scholarly journals Use of Simulator for Decision to Reuse of Industrial Effluents

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
pp. 22-26
Author(s):  
Ana Cecilia Correia dos Santos ◽  
Elias Andrade Braga ◽  
Igor L. S. Rodrigues ◽  
Ricardo de Araϊjo Kalid ◽  
Asher Kiperstok
Keyword(s):  
Water Reuse ◽  
Iron Concentration ◽  
Industrial Effluents ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Additional Treatment ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Saturated Steam ◽  
Industrial Plant ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Water And Wastewater Treatment

The need to reduce operational inefficiency because no generation of effluent encourages industries to search improvements in the procedures and technologies. However, in case that is not technically or economically feasible, the water reuse is a good option. The removal of volatile organic compounds (VOC) in liquid streams at a nitrogen fertilizer industry is carried out in a stripper that generates treated condensate that can be reused. The present work aims at the reuse of the treated condensate to produce steam and it was conducted according to methodology: collection and reconciliation of data in the industrial plant; simulation operating conditions and changed conditions for the most contaminant removal; tests in loco and analysis of physicchemical parameters to assess the quality of the treated condensate. The simulation was performed in steady state for two scenarios: the first one using operating conditions with vapor pressure between 3.2 bar and 6.0 bar and a flow rate of saturated steam between 1.5 t/h 5.0 t/h; the second simulation scenery considered the removal of the D stream process of the stripper, that has a high concentration of ammonia and methanol. In the first scenario, it was observed by manipulating of the pressure to 6.0 bar and steam flow to 2.0 t/h make better the removal ammonia efficiency. For the second scenario has also greater efficiency in the removal of both ammonia and methanol. The tests in loco and physic-chemical analysis showed that removal of the D stream process can enable the of reuse to make up for water in boiler to produce steam of until 41 bar after additional treatment, reducing the conductivity and iron concentration. The reuse of this treated condensate provides an economic gain of approximately US$ 500 000 each year, reducing the cost with the use of demineralized water and wastewater treatment. The use of the simulator allowed studying different scenarios, to reduce the number of experimental tests in loco and establishing routes for reuse industrial wastewater.

Column Bioleaching of Low Grade Copper Sulfide Ore at Extreme Conditions for Most Mineral Processing Bacteria

2013 ◽  
Vol 825 ◽  
pp. 318-321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gang Zou ◽  
Zeng Ling Wu ◽  
Xiao Kang Lai ◽  
Lai Chang Zou ◽  
Ren Man Ruan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Iron Concentration ◽  
Heap Leaching ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Industrial Plant ◽  
Copper Extraction ◽  
Low Grade ◽  
Extreme Conditions ◽  
Leaching Rate ◽  
Copper Leaching ◽  
Leaching Efficiency

This study is prompted by the high leaching efficiency of Zijinshan copper bio-heap leaching industrial plant. Bioleaching columns with 100 mm diameter and 1 m height were used to investigate copper bioleaching at different operating conditions. Elevated temperature, high total iron concentration and high acidity significantly increased copper leaching rate as determined by solution and residue assays. At 60 °C with 50 g/L iron (initial Fe3+/Fe2+ gram ratio 2.5), pH 1.0 and no aeration, copper extraction was achieved 90% after 60 days. However, at 30°C, 5 g/L total Fe, pH 1.5 and no aeration, copper extraction reached 80% and 85% after 90 and 200 days, respectively. Real-time PCR assay showed that only 105 cells/ml and 2×105 cells/g are in solution and on the ore surface at the condition of 60 °C 50 g/L iron and pH 1.0, respectively. In addition, a similar leaching rate was observed in the tests with and without inoculation. The column without inoculation was directly irrigated with acid mine drainage (AMD). Our results indicate high copper leaching efficiency at extreme conditions for mineral oxidizing bacteria. Inoculation and aeration are not necessary in Zijinshan copper mine bio-heap leaching process.

