scholarly journals Immune disorders after combined treatment of obese patients with endometrial cancer

2020 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 374-386
Author(s):  
I. S. Hromakova ◽  
P. P. Sorochan ◽  
N. E. Prokhach ◽  
M. V. Polozova ◽  
I. А. Hromakova
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Therapy ◽  
Inflammatory Process ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Relative Number ◽  
Absolute Number ◽  
Obese Patients ◽  
Immune Disorders ◽  
Group I ◽  
Normal Body Weight ◽  
Group Ii

Background. Immune disorders in antitumor treatment of obese patients may depend on the severity of the inflammatory process, which justifies the need to take into account the intensity of the latter in the analysis of complications of antitumor treatment in obese individuals. Purpose – evaluation of immune disorders after radiation therapy in obese patients with different intensity of the inflammatory process.  Materials and methods. 65 patients with stage I–II endometrial cancer underwent pangysterectomy and a postoperative course of remote gamma therapy. Examinations were performed before treatment and after radiation therapy. Subpopulation composition of lymphocytes, phagocytic activity of neutrophils, levels of circulating immune complexes and immunoglobulins G, A, M were determined by standard methods. The SF-3000 «SYSMEX» analyzer was used to evaluate hematological parameters. The level of C-reactive protein (CRP) was determined using an analyzer «RESPONS 910». Insulin and leptin levels were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results and discussion. Immune and hematological parameters were evaluated in 3 groups of patients. Group I included patients with normal body weight (BMI < 25), II and III groups consisted of obese patients (BMI > 30). Group II included patients with a CRP level below the median, which was 18,0 mg/l, group III – patients with a CRP level above 18.0 mg/l. In patients of group II there was a higher absolute and relative number of lymphocytes, the absolute number of CD3+-, CD4+- and CD8+-lymphocytes compared with those registered in groups I and III. After radiation therapy, the absolute number of lymphocytes and lymphocyte subpopulations decreased in all groups. As before treatment, higher levels of these indicators were registered in group II. In obese patients, the relative number of NK cells was lower than that determined in patients of group I before and after treatment. Conclusions. Patients with obesity and low intensity of the inflammatory process have less pronounced immune disorders after radiation therapy compared with patients who had a normal body weight and individuals with obesity and high levels of CRP.

scholarly journals Study of the immunomodulating influence of preparation alpha/beta-defensins on chemo/radiotherapy of patients with oral and oropharyngeal cancer

2021 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 86-96
Author(s):  
H.A. Hirna ◽  
◽  
D.V. Maltsev ◽  
L.V. Natrus ◽  
M.M. Rozhko ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Therapy ◽  
Relative Number ◽  
Absolute Number ◽  
Natural Killers ◽  
Cytostatic Therapy ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Dose Dependent

The state of antitumor immunity of patients with oral cavity and oropharyngeal cancer during treatment (radiation and chemoradiation therapy), which additionally included α/β-defensin immunotherapy, was studied. In all three study groups, where preparation α/β-defensins was used, there was a more pronounced dose-dependent decrease in the relative number of lymphocytes in the blood than among those receiving cytostatic therapy in mono mode. Patients of group I received radiation therapy and immunotherapy, group II - chemoradiation and immunotherapy, group III - radiation therapy with immunotherapy in increased doses, VI - radiation, V - chemoradiation. Thus, in group І the decrease in the absolute number of lymphocytes was by 0.6×109/l, in group II - by 0.82×109/l, and in group III - by 0.93×109/l; by 8.51% there was a decrease in the relative number of lymphocytes in group I, by 15.52% in group II and in group III - by 14.32%. A significant decrease in the absolute number of CD3+ T cells in the blood was registered with a combination of radiation- and immunotherapy: in group I from 1141×106/l to 682×106/l and in group III - from 871×106/l to 309×106/l. At the same time, there was an increase in the relative number of natural killers in the blood of patients undergoing radiation therapy in combination with immunotherapy, also with a dose-dependent effect, the growth in group I is from 16 to 17% and group III - from 13.4 to 19.5%. Among patients undergoing cytostatic therapy, there were significant differences in the absolute number of NKT cells in the combination of radiation and immunotherapy, groups I and III, by reducing the number of these lymphocytes in the blood from 86 to 57 and from 62 to 31, respectively. α/β-defensins have been shown to have a dose-dependent adjuvant effect on cytostatic treatment – radiation, and chemoradiation of patients with cancer of the oral cavity and oropharynx. Simultaneously with the use of the drug α/β-defensins associated additional immunomodulatory effect in the form of the restructuring of the subpopulation of lymphocytes due to an increase in the relative number of natural killers in the blood.

