scholarly journals Occurrence of a Likely Tuff Bed between the Middle and Upper Siwaliks, Taunsa area, Dera Ghazi Khan, Eastern Sulaiman Range, Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-34 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rahman Ullah ◽  
Nie Fengjuin ◽  
Zhang Chengyong ◽  
Saqib Izhar ◽  
Idrees Safdar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Source ◽  
Volcanic Complex ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Xrd Pattern ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
The North ◽  
Kashmir Basin ◽  
Stratigraphic Position ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Fresh Surface

A likely tuff bed lies along the gradational contact of the Middle and Upper Siwaliks in eastern Sulaiman Range, Taunsa area of Dera Ghazi Khan district, Pakistan. This tuffaceous unit is 0.5–3 m thick and extends for 10 km along the north-south strike in the eastern limb of the Zindapir anticline. It is greyish white to white on fresh surface, fine-grained to silty at the bottom and clayey at the top and thus shows a fining upward grain-size grading. The lower part of the ash bed shows a prominent lamination defined by megascopically visible abundant biotite, while the central and upper parts are so fine-grained that the individual minerals cannot be seen in hand sample. Unlike the lower well-laminated part, the central and upper parts are crudely laminated to apparently massive. The bulk samples analysed with X-ray diffraction consist of quartz, feldspar (plagioclase), biotite, clays, calcite and some ore mineral likely spinel, while the clay-size fractions contain illite, chlorite, biotite and probably their mixed-layered varieties. The colour, texture, presence of abundant biotite and stratigraphic position of the Taunsa tuff correlate with those reported from Potwar plateau and from Kashmir basin. However, the apparent absence of smectite from the XRD pattern makes the Taunsa ash bed different from both Potwar and Kashmir tuffs. The present stratigraphic position of the tuff bed corresponds to shallow diagenetic zone, while the absence of smectite in the tuff and crystallinity of illite suggest that the tuff is probably derived upon reworking from a deeper diagenetic zone belonging to a lower stratigraphic level. The Eocene or other older pre-Siwalik units in Pakistan may have or had some primary ashfall deposits as reported in the northwestern Himalayas of India. This older volcanic ash may have been reworked to its present site of occurrence along the gradational contact of the Middle and the Upper Siwaliks in Taunsa area of Dera Ghazi Khan. However, the primary source of the Taunsa tuff may belong more likely to Chagai arc in Pakistan than to Dacht-e-Nawar volcanic complex in Afghanistan.

scholarly journals Occurrence of a Likely Tuff Bed between the Middle and Upper Siwaliks, Taunsa area, Dera Ghazi Khan, Eastern Sulaiman Range, Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 24-34
Author(s):  
Rahman Ullah ◽  
Nie Fengjuin ◽  
Zhang Chengyong ◽  
Saqib Izhar ◽  
Idrees Safdar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Primary Source ◽  
Volcanic Complex ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Xrd Pattern ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
The North ◽  
Kashmir Basin ◽  
Stratigraphic Position ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Fresh Surface

A likely tuff bed lies along the gradational contact of the Middle and Upper Siwaliks in eastern Sulaiman Range, Taunsa area of Dera Ghazi Khan district, Pakistan. This tuffaceous unit is 0.5–3 m thick and extends for 10 km along the north-south strike in the eastern limb of the Zindapir anticline. It is greyish white to white on fresh surface, fine-grained to silty at the bottom and clayey at the top and thus shows a fining upward grain-size grading. The lower part of the ash bed shows a prominent lamination defined by megascopically visible abundant biotite, while the central and upper parts are so fine-grained that the individual minerals cannot be seen in hand sample. Unlike the lower well-laminated part, the central and upper parts are crudely laminated to apparently massive. The bulk samples analysed with X-ray diffraction consist of quartz, feldspar (plagioclase), biotite, clays, calcite and some ore mineral likely spinel, while the clay-size fractions contain illite, chlorite, biotite and probably their mixed-layered varieties. The colour, texture, presence of abundant biotite and stratigraphic position of the Taunsa tuff correlate with those reported from Potwar plateau and from Kashmir basin. However, the apparent absence of smectite from the XRD pattern makes the Taunsa ash bed different from both Potwar and Kashmir tuffs. The present stratigraphic position of the tuff bed corresponds to shallow diagenetic zone, while the absence of smectite in the tuff and crystallinity of illite suggest that the tuff is probably derived upon reworking from a deeper diagenetic zone belonging to a lower stratigraphic level. The Eocene or other older pre-Siwalik units in Pakistan may have or had some primary ashfall deposits as reported in the northwestern Himalayas of India. This older volcanic ash may have been reworked to its present site of occurrence along the gradational contact of the Middle and the Upper Siwaliks in Taunsa area of Dera Ghazi Khan. However, the primary source of the Taunsa tuff may belong more likely to Chagai arc in Pakistan than to Dacht-e-Nawar volcanic complex in Afghanistan.

