The spectacular role of the human microbiome in preventing post-prandial or metabolic endotoxemia, the number one cause of mortality worldwide

2019 ◽  
Vol 05 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiran Krishnan
Keyword(s):  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Metabolic Endotoxemia

scholarly journals Microbiome—Friend or Foe of Pancreatic Cancer?

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (23) ◽  
pp. 5624
Author(s):  
Jaroslaw Daniluk ◽  
Urszula Daniluk ◽  
Pawel Rogalski ◽  
Andrzej Dabrowski ◽  
Agnieszka Swidnicka-Siergiejko
Keyword(s):  
Pancreatic Cancer ◽  
Treatment Effectiveness ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Mechanisms Of Action ◽  
Ductal Adenocarcinoma ◽  
Overall Survival Rate ◽  
Improve Treatment ◽  
Potential Marker ◽  
Deadly Disease

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is one of the deadliest human neoplasms. Despite the development of new surgical and adjuvant therapies, the prognosis remains very poor, with the overall survival rate not exceeding 9%. There is now increasing evidence that the human microbiome, which is involved in many physiological functions, including the regulation of metabolic processes and the modulation of the immune system, is possibly linked to pancreatic oncogenesis. However, the exact mechanisms of action are poorly understood. Our review summarizes the current understanding of how the microbiome affects pancreatic cancer development and progression. We discuss potential pathways of microbe translocation to the pancreas, as well as the mechanism of their action. We describe the role of the microbiome as a potential marker of pancreatic cancer diagnosis, progression, and survival. Finally, we discuss the possibilities of modifying the microbiome to improve treatment effectiveness for this deadly disease.

scholarly journals A Synthetic Peptide Designed to Neutralize Lipopolysaccharides Attenuates Metaflammation and Diet-Induced Metabolic Derangements in Mice

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shireen Mohammad ◽  
Sura Al Zoubi ◽  
Debora Collotta ◽  
Nadine Krieg ◽  
Bianka Wissuwa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Insulin Resistance ◽  
Liver Steatosis ◽  
Scavenger Receptor ◽  
Pyrin Domain ◽  
Extracellular Signal ◽  
Enhanced Expression ◽  
Severity Of The Disease ◽  
Cluster Of Differentiation ◽  
Metabolic Endotoxemia

Metabolic endotoxemia has been suggested to play a role in the pathophysiology of metaflammation, insulin-resistance and ultimately type-2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). The role of endogenous antimicrobial peptides (AMPs), such as the cathelicidin LL-37, in T2DM is unknown. We report here for the first time that patients with T2DM compared to healthy volunteers have elevated plasma levels of LL-37. In a reverse-translational approach, we have investigated the effects of the AMP, peptide 19-2.5, in a murine model of high-fat diet (HFD)-induced insulin-resistance, steatohepatitis and T2DM. HFD-fed mice for 12 weeks caused obesity, an impairment in glycemic regulations, hypercholesterolemia, microalbuminuria and steatohepatitis, all of which were attenuated by Peptide 19-2.5. The liver steatosis caused by feeding mice a HFD resulted in the activation of nuclear factor kappa light chain enhancer of activated B cells (NF-ĸB) (phosphorylation of inhibitor of kappa beta kinase (IKK)α/β, IκBα, translocation of p65 to the nucleus), expression of NF-ĸB-dependent protein inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and activation of the NOD-, LRR- and pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome, all of which were reduced by Peptide 19-2.5. Feeding mice, a HFD also resulted in an enhanced expression of the lipid scavenger receptor cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36) secondary to activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK)1/2, both of which were abolished by Peptide 19-2.5. Taken together, these results demonstrate that the AMP, Peptide 19-2.5 reduces insulin-resistance, steatohepatitis and proteinuria. These effects are, at least in part, due to prevention of the expression of CD36 and may provide further evidence for a role of metabolic endotoxemia in the pathogenesis of metaflammation and ultimately T2DM. The observed increase in the levels of the endogenous AMP LL-37 in patients with T2DM may serve to limit the severity of the disease.

scholarly journals The human microbiome in hematopoiesis and hematologic disorders

Blood ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 126 (3) ◽  
pp. 311-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Veronica E. Manzo ◽  
Ami S. Bhatt
Keyword(s):  
Community Structure ◽  
Human Health ◽  
Ribosomal Rna ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Human Cells ◽  
Metagenomic Sequencing ◽  
Hematologic Disorders ◽  
Hematologic Diseases ◽  
Shotgun Metagenomic Sequencing