scholarly journals Effects of acclimation on the haematological indices of different groups of fresh water teleosts

2015 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 5-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. Roy George ◽  
N. A. Malini ◽  
D. Rajasree
Keyword(s):  
Fresh Water ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Clarias Gariepinus ◽  
Stress Factors ◽  
Basic Knowledge ◽  
Hematopoietic Tissue ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Enhanced Production ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii

Hematological parameters have been recognized as valuable tools for monitoring fish health. The aim of the present study was to obtain a basic knowledge of the hematological responses of different groups of fresh water teleosts during acclimation period. Haematological analysis was carried out in three different groups of teleosts namely Group I: Heteropneustes fossilis and Clarias gariepinus (Siluriformes), Group II: Anabas testudineus and Channa striatus (Perciformes), Group III: Labeo rohita and Cyprinus carpio (Cypriniformes). In all groups of teleosts, RBC and Hb were significantly (p<0.05) decreased after 7 days of captivity in response to stress factors raised in capture, handling and sampling procedure. WBC was found to be significantly (p<0.05) increased in group I (Siluriformes), group II (Perciformes) and group III (Cypriniformes) of teleosts after 7 days of captivity due to enhanced production of leucocytes in the hematopoietic tissue of the kidney and the spleen. RBC count and WBC count were found to be higher in H. fossilis and C. gariepinus than other groups of teleosts due to their active predacious nature. Hb values were high in 2nd group (Perciformes) consisting of A. testudineus and C. striatus by virtue of their possessions of accessory respiratory organs. PCV, MCV and MCHC were significantly (p<0.05) increased in three groups of teleosts during acclimation and values were high in second group of consisting of A. testudineus and C. striatus. MCH was higher in 3rd group of fishes consisting of L. rohita and C. carpio.

scholarly journals Neuron-specific blood enolase in children with Helicobacter pylori-associated chronic gastroduodenitis

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-155
Author(s):  
S. Kh. Dombayan ◽  
I. V. Panova ◽  
G. M. Letifov
Keyword(s):  
Mucous Membrane ◽  
Inflammatory Process ◽  
Neuron Specific Enolase ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Healthy Children ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Severity Of The Disease ◽  
Gastroduodenal Zone

The aim of the study was to assess the level of blood neuron specific enolase (NSE) in children with chronic gastroduodenitis (CGD) depending on Hеlicobacter pylori (HP), the severity of the inflammatory process, sex. The study involved 73 children with CGD. Group I– children with CGD associated with HP (HP CGD+); group II – with CGD not associated with HP (CGD, HP–). The control group (GK) – 28 healthy children. In the diagnosis of the disease, the endoscopic and morphological methods were used; the urease, microscopy, molecular biological and serological tests were performed to verify HP. The elevated levels of NSE were revealed in children groups I and II compared with GK (p < 0.01, p < 0.01). High levels of NSE in serum were observed in boys with CGD HP+ compared with girls with CGD HP+ (p < 0.01). Similar changes related to the gender were identified in group II (p < 0.01). In group I the highest values of NSE were identified with erosive gastroduodenitis (p < 0.01). In group II the opposite direction of enzyme changes was revealed and depended on the severity of the disease. Тhe increase of NSE in the blood of children with CGD HP+ and HP-indicates the presence of enzyme in the mechanisms of the inflammatory process in the mucous membrane gastroduodenal area outside the continuum of HP-infection. A multidirectional character of NSE changes depending on the characteristics of lesions mucous membrane gastroduodenal zone in groups I and II does not exclude the NSE involvement into the mechanisms of formation of the severity of the disease. Higher levels of NSE in boys as in CGD, HP+ and HP – do not exclude the relations of NSE and sex hormones.

