Antibacterial activity of Urena lobata against uropathogens

2021 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 43-46
Author(s):  
Taofeeq Garuba ◽  
Nency Katrodiya ◽  
Nikita Patel ◽  
Swetal Patel ◽  
Dhanji. P. Rajani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Agar Plate ◽  
Soxhlet Extraction ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Herbal Extract ◽  
Mannitol Salt Agar ◽  
Methanolic Extracts ◽  
Tract Infections

Urinary tract infections (UTI) are one of the most common form of bacterial infections but the treatment becomes cumbersome as the etiological bacteria are developing resistance against antibiotics. This present study evaluated the efficacy of antimicrobial   activity of Urena lobata against uropathogens. Six urine samples from UTI patients were collected from Pathological Laboratory, G.B. Vaghani Multispecialty Hospital, Surat. Bacteria were isolated from these samples using Nutrient agar, Mac Conkey agar plate, Blood agar, Mannitol salt agar, Eosin Methylene Blue agar and King’s agar. The bacterial isolates were identified using cultural  characteristics, microscopic features and biochemical characteristics. Leaf extract of Urena lobata was prepared using Soxhlet Extraction Method whereby methanol and distilled water were the extractants used. Herbal extract disc was prepared at  concentrations of 50,75, and100 mg/ml and tested against all the isolates. DMSO and antibiotics (Nitrofurantion, Amikacin, Levofloxacin, Norofloxacin, Ofloxacin and Cephalosporins) were used as negative and positive controls respectively.Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, Klebsiella spp. and Brevibacillus panacihumi were isolated from the urine samples. All concentrations of aqueous and methanolic extracts of U. lobata leaf displayed highest zone of inhibition against B. cereus. No inhibitory effect was observed against the growth of Klebsiella except at the highest concentrations. Further study is encouraged on the in-vivo study of efficacy of U. lobata on etiological agent of UTI.

A New Screening Approach For Fast And Accurate Prediction Of Positive And Negative Urine Cultures By SediMAX Compared With The Standard Urine Culture

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 46-55
Author(s):  
Massimo Pieri ◽  
Flaminia Tomassetti ◽  
Paola Cerini ◽  
Roberta Felicetti ◽  
Lucia Ceccaroni ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Cell ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Urine Culture ◽  
Screening Method ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Bacterial Count ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Screening Methods ◽  
Urine Sediment ◽  
Tract Infections

Urinary tract infections (UTI) are the most frequent bacterial infections, and the detection of infection in urine samples is expensive and time-consuming. Also, in laboratories a significant proportion of samples processed yield negative results. For this, screening methods represent an important improvement towards the final UTI diagnosis. SediMAX is an automated microscopy, easier to use in laboratories due to its basic procedure and it is widely used for urine sediment analysis. In our study, we evaluated the performance of SediMAX, applying some screening parameters, compared with the gold standard methods, urine culture, to identify all the positive cases for UTI. We analysed 1185 urine samples from our daily laboratory routine. The basis of our screening model was to establish a cut-off for bacterial count (BACT), as 300 bacteria/µL in order to avoid missing positive cases. However, the sensitivity and the specificity achieved were not enough to identify all UTI infection in urine samples. So, in addition to BACT we have considered other parameters, such as White Blood Cell (WBC), Red Blood Cell (RBC), Yeasts (YEST), Age and Nitrates (NIT). The second screening method reached a sensitivity of 100%, that could be reliably employed in detect of UTIs.

scholarly journals Comparison of Escherichia coli Strains Recovered from Human Cystitis and Pyelonephritis Infections in Transurethrally Challenged Mice

1998 ◽  
Vol 66 (7) ◽  
pp. 3059-3065 ◽  
Author(s):  
David E. Johnson ◽  
C. Virginia Lockatell ◽  
Robert G. Russell ◽  
J. Richard Hebel ◽  
Michael D. Island ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Virulence Factors ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Clinical Symptoms ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
In Vivo Studies ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Tract Infections