Origin and physical and chemical characteristics of glacial overburden in Essex and Kent counties, southwestern Ontario

1997 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 233-246 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. F. Morris ◽  
R. I. Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Coarse Grained ◽  
Glacial Lake ◽  
Silty Clay ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
The North ◽  
Geochemical Properties ◽  
Clayey Silt ◽  
Kent County ◽  
Stratigraphic Position ◽  
Physical And Chemical

The overburden of Essex and Kent counties, southwestern Ontario, has been described as consisting of a clayey silt to silty clay till overlying a gravelly unit resting on bedrock. Recent Quaternary geology mapping has identified additional materials and redefined the origin of others by determining the stratigraphic position and physical and geochemical properties of materials encountered in a sonic drilling program and field mapping. Catfish Creek Till was deposited on the bedrock surface during the Nissouri Stadial as ice advanced south over the area. As ice retreated during the Erie Interstade, fine-grained glaciolacustrine material was deposited in glacial Lake Leverett and overlay Catfish Creek Till. Tavistock Till was deposited over glacial Lake Leverett material as the Huron lobe readvanced south during the Port Bruce Stadial. As the Huron lobe retreated north, coarse-grained glaciolacustrine materials were deposited in the Leamington area. Ice from the Erie lobe deposited the Port Stanley Till along the north shore of Lake Erie in Kent County and deflected meltwater southward from the Huron lobe in the Blenheim area. A series of recessional moraines were deposited by the Huron lobe as it retreated north. The area is capped by a fine-grained glaciolacustrine deposit.

Microtexture and genesis of clay minerals from a turbiditic sequence in a Southern Pyrenees foreland basin (Jaca basin, Eocene)

Clay Minerals ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 303-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Bauluz ◽  
A. Yuste ◽  
M. J. Mayayo ◽  
A. B. Rodríguez-Navarro ◽  
J. M. González-López
Keyword(s):  
Foreland Basin ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
The North ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Clay Matrix ◽  
Late Diagenesis ◽  
A Minor ◽  
Low K ◽  
Dolomite Cement

AbstractA set of fine-grained samples from a turbiditic sequence in a Southern Pyrenees foreland basin (Jaca Basin, Eocene) were studied to determine the influence of tectonics (Pyrenean Orogeny) on phyllosilicate recrystallization and infer the grade and basin maturity. The samples from four different outcrops were examined by X-ray diffraction (XRD) and by scanning (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) with special emphasis on clay-mineral characterization (e.g.illitic phases). The analysed samples have simple mineral assemblages and consist of detrital quartz, albite and calcite, scarce clay matrix (mainly illite with chlorite), and calcite and dolomite cement. The lack of other phyllosilicates such as mixed-layer illite-smectite (I-S), pyrophyllite, Na-micas, or kaolin minerals is quite remarkable. On the SEM scale, samples (with marl composition) have poorly sorted textures and high detrital contents. In many cases they show bedding and/or cleavage, and in some cases neither is observed. Most of the clay-sized illites show very similar crystallinity and b0 values (determined by XRD) and distributions of crystallite thickness (measured by TEM) in all the outcrops, which is typical of late-diagenesis illites forming under low-pressure conditions. These illites are parallel (or subparallel) to bedding or randomly orientated. They are also characterized by disordered polytypes and low K contents. In some TEM images, a second type of illite has been observed. This secondary illite occurs parallel to cleavage, with thicker crystals (25–35 layers), K contents in the interlayer, and a 2M1 polytype. The pole figure analysis shows that most of the clays have (00l) planes parallel (or subparallel) to bedding although there are abundant clays with random orientation. There is no trend in the clay orientation/disorientation from the south to the north of the basin. All the data indicate that the strain rate associated with the Pyrenean Orogeny has not been recorded in the turbidite sequence controlling the relative orientation of clays, although anchizonal clay crystallization is favoured as a minor process.