scholarly journals A Comparative Study of Maternal and Fetal Outcome in Obese Non- Obese Pregnant Women

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (10) ◽  
pp. 3397-3399
Author(s):  
Anisa Saleem ◽  
Bushra Mehmood ◽  
Amna Aslam ◽  
Rubina Kausar
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Gestational Diabetes ◽  
Apgar Score ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Obese Patients ◽  
Obese Women ◽  
Group I ◽  
Post Partum Haemorrhage ◽  
Group Ii ◽  
Nicu Admission

Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the adverse pregnancy outcomes in obese and non- obese women. Study Design: Randomized controlled trial Place and Duration: Department of Gyne & Obs, Shahida Islam Teaching Hospital Lodhran, during from 01-07-2020 to 31-07-2021. Methods: Total one hundred and eighty patients were enrolled in this study. Patients were aged between 18- 50 years. Patients detailed demographics were recorded after taking written consent. Patients were equally divided into two groups I and II. 90 obese patients were included in group I and equally non-obese patients were included in group II. Frequency of pre-eclampsia, gestational diabetes mellitus and post-partum haemorrhage were calculated. Adverse outcomes (cesarean section, instrumental delivery, induction of labor and prolong labor, hypertensive disorder) were also calculated among both groups. Fetal outcomes were perinatal mortality, Low birth weight, Low Apgar score and NICU admission were observed. Complete data was analyzed by SPSS 24.0 version. Results: Mean age of the patients in group I was 34.12±4.59 years with mean BMI 31.12±8.67 Kg/m2 and in group II mean age was 26.13 ±5.78 years with mean BMI 23.03±9.48 Kg/m2. Frequency of pre-eclampsia in obese group I were high among 40 (44.4%) patients as compared to group II 9 (10%) patients , frequency of gestational diabetes mellitus in group I was among 21 (23.3%) patients and 6 (6.7%) patients were in group II, post partum haemorrhage was seen in 57 (63.3%) cases in group I and 29 (32.2%) cases in group II. Fetal outcomes, perinatal mortality in group I 5 (5.5%) and in group II was 4 (4.4%), low birth weight in group I was among 21 (23.3%) and in group II was 45(50%), low apgar score in group I was 14 (15.5%) and in group II was 9 (10%), 43 (47.8%) in group I went to NICU admission and 28 (31.1%) patient in group II admitted to NICU. Conclusion: Pregnancy-related complications such as gestational diabetes, pre-term labour, and pre-eclampsia are more likely in obese women, according to our data. Having a baby with a woman who is obese might lead to serious difficulties for both mother and baby. Maternal obesity is connected with an increased risk of feto-maternal morbidity and mortality. Keywords: Pre-eclampsia, Gestational diabetes, Partum haemorrhage, Apgar score, NICU

scholarly journals Effect of Povidone Iodine Versus Chlorhexidine Mouthwash on Oral Mucositis among Cancer Patients

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
. Jyothi ◽  
S Latha ◽  
K Pavithra ◽  
M Nalini ◽  
Sowmya J Rao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Therapy ◽  
Cancer Patients ◽  
Oral Mucositis ◽  
Povidone Iodine ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
World Health ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Group I ◽  
Grading Scale ◽  
Group Ii