ABSTRACT Urinary tract infection, most frequently caused byEscherichia coli, is one of the most common bacterial infections in humans. A vast amount of literature regarding the mechanisms through which E. coli induces pyelonephritis has accumulated. Although cystitis accounts for 95% of visits to physicians for symptoms of urinary tract infections, few in vivo studies have investigated possible differences between E. coli recovered from patients with clinical symptoms of cystitis and that from patients with symptoms of pyelonephritis. Epidemiological studies indicate that cystitis-associated strains appear to differ from pyelonephritis-associated strains in elaboration of some putative virulence factors. With transurethrally challenged mice we studied possible differences using three each of the most virulent pyelonephritis and cystitis E. coli strains in our collection. The results indicate that cystitis strains colonize the bladder more rapidly than do pyelonephritis strains, while the rates of kidney colonization are similar. Cystitis strains colonize the bladder in higher numbers, induce more pronounced histologic changes in the bladder, and are more rapidly eliminated from the mouse urinary tract than pyelonephritis strains. These results provide evidence that cystitis strains differ from pyelonephritis strains in this model, that this model is useful for the study of the uropathogenicity of cystitis strains, and that it would be unwise to use pyelonephritis strains to study putative virulence factors important in the development of cystitis.

scholarly journals Brusatol Inhibits Proliferation and Invasion of Glioblastoma by Down-Regulating the Expression of ECM1

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhang’an Dai ◽  
Lin Cai ◽  
Yingyu Chen ◽  
Silu Wang ◽  
Qian Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Matrix Protein ◽  
Underlying Mechanism ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Herbal Extract ◽  
Extracellular Matrix Protein ◽  
Glioblastoma Cells ◽  
Primary Glioblastoma ◽  
Proliferation And Invasion

Brusatol (Bru), a Chinese herbal extract, has a variety of anti-tumor effects. However, little is known regarding its role and underlying mechanism in glioblastoma cells. Here, we found that Bru could inhibit the proliferation of glioblastoma cells in vivo and in vitro. Besides, it also had an inhibitory effect on human primary glioblastoma cells. RNA-seq analysis indicated that Bru possibly achieved these effects through inhibiting the expression of extracellular matrix protein 1 (ECM1). Down-regulating the expression of ECM1 via transfecting siRNA could weaken the proliferation and invasion of glioblastoma cells and promote the inhibitory effect of Bru treatment. Lentivirus-mediated overexpression of ECM1 could effectively reverse this weakening effect. Our findings indicated that Bru could inhibit the proliferation and invasion of glioblastoma cells by suppressing the expression of ECM1, and Bru might be a novel effective anticancer drug for glioblastoma cells.

scholarly journals Significant bacteriuria among requested repeat urine samples and its clinical correlation

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Arjun Bhugra ◽  
Supriya Gachinmath
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Urine Culture ◽  
Asymptomatic Bacteriuria ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Clinical Correlation ◽  
Normal Flora ◽  
Sensitivity Pattern ◽  
Significant Bacteriuria ◽  
Tract Infections

Background and Objectives: Urinary tract infections (UTI) are the most common bacterial infections in both outpatient and inpatient department received for routine bacterial culture and sensitivity. We looked for significant bacteriuria in re- quested repeat urine sample after primary urine culture yielded significant growth (>105  CFU/ml) of ≥3 types of colonies. Also studied, different isolates grown with their sensitivity pattern and contamination rates of urine samples from different departments. Materials and Methods: In routine, primary urine cultures yielding ≥3 types of colonies on Cystine Lactose Electrolyte Deficient (C.L.E.D) were requested for repeat samples, collected with aseptic precautions after proper instructions. Data was analyzed for the Microbiological profile and its clinical correlation. Results: Among 617 received requested urine samples, 292 (47.3%) yielded significant bacteriuria. Clinical details were available for 252 cases out of which 100 (39.7%) showed asymptomatic bacteriuria, 87 (34.5%) complicated UTI and 65 (25.7%) uncomplicated UTI. Null hypothesis was rejected as 292 (47.3%) of the received repeat samples showed significant bacteriuria and 325 (53%) showed normal flora/no growth i.e. there is a 50% chance of getting either a positive culture or normal flora/no growth in repeat urine samples after the primary urine culture showed ≥3 types of colonies. It indicates the importance of requesting repeat urine samples for an accurate urine culture report. Male patients were significantly associ- ated with significant bacteriuria and complicated UTI (p= 0.001). Escherichia coli (n=112, 28%) was the most common fol- lowed by Klebsiella species (n=66, 16.4%) and Enterococcus species (n=69, 17.2%). 183 (45.6%) isolates were Multi-Drug Resistant (MDR) Gram Negative Bacilli (GNBs), Escherichia coli (50.3%) being most common. Vancomycin Resistant Enterococcus (VRE) (n=8, 2.0%) was also isolated. Conclusion: Our study justifies the rationale for asking a repeat urine samples which helps in providing an appropriate mi- crobiological report with antibiotic sensitivity pattern, hence preventing unwanted reporting of commensals/contaminants facilitating evidence based therapy.

