scholarly journals Mosquitoes and their Medical Importance

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 115-120
Author(s):  
AF Ogunmodede
Keyword(s):  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Plasmodium Species ◽  
Etiologic Agent ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Endemic Region ◽  
Viral Haemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Medical Importance ◽  
Individual Use ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Species Vector

Mosquitoes are vectors of many biologic agents of infection that range from bacteria, viral and parasitic infection. They cause diseases with high rate of morbidity and mortality. Plasmodium species are transmitted by the female anopheles genus and is the etiologic agent of malaria which is the major cause of absenteeism from work, school, reduced productivity, reduction in labour supply, illness and death in the tropics. Burkitts lymphoma is a malignancy that is higher in malaria endemic region. The genus culex and mansonia are the vectors of nematodes in the filariodea family. They cause spectrum of diseases ranging from eosinophillia, allergic lymphadenitis, lymphoedema and persistent infection could cause “elephantiasis”. The vector of zika virus is Aedes species. It is responsible for microcephaly in fetus of pregnant women infected in pregnancy. Yellow fever is a viral haemorrhagic fever caused by a flavivirus and transmitted also by the aedes species. Vector control with proper cleaning of the environment, individual use of insecticide treated net, use of prophylactic and prompt treatment of diseases caused by them are methods that have been suggested to reduce the mortality associated with the diseases caused by these mosquitoes.

Major Kinds of Drug Targets in Chagas Disease or American Trypanosomiasis

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (11) ◽  
pp. 1203-1216 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vilma G. Duschak
Keyword(s):  
Chagas Disease ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Drug Targets ◽  
Defense Mechanisms ◽  
Cysteine Proteinase ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Etiologic Agent ◽  
World Health ◽  
American Trypanosomiasis ◽  
Group I

American Trypanosomiasis, a parasitic infection commonly named Chagas disease, affects millions of people all over Latin American countries. Presently, the World Health Organization (WHO) predicts that the number of international infected individuals extends to 7 to 8 million, assuming that more than 10,000 deaths occur annually. The transmission of the etiologic agent, Trypanosoma cruzi, through people migrating to non-endemic world nations makes it an emergent disease. The best promising targets for trypanocidal drugs may be classified into three main groups: Group I includes the main molecular targets that are considered among specific enzymes involved in the essential processes for parasite survival, principally Cruzipain, the major antigenic parasite cysteine proteinase. Group II involves biological pathways and their key specific enzymes, such as Sterol biosynthesis pathway, among others, specific antioxidant defense mechanisms, and bioenergetics ones. Group III includes the atypical organelles /structures present in the parasite relevant clinical forms, which are absent or considerably different from those present in mammals and biological processes related to them. These can be considered potential targets to develop drugs with extra effectiveness and fewer secondary effects than the currently used therapeutics. An improved distinction between the host and the parasite targets will help fight against this neglected disease.

Initial high rate of misdiagnosis in Crimean Congo haemorrhagic fever patients in an endemic region of Turkey

2009 ◽  
Vol 138 (1) ◽  
pp. 139-144 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. TASDELEN FISGIN ◽  
L. DOGANCI ◽  
E. TANYEL ◽  
N. TULEK
Keyword(s):  
Seasonal Pattern ◽  
Antiviral Treatment ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Haemorrhagic Fever ◽  
Endemic Region ◽  
Tertiary Care Centre ◽  
Number Of Patients ◽  
Epidemic Area ◽  
Crimean Congo Haemorrhagic Fever

SUMMARYCrimean Congo haemorrhagic fever (CCHF) has been an emerging tick-borne infection in some parts of Turkey since 2002, with a number of fatalities. Many of the initial non-specific symptoms of CCHF can mimic other common infections. Additionally, the seasonal pattern of the epidemic, and the waning attention of healthcare workers to the yearly index cases caused some delays in appropriate patient care and treatment. Between March 2004 and August 2008, 140 confirmed adult cases were evaluated retrospectively for initial diagnosis and treatment delays. This study clearly demonstrated that there are particular delays (4·8 days) in the referral system to initiate effective antiviral treatment in the tertiary-care centre which significantly affect fatality rates (P>0·05). A large number of patients (n=95, 68%) received an initial misdiagnosis of various infections other than CCHF. In conclusion, continuous medical education regarding CCHF in the epidemic area is essential in order to achieve a better survival rate from this deadly infection.