AbstractHumans are now understood to be in complex symbiosis with a diverse ecosystem of microbial organisms, including bacteria, viruses, and fungi. Efforts to characterize the role of these microorganisms, commonly referred as the microbiota, in human health have sought to answer the fundamental questions of what organisms are present, how are they functioning to interact with human cells, and by what mechanism are these interactions occurring. In this review, we describe recent efforts to describe the microbiota in healthy and diseased individuals, summarize the role of various molecular technologies (ranging from 16S ribosomal RNA to shotgun metagenomic sequencing) in enumerating the community structure of the microbiota, and explore known interactions between the microbiota and humans, with a focus on the microbiota’s role in hematopoiesis and hematologic diseases.

scholarly journals Fructans as Immunomodulatory and Antiviral Agents: The Case of Echinacea

Biomolecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 615 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erin Dobrange ◽  
Darin Peshev ◽  
Bianke Loedolff ◽  
Wim Van den Ende
Keyword(s):  
Potential Role ◽  
Antiviral Agents ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Modern Medicine ◽  
Historical Knowledge ◽  
Multifunctional Compounds ◽  
Health Promoting ◽  
Medicinal Properties ◽  
Phytochemical Profile

Throughout history, medicinal purposes of plants have been studied, documented, and acknowledged as an integral part of human healthcare systems. The development of modern medicine still relies largely on this historical knowledge of the use and preparation of plants and their extracts. Further research into the human microbiome highlights the interaction between immunomodulatory responses and plant-derived, prebiotic compounds. One such group of compounds includes the inulin-type fructans (ITFs), which may also act as signaling molecules and antioxidants. These multifunctional compounds occur in a small proportion of plants, many of which have recognized medicinal properties. Echinacea is a well-known medicinal plant and products derived from it are sold globally for its cold- and flu-preventative and general health-promoting properties. Despite the well-documented phytochemical profile of Echinacea plants and products, little research has looked into the possible role of ITFs in these products. This review aims to highlight the occurrence of ITFs in Echinacea derived formulations and the potential role they play in immunomodulation.

scholarly journals Peritoneal Microbiome in End-Stage Renal Disease Patients and the Impact of Peritoneal Dialysis Therapy

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 173
Author(s):  
Liliana Simões-Silva ◽  
Ricardo Araujo ◽  
Manuel Pestana ◽  
Isabel Soares-Silva ◽  
Benedita Sampaio-Maia
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Peritoneal Tissue ◽  
Stage Renal Disease ◽  
End Stage ◽  
The Impact

Factors influencing the occurrence of peritoneal dialysis (PD)-related infections are still far from fully understood. Recent studies described the existence of specific microbiomes in body sites previously considered microbiome-free, unravelling new microbial pathways in the human body. In the present study, we analyzed the peritoneum of end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) patients to determine if they harbored a specific microbiome and if it is altered in patients on PD therapy. We conducted a cross-sectional study where the peritoneal microbiomes from ESKD patients with intact peritoneal cavities (ESKD non-PD, n = 11) and ESKD patients undergoing PD therapy (ESKD PD, n = 9) were analyzed with a 16S rRNA approach. Peritoneal tissue of ESKD patients contained characteristically low-abundance microbiomes dominated by Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, and Bacteroidetes. Patients undergoing PD therapy presented lower species richness, with dominance by the Pseudomonadaceae and Prevotelaceae families. This study provides the first characterization of the peritoneal microbiome in ESKD patients, bringing new insight to the human microbiome. Additionally, PD therapy may induce changes in this unique microbiome. The clinical relevance of these observations should be further explored to uncover the role of the peritoneal microbiome as a key element in the onset or aggravation of infection in ESKD patients, especially those undergoing PD.

scholarly journals The gut microbiome: the role of a virtual organ in the endocrinology of the host

2013 ◽  
Vol 218 (3) ◽  
pp. R37-R47 ◽  
Author(s):  
James M Evans ◽  
Laura S Morris ◽  
Julian R Marchesi
Keyword(s):  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
21St Century ◽  
Gut Microbiome ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Endocrine System ◽  
Vast Array

The human microbiome contains a vast array of microbes and genes that show greater complexity than the host's own karyome; the functions of many of these microbes are beneficial and show co-evolution with the host, while others are detrimental. The microbiota that colonises the gut is now being considered as a virtual organ or emergent system, with properties that need to be integrated into host biology and physiology. Unlike other organs, the functions that the gut microbiota plays in the host are as yet not fully understood and can be quite easily disrupted by antibiotics, diet or surgery. In this review, we look at some of the best-characterised functions that only the gut microbiota plays and how it interacts with the host's endocrine system and we try to make it clear that the 21st-century biology cannot afford to ignore this facet of biology, if it wants to fully understand what makes us human.