scholarly journals Etiology of UTI and Frequency of ESBL Producing Bacteria Isolated from Patients of Dhaka Medical College Hospital with Their Antimicrobial Susceptibility Pattern

2017 ◽  
Vol 25 (1) ◽  
pp. 26-31
Author(s):  
Shahin Ara Begum ◽  
Shabeen Afreen ◽  
Farook Ahamed ◽  
Akhtaruzzaman Chowdhury ◽  
Mohammad Jobayer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Medical College Hospital ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Resistant Bacteria ◽  
Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus ◽  
Biochemical Tests ◽  
College Hospital ◽  
Medical College ◽  
Tract Infections

Background: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most common of all bacterial infections and occur at any time in the life of an individual. ESBL producing bacteria particularly Escherichia.coli is one of the most common causes of UTIs both in community and healthcare associated settings. Emergence of multidrug resistance (MDR) is quite alarming and cause failure of empirical treatment of UTIs. As a result increase the morbidity and mortality rate in the developing countries like Bangladesh.Objective: The objective of this study was to find out the bacteria causing UTI from urine culture and detection of ESBL producing Esch.coli and K.pneumoniae with their anti- microbial susceptibility pattern.Materials and Methods: A total of 1750 urine samples were collected from patients with symptoms and suspected UTI. Clean catch mid-stream urine samples were collected from indoor and outdoor patients of Dhaka Medical College Hospital during January 2015 to July 2015.Urine specimens were cultured in 5% Blood agar and MacConkeys agar media. The isolated bacteria were identified by gram staining and biochemical tests. Antimicrobial susceptibility and detection of ESBL were done by disc diffusion method.Result: Out of 1750 urine samples, 403(23.03%) were positive by culture. Among the culture positive cases, 216 (53.59%) were female and 187 (46.41%) were male. The most common isolated bacteria were Esch.coli 295(73.20%) followed by Pseudomonas aeuroginosa 85(21.09%), K.pneumoniae10(2.48%), Proteus spp. 4(.99%), Acinetobacter spp. 5(1.2%), Coagulase negative Staphylococcus (CONS) 4(.99%). Among the isolated Esch.coli and K.pneumoniae, ESBL producing bacteria were 202 (68.47%) and 5 (50%) respectively. All the isolated bacteria showed low level susceptibility to all antibiotics that are used during the study period.Conclusion: Treatment of UTIs is difficult when caused by multidrug resistant bacteria. Analysis of culture and sensitivity data should be done periodically to identify ESBL producing bacteria for proper treatment of UTIs.J Dhaka Medical College, Vol. 25, No.1, April, 2016, Page 26-31

scholarly journals ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF PINEAPPLE (ANANAS COMOSUS L. MERR) EXTRACT AGAINST MULTIDRUG-RESISTANT OF PSEUDOMONAS AERUGINOSA: AN IN VITRO STUDY

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahmat Sayyid Zharfan ◽  
Priyo Budi Purwono ◽  
Arifa Mustika
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Aeruginosa ◽  
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Minimum Bactericidal Concentration ◽  
Agar Plate ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Ananas Comosus ◽  
Tract Infections

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is the main cause of nosocomial infection which is responsible for 10% of hospital-acquired infection. Pseudomonas aeruginosa tends to mutate and displays potential for development of antibiotic resistance. Approximately, 10% of global bacterial isolates are found as Multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Pseudomonas aeruginosa have a quite tremendous severity index, especially on pneumonia and urinary tract infections, even sepsis, which 50% mortality rate. Pineapple (Ananas comosus L. Merr) has antimicrobial properties. The active antimicrobial compounds in Ananas comosus L. Merr include saponin and bromelain. This research aims to find the potency of antimicrobial effect of pineapple (Ananas comosus L. Merr) extract towards Multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa specimen is obtained from patient’s pus in orthopaedic department, Dr Soetomo Public Hospital, Surabaya. Multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa specimen is resistant to all antibiotic agents except cefoperazone-sulbactam. This research is conducted by measuring the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) through dilution test with Mueller-Hinton broth medium. Pineapple extract (Ananas comosus L. Merr.) is dissolved in aquadest, then poured into test tube at varying concentrations (6 g/ml; 3 g/ml; 1.5 g/ml; 0.75 g/ml, 0.375 g/ml; and 0.1875 g/ml). After 24 hours’ incubation, samples are plated onto nutrient agar plate, to determine the Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC). The extract of pineapple (Ananas comosus L. Merr) has antimicrobial activities against Multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) could not be determined, because turbidity changes were not seen. The Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) of pineapple extract (Ananas comosus L. Merr) to Multidrug-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa is 0.75 g/ml. Further study of in vivo is needed.

