Comparison of Fresh Feces with Lyophilized and Frozen Cultures of Feces as Inocula to Prevent Salmonella Infection in Chicks

1982 ◽  
Vol 45 (13) ◽  
pp. 1188-1194 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. PIVNICK ◽  
B. BLANCHFIELD ◽  
C. RIGBY ◽  
E. ORMSBY
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Salmonella Infection ◽  
Mixed Treatment ◽  
Fresh Feces ◽  
Chicken Feces ◽  
Anaerobic Medium

Mixed treatment cultures obtained by inoculating anaerobic medium with chicken feces were administered to 0 to 1 d-old chicks in their drinking water. Three types of treatment cultures (all fourth passage) were compared: FFC (fresh fecal cultures started with inocula of fresh feces followed by four daily, uninterrupted serial subcultures), LFC (cultures started with inocula obtained by lyophilizing third-passage cultures), and FrFC (cultures started with inocula obtained by freezing third-passage cultures). Protection of treated chicks against infection by Salmonella typhimurium was assessed by challenging the chicks via their drinking water 2 d after treatment and culturing their ceca 8 to 9 d later, or at weekly intervals for 7 weeks. FFC protected chicks against infection more consistently than LFC or FrFC. However, some LFC and FrFC were as protective as FFC (α= .05). Treatment with cultures did not increase mortality or decrease weight gain.

Reduction of Salmonella Excretion into Drinking Water Following Treatment of Chicks with Nurmi Culture

1981 ◽  
Vol 44 (12) ◽  
pp. 917-920 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. STERSKY ◽  
B. BLANCHFIELD ◽  
C. THACKER ◽  
H. PIVNICK
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Gallus Domesticus ◽  
Contaminated Water ◽  
Salmonella Infection

Day-old chicks (Gallus domesticus) were treated with cultured feces of adult chickens according to the Nurmi concept and were challenged 2 days later with Salmonella typhimurium. Treated chicks were less susceptible to infection than untreated chicks (16% vs. 79% infected). Those treated chicks that did become infected, contaminated their drinking water with fewer Salmonella than the untreated chicks (maximum of 104/ml vs. ⩾ 107/ml). Fecally contaminated water may be a major source for spreading Salmonella infection within a flock.

Prevention of Salmonella Infection in Chicks by Treatment with Fecal Cultures from Mature Chickens (Nurmi Cultures)

1981 ◽  
Vol 44 (12) ◽  
pp. 909-916 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. PIVNICK ◽  
B. BLANCHFIELD ◽  
J. -Y. D'AOUST
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Protective Effect ◽  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Intestinal Tract ◽  
Milk Powder ◽  
Skim Milk ◽  
Skim Milk Powder ◽  
Gallus Domesticus ◽  
Salmonella Infection

Chicks (Gallus domesticus) were treated per os with 24-h-old anaerobic cultures of feces from mature chickens 1 day after hatching, challenged with Salmonella typhimurium in the drinking water 2 days later, and sacrificed on day 11 or 12; then the lower third of the intestinal tract was examined for salmonellae. Cultures of feces inoculated directly into the crop or added to the drinking water, even after holding at −70 C for 21 days, protected chicks against infection by S. typhimurium. Cultures serially subcultured daily up to four times were protective, and dilution to 1:80 in drinking water containing 4 % skim milk powder did not decrease their protective effect. Treated chicks were about 1000-fold more resistant to infection by Salmonella than untreated chicks.

Nurmi Concept for Preventing Infection of Chicks by Salmonella: Comparison of Fecal Suspensions and Fecal Cultures Administered into the Crop and in Drinking Water

1982 ◽  
Vol 45 (4) ◽  
pp. 345-347 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. BLANCHFIELD ◽  
M. A. GARDINER ◽  
H. PIVNICK
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Effective Treatment ◽  
Minimum Cost ◽  
Salmonella Infection ◽  
Adult Chicken ◽  
Good Protection ◽  
Chicken Feces ◽  
Low Probability

Fecal suspensions and anaerobic fecal cultures prepared from adult chicken feces and administered by gavage into the crop or via drinking water were compared for their ability to protect newly hatched chickens against Salmonella infection. Good protection (decreased infection by ≥ 90%) was obtained with as little as 10−4 g of feces or 10−2 ml of a fourth serial fecal subculture. The two methods of administration were equally effective. Treatment of chicks with serially passaged fecal cultures via drinking water may provide adequate protection at a minimum cost, and with a low probability of transmitting viral or parasitic agents.

scholarly journals Fate of Salmonella Typhimurium in laboratory-scale drinking water biofilms