Control of biological iron removal from drinking water using oxidation-reduction potential

1998 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 121-128 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine V. Tremblay ◽  
André Beaubien ◽  
Philippe Charles ◽  
James A. Nicell
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Pilot Plant ◽  
Reduction Potential ◽  
Iron Concentration ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Industrial Plant ◽  
Filtration Cycle ◽  
Biological Removal ◽  
Oxidation Reduction ◽  
Oxidation Reduction Potential

Biological removal of iron to produce drinking water was established in a pilot plant treating raw water with a pH of 5.7. The objective was to evaluate the use of oxidation-reduction potential (ORP) as a control tool and determine its relationship to dissolved oxygen (DO) and residual iron concentration in filtered water from an operating biological filter. Results showed that above a low minimum value of DO, residual iron concentration and ORP were not affected by varying the DO level. A non-linear regression was established to correlate total residual iron concentration to ORP with an R2 of 0.8848. This correlation can be used to predict iron concentration when ORP is in the range 300 to 470 mV. Below this range, total residual iron is greater than or equal to 3 mg/l and above, total residual iron is less than the French regulation limit of 0.2 mg/l. Pilot plant operating conditions were implemented in the primary filter of an industrial plant in France, improving iron elimination and doubling the length of the filtration cycle.

scholarly journals Comprehensive Parameters Identification and Dynamic Model Validation of Interior-Mount Line-Start Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors

Machines ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 4 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luqman S. Maraaba ◽  
Zakariya M. Al-Hamouz ◽  
Abdulaziz S. Milhem ◽  
Ssennoga Twaha
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Model ◽  
Permanent Magnet ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Induction Machines ◽  
Test Methods ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Test Method ◽  
Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motors ◽  
Synchronous Motors

The application of line-start permanent magnet synchronous motors (LSPMSMs) is rapidly spreading due to their advantages of high efficiency, high operational power factor, being self-starting, rendering them as highly needed in many applications in recent years. Although there have been standard methods for the identification of parameters of synchronous and induction machines, most of them do not apply to LSPMSMs. This paper presents a study and analysis of different parameter identification methods for interior mount LSPMSM. Experimental tests have been performed in the laboratory on a 1-hp interior mount LSPMSM. The measurements have been validated by investigating the performance of the machine under different operating conditions using a developed qd0 mathematical model and an experimental setup. The dynamic and steady-state performance analyses have been performed using the determined parameters. It is found that the experimental results are close to the mathematical model results, confirming the accuracy of the studied test methods. Therefore, the output of this study will help in selecting the proper test method for LSPMSM.

scholarly journals Sensitivity Analysis of OTEC-CC-MX-1 kWe Plant Prototype

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (9) ◽  
pp. 2585
Author(s):  
Jessica Guadalupe Tobal-Cupul ◽  
Estela Cerezo-Acevedo ◽  
Yair Yosias Arriola-Gil ◽  
Hector Fernando Gomez-Garcia ◽  
Victor Manuel Romero-Medina
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity Analysis ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Caribbean Sea ◽  
Ocean Model ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Working Fluid ◽  
Ocean Energy ◽  
Mexican Caribbean ◽  
Water Temperature Data ◽  
Mass Flows

The Mexican Caribbean Sea has potential zones for Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) implementation. Universidad del Caribe and Instituto de Ciencias del Mar y Limnologia, with the support of the Mexican Centre of Innovation in Ocean Energy, designed and constructed a prototype OTEC plant (OTEC-CC-MX-1 kWe), which is the first initiative in Mexico for exploitation of this type of renewable energy. This paper presents a sensitivity analysis whose objective was to know, before carrying out the experimental tests, the behavior of OTEC-CC-MX-1 kWe regarding temperature differences, as well as the non-possible operating conditions, which allows us to assess possible modifications in the prototype installation. An algorithm was developed to obtain the inlet and outlet temperatures of the water and working fluid in the heat exchangers using the monthly surface and deep-water temperature data from the Hybrid Coordinate Ocean Model and Geographically Weighted Regression Temperature Model for the Mexican Caribbean Sea. With these temperatures, the following were analyzed: fluctuation of thermal efficiency, mass flows of R-152a and water and power production. By analyzing the results, we verified maximum and minimum mass flows of water and R-152a to produce 1 kWe during a typical year in the Mexican Caribbean Sea and the conditions when the production of electricity is not possible for OTEC-CC-MX-1 kWe.