Introduction: Radiation therapy and chemotherapy are the standard treatment given for cancer, which leads to the variety of adverse effects of which Oral Mucositis (OM) is one of the common side-effects. It is responsible for patient discomfort and decreases their level of functioning. Both Chlorhexidine and Povidone Iodine have got antimicrobial and antifungal activity which decreases the severity of mucositis. Aim: To compare the effectiveness of Povidone Iodine and Chlorhexidine mouthwash on OM among cancer patients undergoing radiation therapy or chemotherapy. Materials and Methods: A prospective observational study was conducted in the tertiary care hospital of Mangaluru, Karnataka, India for the duration of one year and three months from December 2015-March 2017. Fifty cancer subjects aged between 25 to 65 years and who developed OM after radiation therapy or chemotherapy were selected by purposive sampling technique. Data were collected using the demographic profile, clinical proforma and World Health Organisation (WHO) OM grading scale (2004) from 19.09.2016 to 17.12.2016. Experimental group I received 10 mL of diluted Povidone Iodine mouthwash and group II received 10 mL of diluted chlorhexidine mouthwash. Level of OM in the group I and group II were assessed on the 1st, 3rd, 5th and 7th day using WHO OM grading scale (2004). The data were analysed by descriptive and inferential statistics (Wilcoxon signed- rank test, Mann-Whitney U test, Repeated measures ANOVA) using SPSS version 16.0. Results: Among the 50 cancer subjects, majority 30 (60%) were in the age group between 55-64 years and majority 35 (70%) were receiving radiation therapy. On day seven, in the group I (Povidone Iodine) majority 14 (56%) subjects had mild level of mucositis whereas in the group II (Chlorhexidine) majority 14 (56%) subjects had moderate mucositis. Comparison of the effect of Povidone Iodine and Chlorhexidine mouthwash using Friedman’s ANOVA showed that there was a difference in the level of mucositis (p<0.05) at 5% level of significance among two groups. The study findings also revealed a difference in the level of mucositis between day 1 to day 3, 5 and 7 (Mann-Whitney U test) (p<0.05) in both the groups. Conclusion: Povidone Iodine mouth wash was more effective than Chlorhexidine mouthwashes in reducing OM, and the patients were more comfortable after the use of the mouthwash.

scholarly journals Protective effect of blackthorn fruits (Prunus spinosa) against tartrazine toxicity development in albino Wistar rats

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igori Balta ◽  
Bogdan Sevastre ◽  
Vioara Mireșan ◽  
Marian Taulescu ◽  
Camelia Raducu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Blood Parameters ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Water Mixture ◽  
Water Group ◽  
Prunus Spinosa ◽  
Food Dye ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii

Background: Tartrazine (Yellow 5 or E102) is a synthetic food dye able to modify perception and behavior, causingagitation, confusion, rhinitis and can produce hyperactivity syndrome in children when is combined with benzoates.Additionally, it can trigger oxidative stress which consequently generates metabolic disorders. Therefore, the studywas designed to evaluate the harmful effects of the food additive tartrazine and to observe beneficial properties ofblackthorn fruits (Prunus spinosa) on the blood and organs of albino Wistar rats.Materials and methods: This study was carried out on 20 mature Wistar rats, randomly divided into four groupsof five animals. Over the course of the experiment, the control group received only food and drinking water, group Ireceived 75 mg of tartrazine dissolved in (250 ml) water group II was given 75 mg of tartrazine and 200 mg of driedblackthorn fruit powder 200 mg dissolved simultaneously in (250 ml) of tartrazine-water mixture (aiming to reducethe tartrazine toxicity) and group III received a higher dose of tartrazine (100 mg) in (250 ml) of water.Results: At the end of the experiment, values regarding kidney and liver weight were significantly increased, whilethe weight of the spleen was slightly decreased compared with the weight of the control group. Biochemical andhematological assays, of the blood samples show that the addition of tartrazine in the diet of rats caused significantchanges in all biochemical and hematological parameters of the blood. In the group II, which received (P. spinosa)powder combined with tartrazine, the biochemical and hematological parameters had average values similar to thecontrol group.Conclusions: Histopathological assay showed that the application of tartrazine in the group I, II and III producedlesions of the kidneys, spleen and the liver for all rodents. Tartrazine was able to generate histopathological changes,which caused significantly tissue lesions of the liver and significant changes in blood parameters. Blackthorn powdershowed a promising protective role for the blood parameters but demonstrated no significant benefits for the organs.

Venous thromboembolism incidence in radiation oncology: Retrospective trial.