scholarly journals Antibiotic Susceptibility Patterns of Uropathogens Isolated from Female Patients with Urinary Tract Infection in Duhok Province, Iraq

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ibrahim A Naqid ◽  
Nawfal R Hussein ◽  
Amer Balatay ◽  
Kurdistan A Saeed ◽  
Hiba A Ahmed
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Antimicrobial Agents ◽  
Empirical Therapy ◽  
Urine Samples ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Gram Negative ◽  
Female Patients ◽  
Tract Infections

Background: Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) are one of the most common bacterial infections worldwide. The study of bacterial uropathogens in a local area and their susceptibility to antimicrobial agents is required to determine empirical therapy. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the profile and antibiotic resistance patterns of bacteria, causing urinary infections isolated from female patients in Duhok province, Iraq. Methods: A total of 530 urine samples were collected from females clinically suspected of UTIs over three years between January 2017 and February 2020. The samples were inoculated directly on MacConkey and Blood agar media and then incubated aerobically for 24 h at 37°C. Samples that gave up colony counts of ≥ 105 CFU/mL were considered as positive growth. Purified colonies were identified through standard bacteriological tests, and their susceptibility to different antibiotics was determined using the Vitek-2 system. Results: Out of 530 urine samples, 450 (84.9%) contained Gram-negative bacteria, while the other 80 (15.1%) harbored Gram-positive bacteria. Escherichia coli was the most common uropathogenic isolate (58.5%), followed by K. pneumoniae (14.3%), Staphylococcus spp. (8.9%), P. mirabilis (6.6%), E. faecalis (3.2%), and S. agalactiae (3.02%). The majority of Gram-negative uropathogens were resistant to ampicillin, aztreonam, ceftriaxone, and cefepime and around 95% were sensitive to ertapenem and imipenem. Most Gram-positive isolates showed high resistance to benzylpenicillin, oxacillin, gentamicin, and erythromycin, and high susceptibility to linezolid, tigecycline, and nitrofurantoin. Conclusions: It was concluded from this study that E. coli is the predominant pathogen causing UTIs in female patients in Duhok province, Iraq. There were increasing antibiotic resistance rates, particularly to ampicillin, aztreonam, ceftriaxone, benzylpenicillin, and erythromycin. Therefore, empirical antibiotic therapy should be based on local sensitivity patterns rather than international guidelines.

scholarly journals FimH and Anti-Adhesive Therapeutics: A Disarming Strategy Against Uropathogens

Antibiotics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 397 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meysam Sarshar ◽  
Payam Behzadi ◽  
Cecilia Ambrosi ◽  
Carlo Zagaglia ◽  
Anna Teresa Palamara ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Therapeutic Strategy ◽  
Uropathogenic Escherichia Coli ◽  
Design And Synthesis ◽  
High Affinity ◽  
Fimbrial Adhesins ◽  
Adhesive Molecules ◽  
Tract Infections

Chaperone-usher fimbrial adhesins are powerful weapons against the uropathogens that allow the establishment of urinary tract infections (UTIs). As the antibiotic therapeutic strategy has become less effective in the treatment of uropathogen-related UTIs, the anti-adhesive molecules active against fimbrial adhesins, key determinants of urovirulence, are attractive alternatives. The best-characterized bacterial adhesin is FimH, produced by uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC). Hence, a number of high-affinity mono- and polyvalent mannose-based FimH antagonists, characterized by different bioavailabilities, have been reported. Given that antagonist affinities are firmly associated with the functional heterogeneities of different FimH variants, several FimH inhibitors have been developed using ligand-drug discovery strategies to generate high-affinity molecules for successful anti-adhesion therapy. As clinical trials have shown d-mannose’s efficacy in UTIs prevention, it is supposed that mannosides could be a first-in-class strategy not only for UTIs, but also to combat other Gram-negative bacterial infections. Therefore, the current review discusses valuable and effective FimH anti-adhesive molecules active against UTIs, from design and synthesis to in vitro and in vivo evaluations.

scholarly journals Ciprofloxacin-Releasing ROS-Sensitive Nanoparticles Composed of Poly(Ethylene Glycol)/Poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) for Antibacterial Treatment

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (15) ◽  
pp. 4125
Author(s):  
Jaeik Song ◽  
Min-Suk Kook ◽  
Byung-Hoon Kim ◽  
Young-IL Jeong ◽  
Kyung-Jin Oh
Keyword(s):  
Antibacterial Activity ◽  
Ethylene Glycol ◽  
Distribution Pattern ◽  
Inhibitory Effect ◽  
Mouse Fibroblast ◽  
Human Skin Fibroblast ◽  
Fibroblast Cells ◽  
Cell Viability Assay ◽  
Tract Infections