A New Method for Measuring the Residual Stresses in Multi-Layered Thin Film Systems

2012 ◽  
Vol 591-593 ◽  
pp. 884-890
Author(s):  
Mei Liu ◽  
Hai Hui Ruan ◽  
Liang Chi Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Thin Film ◽  
Thin Films ◽  
Residual Stresses ◽  
Single Point ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Xrd Pattern ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Xrd Techniques ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Layered Thin Film

To meet different electrical or optical functionalities, thin films are often of multiple layers processed at high temperatures. Substantial residual stresses can therefore develop in such thin film systems due to the disparate thermal properties of the individual material layers. High stresses can lead to mechanical failure of the systems and thus understanding the residual stresses in thin film systems is important. This paper presents a systematic way to characterize the residual stresses in epitaxial, polycrystalline and amorphous layers by using X-ray diffraction (XRD) techniques. The single-point XRD pattern renders the stresses of crystalline layers and the scanning XRD gives the curvature of the whole film. Based on the newly-developed analytical model, the residual stresses of each layer can all be determined.

High Resolution Replication of Organoclay Surfaces

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 576-577
Author(s):  
W. W. Barker ◽  
W. E. Rigsby ◽  
V. J. Hurst ◽  
W. J. Humphreys
Keyword(s):  
Clay Mineral ◽  
Organic Molecule ◽  
Organic Molecules ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Xrd Pattern ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Naturally Occurring ◽  
Silicate Layers ◽  
Mineral Identification

Experimental clay mineral-organic molecule complexes long have been known and some of them have been extensively studied by X-ray diffraction methods. The organic molecules are adsorbed onto the surfaces of the clay minerals, or intercalated between the silicate layers. Natural organo-clays also are widely recognized but generally have not been well characterized. Widely used techniques for clay mineral identification involve treatment of the sample with H2 O2 or other oxidant to destroy any associated organics. This generally simplifies and intensifies the XRD pattern of the clay residue, but helps little with the characterization of the original organoclay. Adequate techniques for the direct observation of synthetic and naturally occurring organoclays are yet to be developed.

A Medieval Burial from Graham Street, Leith, Edinburgh

2003 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-169
Author(s):  
Paul R. J. Duffy ◽  
Olivia Lelong
Keyword(s):  
Contextual Information ◽  
Human Remains ◽  
Housing Development ◽  
Archaeological Research ◽  
Archaeological Excavation ◽  
Radiocarbon Dates ◽  
Physical Evidence ◽  
Research Division ◽  
The North ◽  
The Individual

Summary An archaeological excavation was carried out at Graham Street, Leith, Edinburgh by Glasgow University Archaeological Research Division (GUARD) as part of the Historic Scotland Human Remains Call-off Contract following the discovery of human remains during machine excavation of a foundation trench for a new housing development. Excavation demonstrated that the burial was that of a young adult male who had been interred in a supine position with his head orientated towards the north. Radiocarbon dates obtained from a right tibia suggest the individual died between the 15th and 17th centuries AD. Little contextual information exists in documentary or cartographic sources to supplement this scant physical evidence. Accordingly, it is difficult to further refine the context of burial, although a possible link with a historically attested siege or a plague cannot be discounted.

Individual psychological characteristics of employees of criminal investigation departments in transport due to the risk of professional deformation

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (4) ◽  
pp. 220-230
Author(s):  
Yuliya Novikova ◽  
Alexander Shakhmatov ◽  
Maria Salyah
Keyword(s):  
Police Officers ◽  
Social Intelligence ◽  
Federal District ◽  
Psychological Characteristics ◽  
Criminal Investigation ◽  
Professional Burnout ◽  
The North ◽  
The Individual ◽  
North Western ◽  
Learn Behavior

The relevance of the study of individual psychological characteristics of employees of criminal investigation departments in transport in the North-Western Federal district of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia (hereinafter referred to as the NWFD) in relation to indicators of professional deformation is due to the specific features of their official activities. Despite a significant amount of research on the phenomenon of professional deformity of police officers, there are few thoroughly developed and completed works on the prevention of professional deformities of police officers. The purpose of our research was to study the individual psychological characteristics of employees of criminal investigation departments in connection with the risk of professional deformation. The results of the empirical study were processed by correlation and factor analysis (49 parameters). The results of the initial analysis showed that the overall assessment of job satisfaction among employees of the studied departments is average with a downward trend. The results of the study on «professional burnout» revealed that a number of employees surveyed are close to emotional exhaustion. It is established that empathic abilities, social intelligence, and constructive coping strategies play an important role in the structure of individual psychological characteristics of police officers. Low ability of employees to learn behavior determines non-constructive strategies and models for coping with stressful situations, which leads to deformation of relationships with other people, i.e. to professional deformation. The obtained data can be used as the basis for the program of psychoprophylaxis of professional deformation of criminal investigation units in transport in the northwestern Federal district.