2013 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 629-635 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. M. Schaefer ◽  
V. S. Brözel ◽  
S. N. Venter
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Green Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Health Risk ◽  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Fluorescent Protein ◽  
Laboratory Scale ◽  
Green Fluorescent ◽  
In Situ Detection

Investigations were carried out to evaluate and quantify colonization of laboratory-scale drinking water biofilms by a chromosomally green fluorescent protein (gfp)-tagged strain of Salmonella Typhimurium. Gfp encodes the green fluorescent protein and thus allows in situ detection of undisturbed cells and is ideally suited for monitoring Salmonella in biofilms. The fate and persistence of non-typhoidal Salmonella in simulated drinking water biofilms was investigated. The ability of Salmonella to form biofilms in monoculture and the fate and persistence of Salmonella in a mixed aquatic biofilm was examined. In monoculture S. Typhimurium formed loosely structured biofilms. Salmonella colonized established multi-species drinking water biofilms within 24 hours, forming micro-colonies within the biofilm. S. Typhimurium was also released at high levels from the drinking water-associated biofilm into the water passing through the system. This indicated that Salmonella could enter into, survive and grow within, and be released from a drinking water biofilm. The ability of Salmonella to survive and persist in a drinking water biofilm, and be released at high levels into the flow for recolonization elsewhere, indicates the potential for a persistent health risk to consumers once a network becomes contaminated with this bacterium.

Effect of an acidifier as replacement for antibiotics on the performance and gut morphology of broilers

2015 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 111-116
Author(s):  
BA Makanjuola ◽  
OO Obi ◽  
TO Olorungbohunmi ◽  
OA Morakinyo ◽  
BA Boladuro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Broiler Chicks ◽  
Villus Height ◽  
Gut Morphology ◽  
Final Weight ◽  
Small Intestines ◽  
Dietary Treatments

An experiment was conducted to determine the influence of an acidifier as an alternative to antibiotics on the performance and gut morphology of broiler chickens. One hundred and eighty (180) 7-day old broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 3 dietary treatments of 4 replicates each. Each replicate had 15 birds. The diets fed to the birds were: Treatment 1- diet with neither antibiotic nor acidifier; Treatment 2- diet with antibiotic and Treatment 3- diet with acidifier. The antibiotic used was Enrofloxacin which was administered to the birds on Treatment 2 via their drinking water while the acidifier used was Biotronic SE (a combination of propionic and formic acids) which was added to the diet of birds on Treatment 3 at the rate of 4kg/tonne of feed. The experiment lasted 42 days. No significant differences were observed in the feed intake, final weight and weight gain of the birds on the different diets. Significant differences were however observed in the villus height in the duodenum and ileum of the birds. The crypt depth values in the different segments of the small intestines of the birds were not significantly affected by the different treatments.Key words: Organic acids, Biotronic SE, Enrofloxacin, Crypt, villus.

scholarly journals The role of phagocytosis-dependent activation of TFEB in the clearance of salmonella

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erika Ospina Escobar
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factor ◽  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Nuclear Translocation ◽  
Steady Increase ◽  
Phagosome Maturation ◽  
Salmonella Infection ◽  
Complex Interplay ◽  
Transcription Factor Eb ◽  
Insight Into

During phagocytosis, macrophages engulf and sequester pathogens into phagosomes. Phagosomes then fuse with acidic and degradative lysosomes to degrade the internalized pathogen. We previously demonstrated that phagocytosis of IgG-opsonized particles and non-opsonized E.coli causes activation of the Transcription Factor EB (TFEB), which enhances the expression of lysosomal genes, increases the degradative capacity of lysosomes and boosts bactericidal activity. However, pathogens like Salmonella typhimurium have evolved mechanisms to evade and/or alter phagosome maturation to promote their own survival. We investigated: i) whether pathogens like Salmonella can alter TFEB activation and ii) whether phagocytosis-dependent activation of TFEB can counteract the pathogenicity of microorganisms. Here, we show that non-viable (heat-killed) S. typhimurium, pathogenic (EHEC and UPEC) and non-pathogenic E.coli (DH5α) all caused TFEB nuclear translocation in RAW macrophages, while strikingly live S. typhimurium maintained TFEB in the cytosol in the first hours post-infection. By contrast, Salmonella mutants for ΔsifA, ΔsopD2, ΔphoP all triggered TFEB activation in the first hour of infection. However, Salmonella infection eventually triggered a steady increase in nuclear TFEB after 4 h of infection, suggesting a more complex interplay between TFEB and Salmonella infection. We dissected the importance of TFEB activation towards Salmonella survivability by pre-activating TFEB before infection within WT macrophages and macrophages with a CRISPR-based deletion of TFEB. Our work suggests that Salmonella actively interferes with TFEB signaling in order to enhance its own survival. These results could provide insight into using TFEB as a target for the clearance of infections.