Since urinary tract infections (UTIs) are closely associated with oxidative stress, we developed ROS-sensitive nanoparticles for ciprofloxacin (CIP) delivery for inhibition of UTI. Poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA)- selenocystamine (PLGA-selenocystamine) conjugates were attached to methoxypoly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) tetraacid (TA) (TA-PEG) conjugates to produce a copolymer (abbreviated as LGseseTAPEG). Selenocystamine linkages were introduced between PLGA and TA to endow reactive oxygen species (ROS) sensitivity to nanoparticles. CIP-incorporated nanoparticles of LGseseTAPEG copolymer were fabricated by W/O/W/W emulsion method. CIP-incorporated nanoparticles responded to H2O2 and then their morphologies were disintegrated by incubation with H2O2. Furthermore, particle size distribution of nanoparticles was changed from mono-modal distribution pattern to multi-modal distribution pattern by addition of H2O2. CIP release from nanoparticles of LGseseTAPEG copolymer was faster in the presence of H2O2 than in the absence of it. In antibacterial study using Escherichia coli (E. coli), free CIP and free CIP plus empty nanoparticles showed dose-dependent inhibitory effect against growth of bacteria while CIP-incorporated nanoparticles have less antibacterial activity compared to free CIP. These results were due to that CIP-incorporated nanoparticles have sustained release properties. When free CIP or CIP-incorporated nanoparticles were introduced into dialysis membrane to mimic in vivo situation, CIP-incorporated nanoparticles showed superior antibacterial activity compared to free CIP. At cell viability assay, nanoparticles of LGseseTAPEG copolymer have no acute cytotoxicity against L929 mouse fibroblast cells and CCD986sk human skin fibroblast cells. We suggest LGseseTAPEG nanoparticles are a promising candidate for CIP delivery.

scholarly journals Phage resistance accompanies reduced fitness of uropathogenic E. coli in the urinary environment

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob J. Zulk ◽  
Justin R. Clark ◽  
Samantha Ottinger ◽  
Mallory B. Ballard ◽  
Marlyd E. Mejia ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Human Urine ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Phage Therapy ◽  
Phage Resistance ◽  
Fitness Costs ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Tract Infections

ABSTRACTUrinary tract infections (UTIs) are among the most common infections treated worldwide each year and are primarily caused by uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC). Rising rates of antibiotic resistance among uropathogens have spurred consideration of alternative strategies such as bacteriophage (phage) therapy; however, phage-bacterial interactions within the urinary environment are poorly defined. Here, we assess the activity of two phages, HP3 and ES17, against clinical UPEC isolates using in vitro and in vivo models of UTI. In both bacteriologic medium and pooled human urine, we identified phage resistance arising within the first 6-8 hours of coincubation. Whole genome sequencing revealed that UPEC resistant to HP3 and ES17 harbored mutations in genes involved in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) biosynthesis. These mutations coincided with several in vitro phenotypes, including alterations to adherence to and invasion of human bladder epithelial HTB-9 cells, and increased biofilm formation. Interestingly, these phage-resistant UPEC demonstrated reduced growth in pooled human urine, which could be partially rescued by nutrient supplementation, and were more sensitive to several outer membrane targeting antibiotics than parental strains. Additionally, these phage-resistant UPEC were attenuated in a murine UTI model. In total, our findings suggest that while resistance to phages, such as LPS-targeted HP3 and ES17, may readily arise in the urinary environment, phage resistance is accompanied by fitness costs rendering UPEC more susceptible to host immunity or antibiotics.IMPORTANCEUTIs are one of the most common causes of outpatient antibiotic use, and rising antibiotic resistance threatens the ability to control these infections unless alternative treatments are developed. Bacteriophage (phage) therapy is gaining renewed interest, however, much like antibiotics, bacteria can readily become resistant to phage. For successful UTI treatment, we must predict how bacteria will evade killing by phage and identify the downstream consequences of phage-resistant bacterial infections. In our current study, we found that while phage-resistant mutant bacteria quickly emerged, these mutations left bacteria less capable of growing in human urine and colonizing the murine bladder. These results suggest that phage therapy poses a viable UTI treatment if phage resistance confers fitness costs for the uropathogen. These results have implications for developing cocktails of phage with multiple different bacterial targets, each of which is only evaded at the cost of bacterial fitness.

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