A multidrug-resistant Stenotrophomonas maltophilia clinical isolate from Kamuzu Central Hospital, Malawi

BackgroundStenotrophomonas maltophilia is a significant opportunistic pathogen that is associated with high mortality in immunocompromised individuals. In this study, we describe a multidrug-resistant (MDR) S. maltophilia clinical isolate from Kamuzu Central Hospital (KCH), Lilongwe, Malawi.MethodsA ceftriaxone and meropenem nonsusceptible isolate (Sm-MW08), recovered in December 2017 at KCH, was referred to the National Microbiology Reference Laboratory for identification. In April 2018, we identified the isolate using MALDI Biotyper mass spectrometry and determined its antimicrobial susceptibility profile using microdilution methods. Sm-MW08 was analysed by S1- PFGE, PCR, and Sanger sequencing, in order to ascertain the genotypes that were responsible for the isolate`s multidrug-resistance (MDR) phenotype.ResultsSm-MW08 was identified as S. maltophilia and exhibited resistance to a range of antibiotics, including all β-lactams, aminoglycosides (except arbekacin), chloramphenicol, minocycline, fosfomycin and fluoroquinolones, but remained susceptible to colistin and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. The isolate did not harbour any plasmid but did carry chromosomally-encoded blaL1 metallo-βlactamase and blaL2 β-lactamase genes; this was consistent with the isolate’s resistance profile. No other resistance determinants were detected, suggesting that the MDR phenotype exhibited by Sm-MW08 was innate.ConclusionHerein, we have described an MDR S. maltophilia from KCH in Malawi, that was resistant to almost all locally available antibiotics. We therefore recommend the practice of effective infection prevention measures to curtail spread of this organism.

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Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile of Extended Spectrum Beta- lactamases Producing Enterobacteriaceae isolated from clinical samples refereed to the National Bacteriology and Mycology Reference Laboratory, Ethiopia

10.21203/rs.2.20224/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Abebe Aseffa Negeri ◽

Eyasu Tigabu Seyoum ◽

Dejenie Shiferaw Taklu ◽

Estifanos Tsige ◽

Dawit Assefa ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Clinical Samples ◽

Reference Laboratory ◽

Beta Lactamases ◽

E Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Susceptibility Profile ◽

Extended Spectrum Beta Lactamases ◽

Culture Positive

Abstract Background Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) producing Enterobacteriaceae are prevalent worldwide and they are unique challenges for treatment and control of bacterial infectious diseases. ESBL genes not only confer resistance to oximino-cephalosporins and aztreonum but also, they are multidrug-resistant to other commonly available antimicrobial agents used in clinical practice.Objective To determine the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of ESBL producing Enterobacteriaceae isolated from clinical samples referred to the national clinical bacteriology and mycology reference laboratory.Materials and Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted on Enterobacteriaceae culture- positive clinical samples that were referred to the national bacteriology and mycology reference laboratory from August 2018 to July 2019. Bacterial isolation was performed according to the inoculation and incubation conditions of each clinical specimen and identifications of the isolates were performed using standardized biochemical tests for gram-negative bacteria. Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of these cultures were determined using the disk diffusion method on Muller Hinton agar according to the recommendation by Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI). ESBL production was detected using CLSI Screening and confirmation test. A double-disk synergy test was used for confirmation.Results Out of 371 culture positive for Enterobacteriaceae , 240 (64.7%) were positive for ESBL production, and the most prevalent species were Klebsiella sp 131(54.6%) followed by E. coli 79 (32.9%). Of 131 ESBL positive Klebsiella spp, 95 (72.5%) were obtained from blood samples and among 79 E. coli isolates, 51 (64.6%) of the strains were isolated from urine samples. All ESBL positive isolates were resistant to ampicillin and all generation of cephalosporins. In addition, 100% of them were multidrug resistant. There were also high proportions of resistant ESBL positive isolates to other classes of antimicrobial agents. Less resistance rates were documented for carbapenems drugs and amikacin from the class of aminoglycosides.Conclusion ESBL producing Enterobacteriaceae we reported in this study was not only highly prevalent but also they are multidrug resistant to most clinically available antimicrobial agents including carbapenems. Therefore, public awareness and regular monitoring

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Habitat Association of Klebsiella Species

Infection Control ◽

10.1017/s0195941700062603 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 6 (2) ◽

pp. 52-58 ◽

Cited By ~ 111

Author(s):

Susan T. Bagley

Keyword(s):