The analysis on the influence of mixed sliding-rolling motion mode to precision degradation of ball screw

2021 ◽  
pp. 095440622098201
Author(s):  
Qiang Cheng ◽  
Baobao Qi ◽  
Hongyan Chu ◽  
Ziling Zhang ◽  
Zhifeng Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Structural Parameters ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Ball Screw ◽  
Rolling Motion ◽  
Degradation Model ◽  
Sliding Motion ◽  
Factors Analysis ◽  
Motion Mode

The combination of sliding/rolling motion can influence the degree of precision degradation of ball screw. Precision degradation modeling and factors analysis can reveal the evolution law of ball screw precision. This paper presents a precision degradation model for factors analysis influencing precision due to mixed sliding-rolling motion. The precision loss model was verified through the comparison of theoretical models and experimental tests. The precision degradation due to rolling motion between the ball and raceway accounted for 29.09% of the screw precision loss due to sliding motion. Additionally, the total precision degradation due to rolling motion accounted for 21.03% of the total sliding precision loss of the screw and nut, and 17.38% of the overall ball screw precision loss under mixed sliding-rolling motion. In addition, the effects of operating conditions and structural parameters on precision loss were analyzed. The sensitivity coefficients of factors influencing were used to quantitatively describe impact degree on precision degradation.

scholarly journals Methodology for Selecting the Operating Conditions of a Vibration Generator Used in the Hot-Dip Galvanizing Process

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (8) ◽  
pp. 2042
Author(s):  
Wojciech Kacalak ◽  
Igor Maciejewski ◽  
Dariusz Lipiński ◽  
Błażej Bałasz
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Model ◽  
Asynchronous Motor ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Suspension System ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Forced Simulation

A simulation model and the results of experimental tests of a vibration generator in applications for the hot-dip galvanizing process are presented. The parameters of the work of the asynchronous motor forcing the system vibrations were determined, as well as the degree of unbalance enabling the vibrations of galvanized elements weighing up to 500 kg to be forced. Simulation and experimental tests of the designed and then constructed vibration generator were carried out at different intensities of the unbalanced rotating mass of the motor. Based on the obtained test results, the generator operating conditions were determined at which the highest values of the amplitude of vibrations transmitted through the suspension system to the galvanized elements were obtained.

scholarly journals Different Techniques to Mitigate Partial Shading in Photovoltaic Panels

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (13) ◽  
pp. 3863
Author(s):  
Tiago Alves ◽  
João Paulo N. Torres ◽  
Ricardo A. Marques Lameirinhas ◽  
Carlos A. F. Fernandes
Keyword(s):  
Cell Model ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Partial Shading ◽  
System Architectures ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Pv Panel

The effect of partial shading in photovoltaic (PV) panels is one of the biggest problems regarding power losses in PV systems. When the irradiance pattern throughout a PV panel is inequal, some cells with the possibility of higher power production will produce less and start to deteriorate. The objective of this research work is to present, test and discuss different techniques to help mitigate partial shading in PV panels, observing and commenting the advantages and disadvantages for different PV technologies under different operating conditions. The motivation is to contribute with research, simulation, and experimental work. Several state-of-the-artsolutions to the problem will be presented: different topologies in the interconnection of the panels; different PV system architectures, and also introducing new solution hypotheses, such as different cell interconnections topologies. Alongside, benefits and limitations will be discussed. To obtain actual results, the simulation work was conducted by creating MATLAB/Simulink models for each different technique tested, all centered around the 1M5P PV cell model. The several techniques tested will also take into account different patterns and sizes of partial shading, different PV panel technologies, different values of source irradiation, and different PV array sizes. The results will be discussed and validated by experimental tests.

