An overview of recent development in bio-oil upgrading and separation techniques

Bio-oil produced from the fast pyrolysis/hydrothermal liquefaction is gaining popularity worldwide as the forerunner to replace fossil fuel. The bio-oil can be produced from agricultural waste, forest residue, and urban organic waste. It is also called pyrolysis oil, renewable fuel, and has the potential to be used as fuel in many applications. The application of bio-oil as transportation fuel helps to reduce the emission of greenhouse gases and to keep up the ecological balance. The bio-oil has the heating value of nearly half of the diesel fuel i.e. 16-19 MJ/kg; but, the inferior properties such as high water content, high viscosity, low pH, and poor stability hinder bio-oil application as a fuel. Thus, this paper provides a detailed review of bio-oil properties, its limitations and focuses on the recent development of different upgrading and separation techniques, used to date for the improvement of the bio-oil quality. Furthermore, the advantages and disadvantages of each upgrading method along with the application and environmental impact of bio-oil are also discussed in this article.

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Upgrading of Oils from Biomass and Waste: Catalytic Hydrodeoxygenation

Catalysts ◽

10.3390/catal10121381 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 1381

Author(s):

Mai Attia ◽

Sherif Farag ◽

Jamal Chaouki

Keyword(s):

Microwave Heating ◽

Alternative Fuels ◽

Fossil Fuels ◽

Coke Formation ◽

High Viscosity ◽

High Oxygen ◽

Conventional Heating ◽

Pyrolysis Oil ◽

High Oxygen Content ◽

Bio Oil

The continuous demand for fossil fuels has directed significant attention to developing new fuel sources to replace nonrenewable fossil fuels. Biomass and waste are suitable resources to produce proper alternative fuels instead of nonrenewable fuels. Upgrading bio-oil produced from biomass and waste pyrolysis is essential to be used as an alternative to nonrenewable fuel. The high oxygen content in the biomass and waste pyrolysis oil creates several undesirable properties in the oil, such as low energy density, instability that leads to polymerization, high viscosity, and corrosion on contact surfaces during storage and transportation. Therefore, various upgrading techniques have been developed for bio-oil upgrading, and several are introduced herein, with a focus on the hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) technique. Different oxygenated compounds were collected in this review, and the main issue caused by the high oxygen contents is discussed. Different groups of catalysts that have been applied in the literature for the HDO are presented. The HDO of various lignin-derived oxygenates and carbohydrate-derived oxygenates from the literature is summarized, and their mechanisms are presented. The catalyst’s deactivation and coke formation are discussed, and the techno-economic analysis of HDO is summarized. A promising technique for the HDO process using the microwave heating technique is proposed. A comparison between microwave heating versus conventional heating shows the benefits of applying the microwave heating technique. Finally, how the microwave can work to enhance the HDO process is presented.

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Peningkatan Kualitas Minyak Nilam (Pogostemon Cablin Benth) menggunakan Kombinasi Metode Fermentasi, Delignifikasi dan Destilasi

Jurnal Kimia VALENSI ◽

10.15408/jkv.v0i0.5219 ◽

2017 ◽

pp. 116-121 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Salih Muharam ◽

Lela Mukmilah Yuningsih ◽

Iim Sulaeman Rohana

Keyword(s):

Water Content ◽

Oil Quality ◽

High Water ◽

Poor Quality ◽

Acid Number ◽

High Water Content ◽

Pogostemon Cablin ◽

Combination Of Methods ◽

Small Capacity

Penyulingan minyak nilam tradisional dilakukan dalam kapasitas kecil dan menggunakanmetode penyulingan sederhanaberdasarkan pada perbedaan titik didih yang jauh atau salah satu komponen bersifat volatil. Proses ini menghasilkan kualitas minyak nilam kurang baik seperti bilangan asam lebih dari 8, minyak berwarna gelap, patchouli alkohol kurang dari 30%, dan kadarair tinggi.Pada penelitian ini telah dilakukan penyulingan minyak dari tanaman nilammenggunakan kombinasi metode yaitu fermentasi-delignifikasi, destilasi dan pemurnian untuk meningkatkan kualitas minyak nilam. Hasil penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa kombinasi proses fermentasi-delignifikasi-destilasi-adsorpsi menghasilkan kualitas minyak nilam yang lebih baik dengan kualitas bilangan asam, kandungan patchouli alkohol, kadar air dan bobot jenis berturut-turut adalah 7.48, 35.60%, 0.56%,0.0957. The traditional distillationof patchouli oil conducted in small capacity and using a simple distillation method based on differences of wide a boiling point or one component is volatile. This process results a poor quality of patchouli oils such as the acid numbers is more than 8, dark-colored oils, patchouli alcohols contentis less than 30%, and high water content. In this research has been done oil distillation from patchouli plants using a combination of methods i.e. fermentation-delignification, distillation and purification to improve of patchouli oil quality. The results show that the combination of the fermentation-delignification-distillation-adsorptionis better in quality of patchouli oil with the acid number, patchouli alcohol content, water content and density were 7.48, 35.60%, 0.56%, and 0.0957 respectively.