Parasitic infection and chronic energy deficiency in adults

Parasitology ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 107 (S1) ◽  
pp. S159-S167 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. S. Shetty ◽  
N. Shetty
Keyword(s):  
Nutritional Status ◽  
Health Workers ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Critical Determinant ◽  
Energy Deficiency ◽  
Chronic Energy Deficiency ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Relationship Of

Interactions between infection and nutrition have been well recognized for several years now since they contribute directly to the health of individuals and communities. Malnourished individuals are specially prone to developing infections while infections themselves can lead to profound changes in the nutritional status of the individual. Health workers in developing countries in the tropics have long recognized the mutually aggravating interactions of malnutrition and infection. The importance of this synergistic relationship between infection and nu-tritional status has been studied extensively in the case of young children. The nutritional status of a young child is a critical determinant of both c morbidity and mortality resulting from a wide range of infections: bacterial, viral, or parasitic. Chandra (1983), in his review on the relationship of nutrition, immunity and infection has categorized the wide range of infectious agents (bacterial, viral, fungal and parasitic) into those that are definitely, variably or minimally influenced by the nutritional status of the child.

scholarly journals High Rate of Acquisition but Short Duration of Carriage of Multidrug-Resistant Enterobacteriaceae After Travel to the Tropics

2015 ◽  
Vol 61 (4) ◽  
pp. 593-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Etienne Ruppé ◽  
Laurence Armand-Lefèvre ◽  
Candice Estellat ◽  
Paul-Henri Consigny ◽  
Assiya El Mniai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Short Duration ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
High Rate ◽  
The Tropics

Influence of Trypanosoma cruzi (Kinetoplastida: Trypanosomatidae) Infection on Mortality of the Sylvatic Triatomine Vector, Mepraia spinolai (Heteroptera: Reuviidae), Under Fasting

2019 ◽  
Vol 56 (5) ◽  
pp. 1384-1388
Author(s):  
Vanessa Garcia ◽  
Johsmar Graterol ◽  
Angélica López ◽  
Sylvia Ortiz ◽  
Aldo Solari
Keyword(s):  
Trypanosoma Cruzi ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Etiologic Agent ◽  
Detection Level ◽  
Fasting Period ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
Disease Vector ◽  
Cruzi Infection ◽  
Hematophagous Insect ◽  
Blood Meals

Abstract The etiologic agent of Chagas disease, Trypanosoma cruzi, is transmitted by hematophagous insect vectors that subsist on repeated blood meals over their lives separated by periods of fasting. Using naturally infected Mepraia spinolai, we measured the influence of parasite infection on this host vector’s mortality during regular feeding and after fasting. After their capture, the insects were fed twice with uninfected mice to evaluate parasitic infection in their fecal samples by microscopic observation and PCR. Then the insects were subjected to a fasting period, followed by a third (final) feeding. After each feeding, a fecal sample was obtained to evaluate T. cruzi infection. To determine its progress through ontogeny, mortality and ecdysis of the infected and uninfected nymphs and adults were recorded on three occasions, over 140 d, and analyzed. Detections of infection by T. cruzi between the two first feedings increased, but this detection level was generally reduced after final feeding unless reinfected. For nymphs (stages III–V), their mortality was highest when infected after the fasting period, whereas adults were equally resistant to death after fasting when infected with T. cruzi. Metacyclic trypomastigotes were principally excreted in the fecal samples. Our results confirm that T. cruzi is pathogenic to its invertebrate hosts under nutritional stress conditions, when nymphs’ mortality is higher while infected than uninfected when they were hungry. These results are epidemiologically important because T. cruzi harms the fasting vector M. spinolai, reducing its lifespan and competence as a disease vector, and thereby its rates of parasite transmission.

scholarly journals Strengths and Limitations of Model Systems for the Study of Urinary Tract Infections and Related Pathologies