scholarly journals Penambahan Konsentrasi Antibiotik Monensin dan Efeknya Terhadap Performa Ayam Broiler (Gallus gallus domestica)

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 40-45
Author(s):  
Hanim Nur Afifah ◽  
Hari Santoso ◽  
Ahmad Syauqi
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Water Consumption ◽  
Broiler Chicken ◽  
Growth Promoter ◽  
Antibiotic Administration ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Final Weight ◽  
Boiled Water ◽  
Basal Ration

Broiler chicken is one of the poultry farms whose growth is fast, can meet the needs of meat in the community. To accelerate chicken growth, addition of Antibiotic Growth Promoter (AGP) was added to the beverage. This study aims to analyze the effect of monensin antibiotic administration on weight gain. The research method uses a Completely Randomized Design (CRD), consisting of 4 treatments and 6 replications. P0 Treatment (Control): Basal ration + Water boiled in 1 liter; P1: Basal ration + Boiled water + 0.1 gr / day Antibiotic Monensin in 1 liter of water; P2: Basal ration + Boiled water + 0.5 gr / day Antibiotic Monensin in 1 liter of water; P3: Basal ration + Boiled water + 1 gram / day Antibiotic Monensin in 1 liter of water. Data analysis used ANOVA one way variance and continued with the Least Significant Difference Test (LSD) with a confidence level of 5%. The results of the study by giving various concentrations of monensin antibiotics to broilers had significantly affected ration conversion, drinking water consumption and final weight. The administration of 1 gram monensin antibiotic concentration tends to be better for ration consumption, body weight gain, drinking water consumption and final weight of broiler chickens compared to lower concentrations or controls. Keywords: Broiler Chicken, Monensin, Performance ABSTRAK Ayam broiler merupakan salah satu usaha ternak unggas yang pertumbuhannya cepat, dapat memenuhi kebutuhan daging dimasyarakat. Untuk mempercepat pertumbuhan ayam dilakukan penambahan Antibiotic Growth Promoter (AGP) pada minuman. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisa pengaruh pemberian antibiotik monensin terhadap penambahan berat badan ayam. Metoda penelitian menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap (RAL), terdiri dari 4 perlakuan dan 6 ulangan. Perlakuan P0 (Kontrol): Ransum Basal + Air yang direbus  dalam 1 liter; P1 : Ransum Basal + Air yang direbus + 0,1 gr/hari Antibiotik Monensin dalam 1 liter air; P2 : Ransum Basal + Air yang direbus + 0,5 gr/hari Antibiotik Monensin dalam 1 liter air; P3 : Ransum Basal + Air yang direbus + 1 gr/hari Antibiotik Monensin dalam 1 liter air. Analisa data menggunakan sidik ragam ANOVA one way dan dilanjutkan Uji Beda Nyata Terkecil (BNT) dengan taraf kepercayaan 5%. Hasil penelitian dengan pemberian berbagai konsentrasi antibiotik monensin terhadap ayam broiler berpengaruh nyata terhadap konversi ransum, konsumsi air minum dan bobot akhir. Pemberian konsentrasi antibiotik monensin 1 gr cenderung lebih baik untuk konsumsi ransum, pertambahan bobot badan, konsumsi air minum dan bobot akhir ayam broiler dibandingkan dengan konsentrasi yang lebih rendah maupun kontrol. Kata kunci: Ayam Broiler, Monensin, Performa

Effect of silicon oxide supplementation in broiler chickens' drinking water on performance and litter quality under tropical environment

2020 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 132-138
Author(s):  
E. Opoola
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Weight Gain ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Litter Quality ◽  
Silicon Oxide ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion Ratio ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Final Body Weight ◽  
Feed Cost

The present study was conducted to determine the effect of silicon oxide in broiler chickens drinking water on performance and litter quality. A total of 120, one-day old mixed sex broiler chicks were randomly divided into 4 treatments and 3 replications, with 10 birds in each replicate in a completely randomised experimental design, with 4 silicon levels (0.00, 1.50, 2.00 and 2.50 mg of silicon oxide/litre of water. Corn-soya based diets were formulated at the starter (0–4 weeks) and finisher (5–8weeks) phases and were supplied ad libitum with free access to water. The average daily temperature and relative humidity inside the poultry house were 35.9 °C and 36%, respectively. At the starter phase, chicks administered 2.00mg silicon oxide/litre of water had significantly (p<0.05) higher final body weight (991.00g) and average weight gain (950.96g) compared to chicks without silicon oxide 778.57 g and 738.54g. The inclusion of 2.00 mg silicon oxide/litre of water improved feed conversion ratio compared to the control group (p < 0.05) and significantly reduced feed cost per kg gain. For the finisher phase, chickens administered 2.00mg silicon oxide/litre of water had the best results for final weight, weight gain and feed cost per kg gain. Also, inclusion of silicon oxide in broiler chickens water improved litter quality as predominantly dry material but with some areas of wet shavings was observed. In conclusion, silicon oxide in broiler chickens drinking water at 2.00mg/litre of water enhanced growth performance, improved feed conversion ratio and litter quality as well as reduced feed cost per kg gain at the starter and finisher phases respectively.