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Evaluation of the Impact of Temperature and Type of Catalyst on the Bio-Oil Quality Obtained by Biomass Catalytic Pyrolysis Process

Defect and Diffusion Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.334-335.13 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 334-335 ◽

pp. 13-18 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

F.L. Mendes ◽

A.R. Pinho ◽

M.A.G. Figueiredo

Keyword(s):

Catalytic Pyrolysis ◽

Circulating Fluidized Bed ◽

Oil Quality ◽

Liquid Product ◽

High Yield ◽

High Water Content ◽

Inert Material ◽

Fcc Catalyst ◽

Bio Oil ◽

The Impact

The pyrolysis of biomass is a thermal process that converts, at high yield, solid biomass into a liquid product known as bio-oil. One alternative for the production of a bio-oil of better quality and with lower oxygen content is the use of catalysts in the pyrolysis reactor, rather than an inert, a process called catalytic pyrolysis. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects on product yields and the qualities of products of two different catalysts, one acidic, a commercial fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) catalyst, and a basic one containing hydrotalcite. Inert material, a type of silica, was used as reference. The tests were conducted in a pilot plant with a circulating fluidized bed reactor, specially adapted to perform the catalytic pyrolysis tests, at temperatures of 450°C and 550°C. The results showed that the increase in the residence time of the pyrolysis vapors had a significant impact on products yields, when compared with the profile found in the literature for fast pyrolysis. The FCC catalyst presented higher deoxygenation rates by dehydration, while the hydrotalcite showed greater capacity for decarboxylation. Thus, the use of either the FCC catalyst or hydrotalcite are not suitable for intermediate pyrolysis reactors, generating a product with high water content and low content of organic compounds in bio-oil and produce more coke. None of the materials tested produced bio-oils with considerable hydrocarbons yields and presented high amounts of phenolic compounds. In general, silica had the best results in terms of yield and quality of bio-oil.

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Woody Feedstock Pretreatments to Enhance Pyrolysis Bio-oil Quality and Produce Transportation Fuel

Biomass for Bioenergy - Recent Trends and Future Challenges ◽

10.5772/intechopen.81818 ◽

2019 ◽

Author(s):

Hamid Rezaei ◽

Fahimeh Yazdanpanah ◽

Jim Choon Lim ◽

Anthony Lau ◽

Shahab Sokhansanj

Keyword(s):

Oil Quality ◽

Transportation Fuel ◽

Bio Oil

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Application of Pyrolysis and Hydrothermal Liquefaction Process to Convert Bio-Fuel from Biomass

Journal of Physics Conference Series ◽

10.1088/1742-6596/2062/1/012029 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 2062 (1) ◽

pp. 012029

Author(s):

Amit Kumar ◽

Harveer Singh Pali ◽

Manoj Kumar

Keyword(s):

Fossil Fuel ◽

High Water ◽

High Viscosity ◽

Hydrothermal Liquefaction ◽

High Water Content ◽

Engine Fuel ◽

Ic Engine ◽

High Oxygen Content ◽

Animal Fats ◽

Pre Treatment

Abstract Rapid increase in demand of fuels creates the challenge for scientific community. The fossil fuel resources are declining day by day. So, biomass derived fuel starts to feel an exquisite alternative option, by reason of it develop from residual cooking oil, animal fats, or vegetable oils, etc. In present work biomass is converted into bio-fuel by the process of pyrolysis and hydrothermal liquefaction. But if it is compared with fossil fuel some undesirable properties have been found such like high oxygen content high water content, high corrosiveness and high viscosity etc. Directly biofuels cannot be used in IC engine due to their unwanted content in the fuel. Therefore upgrading of bio-fuel is needed to improve its properties for liquid fuels by the pre-treatment process of biomass. The purpose of biomass pre-treatment is the degradation of cellulose phibrils, lowering their crystallization and polymerization levels, hemicelluloses separation and degradation of cellulose. However application to this bio-fuel have been needed to enhance its properties for CI engine fuel using blending for direct use in engine application.

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ANALISIS ULANG STABILITAS TANAH DENGAN COMPACTED LATERITIC SOIL COLUMNS PADA COLLAPSIBLE SOIL MENGGUNAKAN RUMUS ELASTIK

JMTS: Jurnal Mitra Teknik Sipil ◽

10.24912/jmts.v3i3.8307 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (3) ◽

pp. 681

Author(s):

Antonius Kristanto Kusuma ◽

Gregorius Sandjaja

Keyword(s):