2016 ◽  
Vol 80 (2) ◽  
pp. 351-367 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amelia E. Barber ◽  
J. Paul Norton ◽  
Travis J. Wiles ◽  
Matthew A. Mulvey
Keyword(s):  
Urinary Tract ◽  
Urinary Tract Infections ◽  
Bacterial Infections ◽  
Etiologic Agent ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Model Systems ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Valuable Insight ◽  
Tract Infections ◽  
Insight Into

SUMMARYUrinary tract infections (UTIs) are some of the most common bacterial infections worldwide and are a source of substantial morbidity among otherwise healthy women. UTIs can be caused by a variety of microbes, but the predominant etiologic agent of these infections is uropathogenicEscherichia coli(UPEC). An especially troubling feature of UPEC-associated UTIs is their high rate of recurrence. This problem is compounded by the drastic increase in the global incidence of antibiotic-resistant UPEC strains over the past 15 years. The need for more-effective treatments for UTIs is driving research aimed at bettering our understanding of the virulence mechanisms and host-pathogen interactions that occur during the course of these infections. Surrogate models of human infection, including cell culture systems and the use of murine, porcine, avian, teleost (zebrafish), and nematode hosts, are being employed to define host and bacterial factors that modulate the pathogenesis of UTIs. These model systems are revealing how UPEC strains can avoid or overcome host defenses and acquire scarce nutrients while also providing insight into the virulence mechanisms used by UPEC within compromised individuals, such as catheterized patients. Here, we summarize our current understanding of UTI pathogenesis while also giving an overview of the model systems used to study the initiation, persistence, and recurrence of UTIs and life-threatening sequelae like urosepsis. Although we focus on UPEC, the experimental systems described here can also provide valuable insight into the disease processes associated with other bacterial pathogens both within the urinary tract and elsewhere within the host.

scholarly journals HUBUNGAN KADAR TUMOR NECROSIS FACTOR – α DENGAN DENSITAS PLASMODIUM PADA PENDERITA MALARIA

2014 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria A. Roinwowan ◽  
Janno B. B. Bernadus ◽  
Angle M. H. Sorisi
Keyword(s):  
Random Sampling ◽  
Malaria Infection ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Simple Random Sampling ◽  
Systemic Complications ◽  
Blood Samples ◽  
Tnf Α ◽  
Factor Α ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Necrosis Factor

Abstract: Malaria is a parasitic infection that attacks the erythrocytes. This disease remains a global health problem, especially in developing countries in the tropics and subtropics. Symptomatic malaria infection include fever, chills, anemia and splenomegaly. Malaria infection can progress without any complications but can also develop systemic complications known as severe malaria. The cause of malaria is plasmodium infection, Plasmodium in humans infected erythrocytes (red blood cells) and asexual breeding experience in liver tissue and erythrocytes. In this research, the microscopic examination of blood samples for counting malaria parasites in the blood and then measured the levels of TNF-α by ELISA. This analytical study using 40 samples taken by simple random sampling. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between the amount of TNF-α levels plasmodium with.  Conclusions: There were significant correlation between the levels of TNF-α with a density of plasmodium malaria in blood samples. Keywords: Malaria, TNF-α, ELISA, plasmodium    Abstrak: Malaria adalah penyakit infeksi parasit yang menyerang eritrosit. Penyakit ini masih merupakan masalah kesehatan dunia terutama di negara sedang berkembang pada kawasan tropik dan subtropik. Infeksi malaria memberikan gejala berupa demam, menggigil, anemia dan splenomegali. Infeksi malaria dapat berlangsung tanpa adanya komplikasi namun dapat juga menyebabkan komplikasi sistemik yang dikenal sebagai malaria berat. Penyebab infeksi malaria ialah plasmodium,Plasmodium ini pada manusia menginfeksi eritrosit (sel darah merah) dan mengalami pembiakan aseksual di jaringan hati dan eritrosit. Dalam penelitian ini dilakukan pemeriksaan mikroskopis pada sampel darah penderita malaria untuk menghitung parasit dalam darah dan selanjutnya dilakukan pengukuran kadar TNF-α dengan metode ELISA. Penelitian analisis ini menggunakan 40 sampel yang diambil secara simple random sampling. Hasil penelitian memperlihatkan bahwa terdapat hubungan yang bermakna antara jumlah plasmodium dengan  kadar TNF- α. Kesimpulan : Didapatkan korelasi yang signifikan antara kadar TNF- α dengan densitas plasmodium pada sampel darah penderita malaria. Kata Kunci : Malaria, TNF- α, ELISA, plasmodium

scholarly journals Intestinal Parasitic Infections in Mental Retardation Center of Bandar Abbas, Southern Iran