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (15_suppl) ◽  
pp. e18289-e18289
Author(s):  
Mikhail A Cherkashin ◽  
Natalia A Berezina
Keyword(s):  
Radiation Therapy ◽  
Venous Thromboembolism ◽  
Outpatient Setting ◽  
External Beam Radiation Therapy ◽  
External Beam Radiation ◽  
External Beam ◽  
Beam Radiation ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii

e18289 Background: Venous thromboembolism (VTE) prevention in oncology patients during external beam radiation therapy (RT) in outpatient setting is the challenging question. We performed analysis of our own data. The aim of study is the clear assessment of VTE incidence in these patients Methods: In retrospective analysis 5134 patients' medical records were included (2612 with RT and 2522 with chemotherapy). Inclusion criteria were: RT in outpatient setting and chemotherapy in outpatient setting. Exclusion criteria: combined radiochemotherapy, hospitalzation, central venous catheter, palliative treatment. 487 patients were selected for the final analysis and stratified in 3 groups: group I (n = 165) 3D-conformal RT for brain tumors or brain metastasis; group II (n = 158) RT for body tumors (abdominal, retroabdominal, pelvic, chest, breast); group III (n = 164) was control –brain and body tumors on chemotherapy. Mean fraction numbers were 25 (11 - 32), mean total dose – 52 Gy (22 - 66). VTE assessment based on clinical data, ultrasound examination (US) and chest CT. Statistical analysis was performed by OpenEpi, Version 3 software pack. Results: Deep vein thrombosis (DVT) was detected in 10 cases (6.06%) in group I, 4 cases in group II and 4 case in control group. VTE patients has a different tumors (astrocytomas, brain trunk tumors, skull basis cancer, rectal cancer, breast cancer). 3 patients were available for long-term outcomes assessment (12 months after radiation therapy). During 1-year period we haven’t detected thrombosis recurrence. One patient on 11th follow-up month was exposed with repeated course of RT without any complications. The difference between VTE incidence for group I and group III characterized by statistical significance (p = 0.018). Risk difference for these groups was 5% (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Based on study results we suggest that external beam radiation therapy is potentially an independent risk factor for VTE development even in outpatient settings. High degree of clinical suspicion and aggressive diagnostic work-up in case of suspicion is necessary. In our opinion low molecular weight heparins prevention should be considered at least during active radiation therapy.

Prophylactic effects of pomegranate (Punica granatum) juice on sodium fluoride induced oxidative damage in liver and erythrocytes of rats

2016 ◽  
Vol 94 (7) ◽  
pp. 709-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Asma Bouasla ◽  
Ihcène Bouasla ◽  
Amel Boumendjel ◽  
Cherif Abdennour ◽  
Abdelfattah El Feki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxidative Damage ◽  
Sodium Fluoride ◽  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Punica Granatum ◽  
Pomegranate Juice ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Antioxidant Enzyme Activities ◽  
Standard Diet ◽  
Group I ◽  
Group Ii

The objective of this study was to investigate the protective effects of pomegranate (Punica granatum) juice (PGJ) on oxidative damages in liver tissue and erythrocytes of rats intoxicated by sodium fluoride (NaF). Rats were randomly divided into two groups: group I received standard diet and group II received orally 1 mL of PGJ. After 5 weeks of pretreatment, each group was divided again into two subgroups and treated for another 3 weeks as follows: group I was subdivided into a control group and a group that was treated with 100 ppm of NaF (in drinking water); group II was subdivided into one group that was treated daily with both 100 ppm NaF and PGJ (1 mL orally) and one that received daily 1 mL of pomegranate juice. Exposure to NaF decreased hematological parameters, changed the total protein, albumin, bilirubin levels, and increased the activities of hepatic marker enzymes. We also noted an increase in lipid peroxidation contents, accompanied by a decrease of reduced glutathione levels. Antioxidant enzyme activities in both tissues were modified in the NaF group compared with the control group. However, the administration of PGJ juice caused an amelioration of the previous parameters. Our results indicated the potential effects of NaF to induce oxidative damage in tissues and the ability of PGJ to attenuate NaF-induced oxidative injury.

scholarly journals DECREASE IN ACTIVITY OF THE INFLAMMATORY PROCESS AFTER IMPLANTATION OF SILICONE WITH ADSORBED MULTIPOTENT STROMAL CELLS

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (6) ◽  
pp. 41-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. V. Maiborodin ◽  
T. V. Mikheeva ◽  
S. A. Kuzkin ◽  
A. I. Kadyrova ◽  
V. I. Maiborodina ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Connective Tissue ◽  
Inflammatory Process ◽  
Foreign Bodies ◽  
Relative Number ◽  
Absolute Number ◽  
Numerical Density ◽  
Fibrous Connective Tissue ◽  
Artificial Materials ◽  
Bone Marrow Origin ◽  
Design And Methods