Carrying Capacity ◽

High Water ◽

Lateritic Soil ◽

High Water Content ◽

Soil Columns ◽

Collapsible Soil ◽

Tropical Country ◽

Advantages And Disadvantages ◽

The Stability ◽

Very High

ABSTRACTIndonesia is a tropical country that has very high rainfall rate in the whole year. This is very difficult to overcome with land problems that exist in Indonesia. The condition of the land which has a very not stable soil or we can say that it has collapsible status. Land that has collapse problems is prone to landslides, which involves very low soil carrying capacity and also very high water content in the soil. Many methods can be used to reduce collapsible soi lrate. In this re-analysis we calculate the problem of soil using the lateritic compacted soil columns. This process uses the formation of soil columns by compressing a number of points with a certain diameter so that the carrying capacity of the soil in order to repair and improve minimum occurrence of collapsible soil. But this method has advantages and disadvantages. From the results of the re-analysis conducted it was proven that the stability method using Compacted Lateritic Soil Colums reduced the possibility of soil experiencing collapsible soil. The analysis shows that the value of the edge of displacement or the total decreases due to the stability used using Compacted Lateritic Soil Colums. ABSTRAK Indonesia adalah negara tropis yang memiliki curah hujan yang sangat tinggi. Hal tersebut sangat berpengaruh dengan keadaan stabilitas tanah yang berada di Indonesia. Keadaan tanah yang memiliki stabilitas yang sangat tidak stabil dapat juga di sebut tanah dengan keadaan status collapsible . Tanah yang memiliki keadaan collapsible memiliki rentan mengalami longsor ., di akibatkan daya dukung tanah yang sangat rendah dan juga kadar air yang sangat tinggi di dalam kandungan tanah. Banyak metode stabilitas yang dapat dilakukan untuk mengurangi kemungkinan terjadinya collapsible soil. Pada analisis ulang perhitunga ini membahas stabilitas tanah menggunakanan Compacted Lateritic Soil Colums.Proses stabilitas ini menggunakan cara pebentukan kolom tanah dengan memadatkan bebarapa titik dengan diameter tertentu agar daya dukung tanah mengalami peningkatan dan mencegah terjadinya collapsible soil. Tetapi metode ini memiliki kelebihan dan juga kekurangan. Dari hasil analisi ulang yang dilakukan terbukti bahwa metode stabilitas menggunakan Compacted Lateritic Soil Colums mengurangi kemungkinan terjadinya tanah mengalami Collapsible soil. Dalam Analisis terlihat nilai edge of displacement atau total penurunan yang terjadi berkurang diakibatkan stabilitas yang di gunakan menggunakan Compacted Lateritic Soil Colums.

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Features of spring feeding of sterlet of the middle course of the Northern Dvina river

Rybovodstvo i rybnoe hozjajstvo (Fish Breeding and Fisheries) ◽

10.33920/sel-09-2007-01 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 8-17

Author(s):

A. Bykov ◽

D. Palatov ◽

I. Studenov ◽

D. Chupov

Keyword(s):

Benthic Communities ◽

High Water ◽

Food Composition ◽

Fish Growth ◽

High Water Content ◽

Feeding Intensity ◽

Biting Midges ◽

Size Groups ◽

Main Components ◽

A Minor

The article provides information about the features of spring feeding of sterlet in the spawning grounds of the middle course of the Northern Dvina river in may 2019. The main and secondary groups of forage objects in the diet of this species of sturgeon are characterized. The article considers the variability of the sterlet food composition with an increase in the size of fish from 30 to 60 cm. In the process of fish growth in the diet of the Severodvinsk sterlet, the main components in terms of occurrence and mass in all size groups are the larvae of Brooks and chironomids. A minor occurrence was the larvae of midges, biting midges, stoneflies, mayflies and small clams. To random and seasonal food are the larvae of water bugs, butterflies, flies, beetles and eggs of other fish. The feeding intensity of the smaller sterlet (30–40 cm) was significantly higher than that of the fish in the size groups 40–50 and 50–60 cm. Fundamental changes in the diet of the Severodvinsk sterlet for the main food objects for more than sixty years of observations have not been established. During periods of high water content of the Northern Dvina due to seasonal changes in the structure of benthic communities, the value of Brooks in the diet of sterlet increases and the proportion of chironomids decreases.

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Hydrogels as Antibacterial Biomaterials

Current Pharmaceutical Design ◽

10.2174/1381612824666180213122953 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 24 (8) ◽

pp. 843-854 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Weiguo Xu ◽

Shujun Dong ◽

Yuping Han ◽

Shuqiang Li ◽

Yang Liu

Keyword(s):

Mechanical Properties ◽

Drug Delivery ◽

Tissue Engineering ◽

Water Content ◽

Oxygen Permeability ◽

Structural Diversity ◽

High Water ◽

Clinical Applications ◽

High Water Content ◽

Biomedical Field

Hydrogels, as a class of materials for tissue engineering and drug delivery, have high water content and solid-like mechanical properties. Currently, hydrogels with an antibacterial function are a research hotspot in biomedical field. Many advanced antibacterial hydrogels have been developed, each possessing unique qualities, namely high water swellability, high oxygen permeability, improved biocompatibility, ease of loading and releasing drugs and structural diversity. In this article, an overview is provided on the preparation and applications of various antibacterial hydrogels. Furthermore, the prospects in biomedical researches and clinical applications are predicted.

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