Drinking Water ◽

Gastrointestinal Tract ◽

Surface Waters ◽

Industrial Effluents ◽

Opportunistic Pathogen ◽

Habitat Associations ◽

Habitat Association ◽

Klebsiella Species ◽

Almost All ◽

Polluted Waters

AbstractThe genus Klebsiella is seemingly ubiquitous in terms of its habitat associations. Klebsiella is a common opportunistic pathogen for humans and other animals, as well as being resident or transient flora (particularly in the gastrointestinal tract). Other habitats include sewage, drinking water, soils, surface waters, industrial effluents, and vegetation. Until recently, almost all these Klebsiella have been identified as one species, ie, K. pneumoniae. However, phenotypic and genotypic studies have shown that “K. pneumoniae” actually consists of at least four species, all with distinct characteristics and habitats. General habitat associations of Klebsiella species are as follows: K. pneumoniae—humans, animals, sewage, and polluted waters and soils; K. oxytoca—frequent association with most habitats; K. terrigena— unpolluted surface waters and soils, drinking water, and vegetation; K. planticola—sewage, polluted surface waters, soils, and vegetation; and K. ozaenae/K. rhinoscleromatis—infrequently detected (primarily with humans).

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Susceptibility of the Candida haemulonii Complex to Echinocandins: Focus on Both Planktonic and Biofilm Life Styles and a Literature Review

Journal of Fungi ◽

10.3390/jof6040201 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (4) ◽

pp. 201

Author(s):

Lívia S. Ramos ◽

Laura N. Silva ◽

Marta H. Branquinha ◽

André L. S. Santos

Keyword(s):

Literature Review ◽

Therapeutic Potential ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Antifungal Drugs ◽

Clinical Isolates ◽

Published Data ◽

Life Styles ◽

Fungal Isolates ◽

Candida Haemulonii ◽

Almost All

Candida haemulonii complex (C. haemulonii, C. duobushaemulonii and C. haemulonii var. vulnera) is well-known for its resistance profile to different available antifungal drugs. Although echinocandins are the most effective class of antifungal compounds against the C. haemulonii species complex, clinical isolates resistant to caspofungin, micafungin and anidulafungin have already been reported. In this work, we present a literature review regarding the effects of echinocandins on this emergent fungal complex. Published data has revealed that micafungin and anidulafungin were more effective than caspofungin against the species forming the C. haemulonii complex. Subsequently, we investigated the susceptibilities of both planktonic and biofilm forms of 12 Brazilian clinical isolates of the C. haemulonii complex towards caspofungin and micafungin (anidulafungin was unavailable). The planktonic cells of all the fungal isolates were susceptible to both of the test echinocandins. Interestingly, echinocandins caused a significant reduction in the biofilm metabolic activity (viability) of almost all fungal isolates (11/12, 91.7%). Generally, the biofilm biomasses were also affected (reduction range 20–60%) upon exposure to caspofungin and micafungin. This is the first report of the anti-biofilm action of echinocandins against the multidrug-resistant opportunistic pathogens comprising the C. haemulonii complex, and unveils the therapeutic potential of these compounds.

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Draft Genome Sequence of Neisseria gonorrhoeae Sequence Type 1407, a Multidrug-Resistant Clinical Isolate

Genome Announcements ◽

10.1128/genomea.00903-15 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

Author(s):

A. Anselmo ◽

A. Ciammaruconi ◽

A. Carannante ◽

A. Neri ◽

C. Fazio ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Neisseria Gonorrhoeae ◽

Clinical Isolate ◽

Genome Sequence ◽

Draft Genome ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Sequence Type ◽

Draft Genome Sequence

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Pneumonia due to Pandoraea Apista after evacuation of traumatic intracranial hematomas:a case report and literature review

BMC Infectious Diseases ◽

10.1186/s12879-019-4420-6 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Chuanzhong Lin ◽

Ning Luo ◽

Qiang Xu ◽

Jianjun Zhang ◽

Mengting Cai ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Opportunistic Pathogen ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Multi Drug Resistance ◽

Emerging Pathogen ◽

Case Presentation ◽

Ionization Time ◽

Flight Mass Spectrometry ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility Test ◽

Chinese Physicians ◽

Level Identification

Abstract Background Pandoraea species is a newly described genus, which is multidrug resistant and difficult to identify. Clinical isolates are mostly cultured from cystic fibrosis (CF) patients. CF is a rare disease in China, which makes Pandoraea a total stranger to Chinese physicians. Pandoraea genus is reported as an emerging pathogen in CF patients in most cases. However, there are few pieces of evidence that confirm Pandoraea can be more virulent in non-CF patients. The pathogenicity of Pandoraea genus is poorly understood, as well as its treatment. The incidence of Pandoraea induced infection in non-CF patients may be underestimated and it’s important to identify and understand these organisms. Case presentation We report a 44-years-old man who suffered from pneumonia and died eventually. Before his condition deteriorated, a Gram-negative bacilli was cultured from his sputum and identified as Pandoraea Apista by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization–time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS). Conclusion Pandoraea spp. is an emerging opportunistic pathogen. The incidences of Pandoraea related infection in non-CF patients may be underestimated due to the difficulty of identification. All strains of Pandoraea show multi-drug resistance and highly variable susceptibility. To better treatment, species-level identification and antibiotic susceptibility test are necessary.