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vahedeh MOHAMMADI-MESKIN ◽  
Yaghoob HAMEDI ◽  
Mehrgan HEYDARI-HENGAMI ◽  
Ebrahim EFTEKHAR ◽  
Jebreil SHAMSEDDIN ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Intestinal Parasites ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Agar Plate ◽  
Mentally Retarded ◽  
Living Environment ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Parasitic Infections ◽  
Blastocystis Hominis ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Bandar Abbas

Background: The present study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection among mentally retarded individuals and the staff of the center in Bandar Abbas, south of Iran. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in central institution for mentally retarded in Bandar Abbas, Hormozgan Province, from 2016 to 2017. A triple fecal specimen was collected from each one of the 163 participants and were evaluated using wet mount and formalin-ethyl acetate methods. Trichrome and Ziehl-Neelsen staining were used to confirm suspected cases of protozoa. As well as Baermann and Harada-Mori techniques and agar plate culture were implemented to diagnosis of Strongyloides stercoralis. Results: Overall, 163 subjects were examined including 126 mentally retarded individuals and 37 personnel. Ninety (55.2%) cases of participants were infected with at least one of the intestinal parasites, 69 (54.7%) of mentally retarded and 21 (56.7%) of personnel. Twenty-six mentally retarded individuals were infected with S. stercoralis (20.6%), Blastocystis hominis 30.2%, Entamoeba coli 25.4%, Giardia lamblia 5.6%, Enterobius vermicularis 1.6%, Hymenolepis nana 0.8% and Iodamoeba butschlii 1.6%. Twelve staff (32.4%) harbored B. hominis, E. coli 27%, S. stercoralis 2.7%, G. lamblia 10.8%, H. nana 2.7% and Endolimax nana 2.7%. Conclusion: High rate of intestinal parasites particularly, S. stercoralis compared to the most recent studies of general population. Therefore, regular screening and tracking the positive cases, disinfection of the living environment, training and financing of the staff, increasing the number of the workers, recruiting of professionals and trained personnel in these centers are suggested.

scholarly journals Risk Factors Associated with Gastrointestinal Helminthic Infections among School Aged Children in Kurmi Local Government Area, Taraba State, Nigeria

2021 ◽  
pp. 50-59
Author(s):  
Vera Yafeh Akwa ◽  
Waetsi Nya Yusufu ◽  
Victor Ugochukwu Obisike ◽  
Amina Ojochide Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Hand Washing ◽  
High Rate ◽  
School Age Children ◽  
Base Line ◽  
School Age ◽  
Factors Associated ◽  
Helminthic Infections ◽  
Significant Difference

One of the parasitic infection faced by school age children in developing countries is intestinal parasitic infection. This study was designed to determine risk factors associated with gastrointestinal helminthic infections among school age children. A total of 600 stool samples were randomly examined by direct smear method under microscope and formol-ether concentration technique. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on socio-noneconomic status of the children’s parents and other variables. Of this, (n=252; 42%) were found to be infected with gastrointestinal helminths infections given a breakdown of male (n=148; 24.7%) and female (n=104; 17.3%). However, there was no significant difference in prevalence among the socio-economic status. Parent whose occupation was farmer (n=169; 28%) also recorded high rate of infection, the lowest prevalence was seen among civil servants (n=19; 3%). Parents with little or no knowledge of intestinal helminths were found to be statistically significant (n=199; 33.1%, p<0.02; α =0.02) The  highest  rate of infection was recorded among children who had dirty finger nails (n=232; 38.6%), followed by those who walked barefooted(28.2%),then open defecation (n=147; 24.6%),  hand washing after defecation (n=195; 30,7%,), habit of eating raw/roasted meat (n=136; 22.3%), hand washing before meal (n=102; 17.02%) and keeping of dirty clothes and bed linens (n=180; 30%) . Such a relatively high prevalence rate of helminthic infection in the study area could be used as a base line for the concern bodies to launch de-worming intervention campaigns.

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