Background. The wide spread of cellular technologies will sooner or later lead inevitably to the introduction of MMSC or their exosomes to patients who have implanted artificial materials in their organism. The engraftment of foreign bodies is accompanied first by acute and then chronic inflammation, very often acquiring a granulomatous character. A decrease in the activity of the inflammatory response can theoretically improve the results of implantation.Objective. To study the results of the influence of autologous MMSC of bone marrow origin (AMMSCBMO) adsorbed on silicone, on the inflammatory process that accompanies the implantation of this polymer in theexperiment. Design and methods. In different times, the condition of tissues around the implanted silicone with adsorbed AMMSCBMO was studied by method of light microscopy.Results. After the implantation of silicone with adsorbed AMMSCBMO, as compared with the results of the introduction of this material without use of cellular technologies, a smaller volume of  loose fibrous connective tissue is formed around the encapsulated polymer. In this connective tissue after AMMSCBMO use the absolute number of all cells is lower in 2 weeks, and the percentage and numerical density of neutrophils — within 1–2 weeks. On the contrary, the relative number of erythrocytes within 1–2 weeks and macrophages at 1–3 weeks under the conditions of AMMSCBMO use were greater.Conclusion. A smaller volume of loose fibrous connective tissue and a decrease in the severity of cellular infiltration, in particular, the number of neutrophils, around the implanted silicone with  AMMSCBMO indicates a decrease in the activity of the inflammatory reaction as a result of the use of cellular technologies, more rapid cleansing of postoperative wound from debris, the success of reparative processes and the creation of conditions for the integration of a foreign bodies into the organism.

scholarly journals β-Intermediate Thalasemia: triplication of genes α / β thalassemia heterozygous in Spain

ANALES RANM ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 138 (138(01)) ◽  
pp. 60-71
Author(s):  
Paloma Ropero ◽  
Fernando Ataulfo González Fernández ◽  
Jorge Martínez Nieto ◽  
Williana Melissa Torres Jiménez ◽  
Celina Benavente Cuesta
Keyword(s):  
Hematological Parameters ◽  
Globin Gene ◽  
Fetal Hemoglobin ◽  
Globin Genes ◽  
Thalassemia Intermedia ◽  
Transfusion Therapy ◽  
Group Iii ◽  
Group I ◽  
Caucasian Origin ◽  
Group Ii

Objectives. Check with hematological data that the diagnosis and clinical grade of β-thalassemia intermedia can be established when a triplication of genes alpha (αααanti 3.7) and heterozygous β-thalassemia are coherent. Methods. Retrospective study in which 73 patients of Caucasian origin participated, who simultaneously showed a tripling or quadrupling of the genes α and heterozygous β-thalassemia. Screening for the most frequent α-thalassemia mutations, as well as gene triplication (αααanti 3.7) was carried out by multiplex PCR followed by reverse hybridization and confirmed by MLPA. The molecular diagnosis of β-thalassemia was carried out by automatic sequencing according to the Sanger’s method. Results. Genotypes have been classified into three groups according to the number of α-globin genes and the severity of the alteration in the β-globin gene. All had a mutation in the β-globin gene (β0-thalassemia, severe β+-thalassemia, and mild β+-thalassemia). Group I patients who have inherited 6 α globin genes. Group II and group III have inherited 5 α globin genes. In group III, the patients were carriers of mutations affecting the β and δ globin genes. The most significant hematological parameters were hemoglobin levels, mean corpuscular volume, red deep width, and percentage of fetal hemoglobin. Conclusions. In group I, patients who have inherited of 6 α globin genes, either by homozygous triplication (ααα/ααα) or heterozygous quadruplication (αααα/αα), with heterozygous β-thalassemia results in severe to moderate anemia that may require transfusion therapy, being the severity of the β-globin gene mutation that would determine the clinical variation. Group II patients behaved phenotypically like mild thalassemia intermedia. Finally, group III patients behaved like a thalassemic trait since all were carriers of mutations that increase the overexpression of g genes.

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