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Draft genome sequence of a blaNDM-1- and blaOXA-244-carrying multidrug-resistant Escherichia coli D-ST69 clinical isolate from Egypt

Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

10.1016/j.jgar.2020.07.015 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 22 ◽

pp. 832-834

Author(s):

Ahmed M. Soliman ◽

Hazem Ramadan ◽

Mustafa Sadek ◽

Hirofumi Nariya ◽

Toshi Shimamoto ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Clinical Isolate ◽

Genome Sequence ◽

Draft Genome ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Draft Genome Sequence

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ANTIBACTERIAL RESISTANCE PATTERN OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA ISOLATED FROM CLINICAL SAMPLES AT A GENERAL HOSPITAL IN PADANG, WEST SUMATRA, INDONESIA

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i8.18539 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 158

Author(s):

Rustini Rustini ◽

Jamsari Jamsari ◽

Marlina Marlina ◽

Nasrul Zubir ◽

Yori Yuliandra

Keyword(s):

Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽

Bacterial Resistance ◽

Clinical Sample ◽

Opportunistic Pathogen ◽

Positive Control ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Clinical Samples ◽

Resistance Pattern ◽

Tract Infections ◽

Almost All

Objectives: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that has an innate resistance to some antibiotics. This bacterium is one of the mostcommon causes of nosocomial infections that include surgical wound infections, burns, and urinary tract infections. The bacteria have been reportedlyresistant to many antibiotics and have developed multidrug resistance (MDR). The objective of the study was to determine the resistance pattern ofP. aeruginosa isolated from clinical samples of patients against some major antibiotics.Methods: Isolates of P. aeruginosa were obtained from clinical sample of urine, sputum, swabs, pus, feces, and blood and cultured in cetrimide agar. P.aeruginosa ATCC 27853 was used as a positive control. The antibacterial susceptibility testing was conducted against 13 antibiotics: Ceftazidime, cefotaxime,ceftriaxone, cefoperazone, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, ofloxacin, gentamicin, amikacin, piperacillin, ticarcillin, meropenem, and imipenem. The examinationwas carried out using agar diffusion method of Kirby-Bauer and following the standards from Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI).Results: The results showed that bacterial resistance was established against all tested antibiotics. The highest number of resistance was shownagainst ceftriaxone (44.21%), whereas the most susceptibility was exhibited against amikacin (only 9.47% of resistance). MDR P. aeruginosa (MDRPA)was detected on almost all clinical samples tested, except the feces. The sample with the highest percentage of MDRPA was the pus.Conclusion: The study concludes that the most effective antibiotic against P. aeruginosa is amikacin (91.51%), whereas the most resistance is exhibited to ceftriaxone (43.16%).

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PHYTOCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION AND ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES OF DIOSCOREA BULBIFERA TUBER

Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research ◽

10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i12.21530 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 317

Author(s):

Dahiya P

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Properties ◽

Inhibition Zone ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Diffusion Method ◽

Phytochemical Analysis ◽

Phytochemical Investigation ◽

Dioscorea Bulbifera ◽

Acinetobacter Sp ◽

Almost All

Objective: The inhibitory properties of successive extracts from Dioscorea bulbifera (Dioscoreaceae) tubers have been evaluated for the presence of phytochemical constituents and antimicrobial efficacy against multidrug-resistant (MDR) clinical isolates was evaluated.Methods: The tuber of D. bulbifera was oven dried and extracted successively with n-hexane, chloroform, methanol, ethanol, and water. The antimicrobial potential of successive extracts against MDR isolates was studied by agar well-diffusion method. Qualitative phytochemical analysis was performed.Results: Qualitative phytochemical analysis demonstrated the presence of steroids, flavonoids, cardiac glycosides, saponins, and reducing sugars in almost all the extracts tested. Anthraquinones, phlobatanins, and tannins were not reported in any extracts tested. The in vitro antimicrobial activity of various solvents and water extracts of D. bulbifera was further investigated against ten MDR bacteria and three fungi, respectively. Aqueous and chloroform extracts were found to be more potent being capable of exerting significant inhibitory activities against the majority of the isolates such as Escherichia coli, Acinetobacter sp., Salmonella paratyphi, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Candida albicans. The highest inhibitory activity was observed for K. pneumoniae with wide inhibition zone diameters (17 ± 0.15 mm), followed by E. coli 1(13 ± 0.11) mm, and Acinetobacter sp. (11 ± 0.12).Conclusion: Based on the present study, the extracts of D. bulbifera tubers have shown excellent activity against MDR microbial cultures tested. Further study is recommended for clinical evaluation, of the efficacy of crude extract in herbal medicine that can serve as a base for the development of novel potent drugs and phytomedicines.