scholarly journals Mudrock Microstructure: A Technique for Distinguishing between Deep-Water Fine-Grained Sediments

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 653
Author(s):  
Shereef Bankole ◽  
Dorrik Stow ◽  
Zeinab Smillie ◽  
Jim Buckman ◽  
Helen Lever
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Deep Water ◽  
Sedimentary Facies ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Weak Current ◽  
Large Area ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Mean Size ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Water Facies

Distinguishing among deep-water sedimentary facies has been a difficult task. This is possibly due to the process continuum in deep water, in which sediments occur in complex associations. The lack of definite sedimentological features among the different facies between hemipelagites and contourites presented a great challenge. In this study, we present detailed mudrock characteristics of the three main deep-water facies based on sedimentological characteristics, laser diffraction granulometry, high-resolution, large area scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the synchrotron X-ray diffraction technique. Our results show that the deep-water microstructure is mainly process controlled, and that the controlling factor on their grain size is much more complex than previously envisaged. Retarding current velocity, as well as the lower carrying capacity of the current, has an impact on the mean size and sorting for the contourite and turbidite facies, whereas hemipelagite grain size is impacted by the natural heterogeneity of the system caused by bioturbation. Based on the microfabric analysis, there is a disparate pattern observed among the sedimentary facies; turbidites are generally bedding parallel due to strong currents resulting in shear flow, contourites are random to semi-random as they are impacted by a weak current, while hemipelagites are random to oblique since they are impacted by bioturbation.

Bismuth-bearing assemblages from the Northern Pennine Orefield

1996 ◽  
Vol 60 (399) ◽  
pp. 317-324 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. A. Ixer ◽  
B. Young ◽  
C. J. Stanley
Keyword(s):  
Qualitative Analysis ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Quartz Veins ◽  
The North ◽  
Data Form ◽  
Form Part ◽  
Native Bismuth ◽  
Monoclinic Pyrrhotite ◽  
Early Phases ◽  
And Tungsten

AbstractBismuthinite-bearing quartz veins from the Alston Block of the North Pennine Orefield are all close to, or above, the Rookhope and Tynehead cupolas of the buried Weardale Granite. They are uniform in composition and paragenesis and are earlier than the main fluorite-baryte-galena-sphalerite mineralization of the orefield. Rhythmical crystallization of quartz, chalcopyrite and minor pyrite is followed by fluorite-quartz-chalcopyrite-minor sphalerite-altered pyrrhotite mineralization. Early tin-bearing (up to 0.29 wt.% Sn) chalcopyrite encloses trace amounts of bismuthinite (Bi2S3), synchysite (CaREE(CO3)F2), argentopentlandite (Ag(FeNi)8S8) (close to being stoichiometric), pyrrhotite, cubanite and cosalite (Pb2Bi2S5), while early pyrite carries monoclinic pyrrhotite (close to Fe7S8) and tungsten-bearing cassiterite (up to 1.03 wt.% WO3). Bismuthinite is macroscopically visible and is associated with native bismuth and small, fine-grained, spherical aggregates that qualitative analysis suggests may be cosalite crystals. Synchysite and more rarely monazite, xenotime and adularia are intergrown with bismuthinite. These mineralogical data form part of the basis for an increasing awareness of the contribution of the Weardale Granite to the early phases of mineralization in the Alston Block.

scholarly journals I.—Microscopic Structure of Irish Granites. No. 2. Granite of Aillemore, Co. Mayo

1874 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
Edward Hull
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Microscopic Structure ◽  
South Side ◽  
North West ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
Lower Silurian ◽  
The North ◽  
Geological Map ◽  
Vertical Walls ◽  
Dark Green

This granite forms an isolated mass, rising into two eminences a few miles south of Louisburg, called Corvock Brack (1287 feet) and Knockaskeheen (1288 feet). It is a greyish granite—generally fine—grained—consisting of quartz, two felspars,—one orthoclase, the other triclinic, probably oligoclase—and dark green mica. In some places there are patches in which the felspar assumes the appearance of “graphic granite.” Numerous boulders of this granite are strewn over the district to the north-west, and on the south side of Knockaskeheen; the rock is traversed by regular joints ranging N. 10 W., along which it splits off into nearly vertical walls. The position of the granite is shown on Griffith's Geological Map of Ireland, and it is surrounded by schistose beds, generally metamorphosed, and probably of Lower Silurian age. The granite itself is of older date than the Upper Llandovery beds, which lie to the southward.

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