scholarly journals Impact of Dietary Manganese on Intestinal Barrier and Inflammatory Response in Broilers Challenged with Salmonella Typhimurium

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 757 ◽  
Author(s):  
Huaiyong Zhang ◽  
Shuqin Pan ◽  
Keying Zhang ◽  
Joris Michiels ◽  
Qiufeng Zeng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Inflammatory Response ◽  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Tight Junctions ◽  
Foodborne Pathogens ◽  
Manganese Superoxide Dismutase ◽  
Mrna Level ◽  
Intestinal Barrier ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Dendritic Cell Maturation ◽  
Salmonella Infection

Growing concern for public health and food safety has prompted a special interest in developing nutritional strategies for removing waterborne and foodborne pathogens, including Salmonella. Strong links between manganese (Mn) and intestinal barrier or immune function hint that dietary Mn supplementation is likely to be a promising approach to limit the loads of pathogens in broilers. Here, we provide evidence that Salmonella Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium, 4 × 108 CFUs) challenge-induced intestinal injury along with systemic Mn redistribution in broilers. Further examining of the effect of dietary Mn treatments (a basal diet plus additional 0, 40, or 100 mg Mn/kg for corresponding to Mn-deficient, control, or Mn-surfeit diet, respectively) on intestinal barrier and inflammation status of broilers infected with S. Typhimurium revealed that birds fed the control and Mn-surfeit diets exhibited improved intestinal tight junctions and microbiota composition. Even without Salmonella infection, dietary Mn deficiency alone increased intestinal permeability by impairing intestinal tight junctions. In addition, when fed the control and Mn-surfeit diets, birds showed decreased Salmonella burdens in cecal content and spleen, with a concomitant increase in inflammatory cytokine levels in spleen. Furthermore, the dietary Mn-supplementation-mediated induction of cytokine production was probably associated with the nuclear factor kappa-B (NF-κB)/hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) pathway, as judged by the enhanced manganese superoxide dismutase activity and the increased H2O2 level in mitochondria, together with the increased mRNA level of NF-κB in spleen. Ingenuity-pathway analysis indicated that acute-phase response pathways, T helper type 1 pathway, and dendritic cell maturation were significantly activated by the dietary Mn supplementation. Our data suggest that dietary Mn supplementation could enhance intestinal barrier and splenic inflammatory response to fight against Salmonella infection in broilers.

scholarly journals Effect of a Synbiotic Mix on Lymphoid Organs of Broilers Infected with Salmonella typhimurium and Clostridium perfringens

Animals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. 886 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zuamí Villagrán-de la Mora ◽  
Olga Vázquez-Paulino ◽  
Hugo Avalos ◽  
Felipe Ascencio ◽  
Karla Nuño ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Clostridium Perfringens ◽  
Lactobacillus Rhamnosus ◽  
Lymphoid Organs ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Agave Tequilana ◽  
Gallus Gallus Domesticus ◽  
Salmonella Infection ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Growth Promoting

Synbiotic consumption can modulate immune response. This work involves studying the effect of a synbiotic on lymphoid organs and IgA of broilers infected with Salmonella typhimurium and Clostridium perfringens. A total of 258 one-day-old male broilers (Gallus gallus domesticus), line COBBAvian48 (free of growth-promoting antibiotics), were distributed into eight treatment groups. A symbiotic mix comprising Lactobacillus rhamnosus HN001 and Pediococcus acidilactici MA18/5 M as probiotics and 4.5% (0.045 g g−1) of Agave tequilana fructans as prebiotic per dose (one milliliter) was administered through drinking water the first day of life. Bursa, spleen and thymus were analyzed. Broilers treated with the synbiotic, whether or not infected with pathogens, had bigger bursa follicles than the non-treated (p < 0.05), and the ones from the synbiotic group had more lymphocytes than the control group (p < 0.05). Thymus follicles of the synbiotic group were bigger than the control group (p < 0.05). Lesions associated with Salmonella infection were found in the bursa, however, in the broilers treated with the synbiotic, the lesions were less intense and were not present after 32 days of life. The synbiotic mix can stimulate the bursa, increasing the size of their follicles and promoting the ability to resist infections caused by S. typhimurium in broilers.

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