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Boromycin has Rapid-Onset Antibiotic Activity Against Asexual and Sexual Blood Stages of Plasmodium falciparum

Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology ◽

10.3389/fcimb.2021.802294 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Laís Pessanha de Carvalho ◽

Sara Groeger-Otero ◽

Andrea Kreidenweiss ◽

Peter G. Kremsner ◽

Benjamin Mordmüller ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Plasmodium Falciparum ◽

Plasmodium Knowlesi ◽

Rapid Onset ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Antiplasmodial Activity ◽

Onset Of Action ◽

Streptomyces Antibioticus ◽

Life Cycle Stages ◽

Almost All

Boromycin is a boron-containing macrolide antibiotic produced by Streptomyces antibioticus with potent activity against certain viruses, Gram-positive bacteria and protozoan parasites. Most antimalarial antibiotics affect plasmodial organelles of prokaryotic origin and have a relatively slow onset of action. They are used for malaria prophylaxis and for the treatment of malaria when combined to a fast-acting drug. Despite the success of artemisinin combination therapies, the current gold standard treatment, new alternatives are constantly needed due to the ability of malaria parasites to become resistant to almost all drugs that are in heavy clinical use. In vitro antiplasmodial activity screens of tetracyclines (omadacycline, sarecycline, methacycline, demeclocycline, lymecycline, meclocycline), macrolides (oleandomycin, boromycin, josamycin, troleandomycin), and control drugs (chloroquine, clindamycin, doxycycline, minocycline, eravacycline) revealed boromycin as highly potent against Plasmodium falciparum and the zoonotic Plasmodium knowlesi. In contrast to tetracyclines, boromycin rapidly killed asexual stages of both Plasmodium species already at low concentrations (~ 1 nM) including multidrug resistant P. falciparum strains (Dd2, K1, 7G8). In addition, boromycin was active against P. falciparum stage V gametocytes at a low nanomolar range (IC50: 8.5 ± 3.6 nM). Assessment of the mode of action excluded the apicoplast as the main target. Although there was an ionophoric activity on potassium channels, the effect was too low to explain the drug´s antiplasmodial activity. Boromycin is a promising antimalarial candidate with activity against multiple life cycle stages of the parasite.

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Factors Affecting the Perception and Practice of Iranian Nomadic and Semi-Nomadic Pastoralists in Regard to Biosecurity Practices in Sheep and Goat Farms: A Cross-Sectional and Prospective Study

Ruminants ◽

10.3390/ruminants2010003 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 2 (1) ◽

pp. 54-73

Author(s):

Zeinab Hatami ◽

Richard A. Laven ◽

Saeid Jafari-Gh. ◽

Mahdi Moazez-Lesko ◽

Pegah Soleimani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Prevention Measures ◽

Extension Programs ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Mortality And Morbidity ◽

Factors Affecting ◽

Nomadic Pastoralists ◽

Almost All ◽

Biosecurity Practices ◽

Umbilical Cords ◽

Annual Mortality

Preventing the spread of diseases between and within farms (biosecurity) is essential for minimizing animal mortality and morbidity, as well as for reducing the risk of spread of zoonotic diseases. These effects are even greater in countries such as Iran, which have to deal with multiple ongoing epidemics of infectious disease. However, there is currently no published information about biosecurity practices on sheep and goat farms in Iran in published research. The aim of this study was to collect such information and to identify some of the factors affecting biosecurity practices. Data were gathered using a checklist and in-depth interviews with 99 nomadic and semi-nomadic pastoralists. Regression analysis was used to identify the relationships between the collected variables and the biosecurity scores. The results showed that neither within- nor between-farm disease prevention measures were appropriately applied on most farms (median total score of total biosecurity was 37.3/90; Q1 = 29.0 and Q3 = 44.7). Almost all the farmers reported slaughtering animals on farms and nobody properly disposed of the bodies of the dead animals. Additionally, the majority of the participants did not disinfect the umbilical cords of newborns. Of the collected variables, the annual mortality rate was associated with most within-farm biosecurity practices. The increase in annual mortality rates was associated with the regular cleaning of troughs (p = 0.03), preventing feed and water from being contaminated by urine and feces (p = 0.02), providing a clean and dry place for animals to rest (p = 0.05) and disinfecting the navel cord (p = 0.03). The results of this survey suggest that there is a clear need for extension programs to enhance Iranian and sheep and goat farmers’ perceptions and practices regarding biosecurity measures.

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