scholarly journals Gut Microbiota Mediates the Protective Effects of Dietary Capsaicin against Chronic Low-Grade Inflammation and Associated Obesity Induced by High-Fat Diet

mBio ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Kang ◽  
Bin Wang ◽  
Kanakaraju Kaliannan ◽  
Xiaolan Wang ◽  
Hedong Lang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
16S Rrna ◽  
Gut Microbiota ◽  
High Fat Diet ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
High Fat ◽  
Microbial Dysbiosis ◽  
Low Grade Inflammation ◽  
Metabolic Endotoxemia

ABSTRACT Metabolic endotoxemia originating from dysbiotic gut microbiota has been identified as a primary mediator for triggering the chronic low-grade inflammation (CLGI) responsible for the development of obesity. Capsaicin (CAP) is the major pungent bioactivator in chili peppers and has potent anti-obesity functions, yet the mechanisms linking this effect to gut microbiota remain obscure. Here we show that mice fed a high-fat diet (HFD) supplemented with CAP exhibit lower levels of metabolic endotoxemia and CLGI associated with lower body weight gain. High-resolution responses of the microbiota were examined by 16S rRNA sequencing, short-chain fatty acid (SCFA) measurements, and phylogenetic reconstruction of unobserved states (PICRUSt) analysis. The results showed, among others, that dietary CAP induced increased levels of butyrate-producing Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae, while it caused lower levels of members of the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-producing family S24_7. Predicted function analysis (PICRUSt) showed depletion of genes involved in bacterial LPS synthesis in response to CAP. We further identified that inhibition of cannabinoid receptor type 1 (CB1) by CAP also contributes to prevention of HFD-induced gut barrier dysfunction. Importantly, fecal microbiota transplantation experiments conducted in germfree mice demonstrated that dietary CAP-induced protection against HFD-induced obesity is transferrable. Moreover, microbiota depletion by a cocktail of antibiotics was sufficient to block the CAP-induced protective phenotype against obesity, further suggesting the role of microbiota in this context. Together, our findings uncover an interaction between dietary CAP and gut microbiota as a novel mechanism for the anti-obesity effect of CAP acting through prevention of microbial dysbiosis, gut barrier dysfunction, and chronic low-grade inflammation. IMPORTANCE Metabolic endotoxemia due to gut microbial dysbiosis is a major contributor to the pathogenesis of chronic low-grade inflammation (CLGI), which primarily mediates the development of obesity. A dietary strategy to reduce endotoxemia appears to be an effective approach for addressing the issue of obesity. Capsaicin (CAP) is the major pungent component in red chili (genus Capsicum). Little is known about the role of gut microbiota in the anti-obesity effect of CAP. High-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that CAP significantly increased butyragenic bacteria and decreased LPS-producing bacteria (e.g., members of the S24-7 family) and LPS biosynthesis. By using antibiotics and microbiota transplantation, we prove that gut microbiota plays a causal role in dietary CAP-induced protective phenotype against high-fat-diet-induced CLGI and obesity. Moreover, CB1 inhibition was partially involved in the beneficial effect of CAP. Together, these data suggest that the gut microbiome is a critical factor for the anti-obesity effects of CAP. Metabolic endotoxemia due to gut microbial dysbiosis is a major contributor to the pathogenesis of chronic low-grade inflammation (CLGI), which primarily mediates the development of obesity. A dietary strategy to reduce endotoxemia appears to be an effective approach for addressing the issue of obesity. Capsaicin (CAP) is the major pungent component in red chili (genus Capsicum). Little is known about the role of gut microbiota in the anti-obesity effect of CAP. High-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that CAP significantly increased butyragenic bacteria and decreased LPS-producing bacteria (e.g., members of the S24-7 family) and LPS biosynthesis. By using antibiotics and microbiota transplantation, we prove that gut microbiota plays a causal role in dietary CAP-induced protective phenotype against high-fat-diet-induced CLGI and obesity. Moreover, CB1 inhibition was partially involved in the beneficial effect of CAP. Together, these data suggest that the gut microbiome is a critical factor for the anti-obesity effects of CAP.

scholarly journals The uninvited guests of our microbiome: Helicobacter pylori and Epstein-Barr virus and their role in gastric cancerogenesis

2021 ◽  
Vol 75 (1) ◽  
pp. 611-619
Author(s):  
Magdalena Dzikowiec ◽  
Dorota Pastuszak-Lewandoska
Keyword(s):  
Gastric Cancer ◽  
Epstein Barr Virus ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Infectious Agents ◽  
Gastrointestinal Microbiome ◽  
Barr Virus ◽  
Epstein Barr ◽  
H Pylori ◽  
Development Of Gastric Cancer