Flow Coefficient Evaluation of Poppet Valves Used in Reciprocating Compressors for LDPE

2008 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enzo Giacomelli ◽  
Massimo Schiavone ◽  
Fabio Manfrone ◽  
Andrea Raggi
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Drop ◽  
Time Pressure ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Flow Coefficient ◽  
Operating Life ◽  
High Fatigue ◽  
Strongly Connected ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Poppet Valves

Poppet valves have been used for a long time for very high pressure reciprocating compressors, as for example in the case of Low Density Polyethylene. These applications are very critical because the final pressure can reach 350 MPa and the evaluation of the performance of the machines is strongly connected to the proper operation and performance of the valve itself. The arrangement of cylinders requires generally a certain compactness of valve to withstand high fatigue stresses, but at the same time pressure drop and operating life are very important. In recent years the reliability of the machines has been improving over and over and the customers’ needs are very stringent. Therefore the use of poppet valves has been extended to other cases. In general the mentioned applications are heavy duty services and the simulation of the valves require some coefficients to be used in the differential equations, able to describe the movement of plate/disk or poppet and the flow and related pressure drop through the valves. Such coefficients are often determined in an experimental way in order to have a simulation closer to the real operating conditions. For the flow coefficients it is also possible today to use theoretical programs capable of determining the needed values in a quick and economical way. Some investigations have been carried out to determine the values for certain geometries of poppet valves. The results of the theory have been compared with some experimental tests. The good agreement between the various methods indicates the most suitable procedure to be applied in order to have reliable data. The advantage is evident as the time necessary for the theoretical procedure is faster and less expensive. This is of significant importance at the time of the design and also in case of a need to provide timely technical support for the operating behavior of the valves. Particularly for LDPE, the optimization of all the parameters is strongly necessary. The fatigue stresses of cylinder heads and valve bodies have to match in fact with gas passage turbulence and pressure drop, added to the mechanical behavior of the poppet valve components.

scholarly journals Experimental and Theoretical Analysis of a Linear Focus CPV/T System for Cogeneration Purposes

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 2960 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlo Renno
Keyword(s):  
Focal Length ◽  
Concentration Field ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Working Fluid ◽  
Fluid Temperature ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Environment Temperature ◽  
Temperature Levels ◽  
T System

The knowledge of the actual energy performances of a concentrating photovoltaic and thermal (CPV/T) system with a linear focus optics, allows to evaluate the possibility of adopting this type of system for cogeneration purposes. Hence, the main aim of this paper is the design, realization, setting and modeling of a linear focus CPV/T system in the high concentration field. An experimental linear focus CPV/T plant was created in order to determine its electrical and thermal performance under different working conditions in terms of environment temperature, sunny and cloudy conditions, focal length, etc. Moreover, a theoretical model of the linear focus CPV/T system was also studied. This model evaluates the temperatures of the working fluid that flows in the cooling circuit of the CPV/T system under several operating conditions. The temperatures of the triple junction (TJ) cells, experimentally evaluated referring to different solar radiation and atmospheric conditions, were considered as the input data for the model. The values of the fluid temperature, theoretically and experimentally determined, were thus compared with good agreement. The electrical production of the CPV/T system depends generally on the TJ cell characteristics and the concentration factor, while the thermal production is above all linked to the system configuration and the direct normal irradiance (DNI) values. Hence, in this paper the electric power obtained by the linear-focus CPV/T system was evaluated referring to the cogeneration applications, and it was verified if the TJ cell and the cooling fluid reach adequate temperature levels in this type of system, in order to match the electrical and the thermal loads of a user.

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