State, while stabilizing both the solid and liquid fraction of manure for reduced environmental pollution.

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