Abstract It is well established that human body is an ecosystem for numerous microorganisms: bacteria, fungi, eukaryotic parasites, and viruses. They form a “microbiome” that under conditions of homeostasis remains in a friendly mutual relationship with the host. However, the composition and diversity of this microbe community is dynamic and can be changed under the influence of environmental factors, such as diet, antibiotic therapy, lifestyle, and the host’s genotype and immunity. The result of gut microbiome dysbiosis can lead even to cancer. The aim of this review is the description of the healthy gastrointestinal microbiome and the role of two infectious agents: Gram-negative bacteria Helicobacter pylori and Epstein-Barr virus in the development of gastric cancer in terms of gut dysbiosis. H. pylori is the most important pathogen of gastric microbiome with clear impact on its diversity. Coinfection with Epstein-Barr virus causes chronic gastritis, and the inflammatory process is significantly increased. The process of carcinogenesis begins with chronic inflammation that causes atrophic gastritis, intestinal metaplasia, dysplasia, and finally cancer. It has been proven that chronic inflammatory infection caused by infectious agents increases the risk of stomach cancer. Molecular methods that are progressively used to explore the human microbiome provide hope that this knowledge will be used for future diagnoses and therapy in the state of its dysbiosis and in cases of gastric cancer.

scholarly journals Unity of bowel-lung axis and the role of beneficial microbiota in anti-infectious protection

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (4) ◽  
pp. 355-361
Author(s):  
T.E. Taranushenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Immune Responses ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Human Microbiome Project ◽  
Medical Community ◽  
Mucosal Inflammation ◽  
Potential Interactions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
And Child Health

NIH Human Microbiome Project determined particular attention of the worldwide medical community to the study of the human microbiome and the assessment of the impact of symbiont microorganisms in the development of various (not only gastrointestinal) disorders. Potential interactions between the bowel and lungs (bowel-lung axis) via microbiota that allow for the possible involvement of microorganisms in the development of respiratory diseases are actively debated. This paper reviews studies on the pattern of interactions between bowel and lungs in infectious diseases associated with mucosal inflammation. The association between gut microbiota and the protective barrier of the respiratory tract based on known mechanisms and novel data derived from recent studies on SARS-CoV-2 is discussed. The relevance of beneficial bacteria (symbionts) in local and systemic immune responses, their disease-modifying and, eventually, therapeutic strategymodifying properties, the ability to be a resource of preventive medicine and an orchestrating tool for infections are addressed. Practitioners’ difficulties with probiotics in preventive and treatment schedules for various conditions are highlighted. Finally, the use of probiotics in children with respiratory infections and COVID-19 is uncovered. KEYWORDS: microbiota, microbiome, probiotics, children, mucosal immunity, Bifidobacterium. FOR CITATION: Taranushenko T.E. Unity of bowel-lung axis and the role of beneficial microbiota in anti-infectious protection. Russian Journal of Woman and Child Health. 2021;4(4):355–361 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2618-8430-2021-4-4-355-361.

scholarly journals The Role of Microbiome in Cancer Cell Stimulation and Therapy

2021 ◽  
pp. 97-115
Author(s):  
Shahira Hassoubah
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Disease States ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Indigenous Microbiota ◽  
Symbiotic Microbiota ◽  
Insight Into

In recent times, the microbiome has been increasingly recognized as having a hand in various disease states that include cancer as a part. Our commensal and symbiotic microbiota, in addition to pathogens with oncogenesis features, have tumor-suppressive characteristics. Our nutrition and other environmental influences can modulate some microbial species representatives within our digestive system and other systems. The microbiota has recently shown a two-way link to cancer immunotherapy for both the prognosis and the therapeutic aspects. Preclinical results indicated that microbiota modification could be transformed into a novel technique to improve cancer therapy's effectiveness. This article aimed to review recent development in our understanding of the microbiome and its relationship to cancer cells and discuss how the microbiome stimulates cancer and its clinical and therapeutic applications. Such information was selected and extracted from the PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases for published data from 2000 to 2020 using relevant keywords containing a combination of terms, including the microbiome, cancer, immune response, immune response, and microbiota. Finally, we concluded that studying the human microbiome is necessary because it provides a thorough understanding of humans' interaction and their indigenous microbiota. The microbiome provides useful insight into future research studies to optimize these species to fight life-threatening diseases such as cancer and has rendered the microbiome a successful cancer treatment strategy.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document