scholarly journals Water Quality Sampling in Billy Barquedier National Park and Surrounding Areas, Belize, C.A.

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Taylor Boatwright ◽  
Briana Monarca ◽  
Minerva Brauss ◽  
K. Daniel Brauss
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
National Park ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Human Need ◽  
Surrounding Areas ◽  
Drinking Quality ◽  
Physical Components

Looking at the physical, microbial, and chemical makeup of water samples gives a good indication of the drinking quality, which is important as it’s a vital human need.  Testing water from Billy Barquedier National Park and the Valley community in the Stann Creek District, Belize, CA. is important to tell whether contamination is taking place from the water source or in the pipe systems.  Testing involved taking samples as well as testing in the field with the Pro DSS water quality meter.  Lab testing used a colorimeter and autoclave to test the microbial and chemical makeup. It’s important to look to at the connection between the chemical and physical components compared to the microbial components to see connections between harmful bacteria such as Escherichia coli and fecal coliforms.

Microbiological Quality of Shellfish-Growing Waters in Chesapeake Bay

1994 ◽  
Vol 57 (3) ◽  
pp. 229-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
TUU-JYI CHAI ◽  
TZYY-JAN HAN ◽  
RALPH R. COCKEY
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Chesapeake Bay ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Geographic Area ◽  
Water Area ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Plate Count ◽  
Standard Plate Count ◽  
Standard Plate

A total of 338 water samples were collected at 20 stations from three geographically shellfish-growing areas in Chesapeake Bay from May to September 1989. Samples were examined for standard plate count, total coliforms, fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli and coliphages. Salinity, dissolved oxygen and temperature varied slightly with the depth, season, and geographic area of water samples. The geometric means of standard plate count for the three areas were 135, 355 and 275/ml, respectively. The range of means of fecal coliform for these areas was from <3 to 93/100 mi. Escherichia coli counts were also low with a range of <3 to 93/100 mi and a mean of < 3/100 mi. The growing water area adjacent to cropland was found to have higher bacterial counts than those of the other two areas. Levels of male-specific phages were very low. Results indicate that shellfish-growing waters in all three areas were of satisfactory bacteriological quality.

Limitations of the A-IM Method for Fecal Coliform Enumeration in the Pacific Oyster (Crassostrea gigas)

1987 ◽  
Vol 70 (3) ◽  
pp. 535-537
Author(s):  
Charles A Kaysner ◽  
Stephen D Weagant
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Positive Reaction ◽  
Crassostrea Gigas ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Fecal Coliform ◽  
Pacific Oyster ◽  
Food Products ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Pacific Oysters ◽  
The Pacific

Abstract Use of the A-IM method, which was originally devised for testing water samples, has recently been extended for enumeration of fecal coliforms and Escherichia coli in shellfish and other food products. Results of our study indicate that while this method is reliable for analysis of growing waters, the use of the A-IM method for testing Pacific oysters may be less reliable because bacteria not belonging to the coliform group but which are sometimes present in these animals also give a positive reaction.

scholarly journals Moving beyond classical markers of water quality: detection of enteric viruses and genotoxicity in water of the Sinos River

2015 ◽  
Vol 75 (2 suppl) ◽  
pp. 63-67 ◽  
Author(s):  
B Bergamaschi ◽  
MT Rodrigues ◽  
JVS Silva ◽  
M Kluge ◽  
RB Luz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Viral Genomes ◽  
Quality Detection ◽  
Routine Monitoring ◽  
Microbiological Parameters ◽  
Preliminary Study ◽  
Surrounding Areas ◽  
Waterborne Viruses ◽  
Different Levels

<p>It is well recognized that the classical biological and chemical markers of environmental pollution do not necessarily indicate the presence or absence of emerging threats to public health, such as waterborne viruses and genotoxicants. The purpose of this preliminary study was to evaluate the presence of material of enteroviruses (EV), rotavirus (RV) and adenovirus (AdV) and genotoxicity in water samples from points of routine monitoring of water quality in the main course of the Sinos River. The points are classified into different levels of pollution in accordance to the Brazilian federal regulations. Viral genomes from EV, AdV were detected in two of the 4 collection points regardless of the level of urbanisation of the surrounding areas. In contrast, genotoxicity was not observed in piava (<italic>Leporinus obtusidens</italic>) fingerlings cultivated on these same water samples. Results were compared with classical physical, chemical and microbiological parameters. There was no clear evidence of association between any of the classical markers and the presence of viral genomes in the water samples tested.</p>

scholarly journals Clonal Populations of ThermotolerantEnterobacteriaceae in Recreational Water and Their Potential Interference with Fecal Escherichia coli Counts

2001 ◽  
Vol 67 (10) ◽  
pp. 4934-4938 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sandra L. McLellan ◽  
Annette D. Daniels ◽  
Alissa K. Salmore
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Environmental Protection Agency ◽  
16S Rrna Gene Sequencing ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Bacterial Strains ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Glucuronidase Activity

ABSTRACT Bacterial strains were isolated from beach water samples using the original Environmental Protection Agency method for Escherichia coli enumeration and analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Identical PFGE patterns were found for numerous isolates from 4 of the 9 days sampled, suggesting environmental replication. 16S rRNA gene sequencing, API 20E biochemical testing, and the absence of β-glucuronidase activity revealed that these clonal isolates were Klebsiella, Citrobacter, and Enterobacter spp. In contrast, 82% of the nonclonal isolates from water samples were confirmed to be E. coli, and 16% were identified as other fecal coliforms. These nonclonal isolates produced a diverse range of PFGE patterns similar to those of isolates obtained directly from untreated sewage and gull droppings. β-Glucuronidase activity was critical in distinguishingE. coli from other fecal coliforms, particularly for the clonal isolates. These findings demonstrate that E. coli is a better indicator of fecal pollution than fecal coliforms, which may replicate in the environment and falsely elevate indicator organism levels.

Hydrogeologic Study of the Bryce Canyon City Area, Including Johns and Emery Valleys, Garfield County, Utah

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Janae Wallace ◽  
Trevor H. Schlossnagle ◽  
Hugh Hurlow ◽  
Nathan Payne ◽  
Christian Hardwick
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Land Use Planning ◽  
National Park ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Valley Fill ◽  
Critical Elements ◽  
Related Development ◽  
Quality Water ◽  
Garfield County ◽  
Surrounding Areas

Groundwater resources development and the threat of future drought in Garfield County, southwestern Utah, prompted a study of groundwater quality and quantity in the environs of Bryce Canyon National Park and Bryce Canyon City in Johns and Emery Valleys. Water quality, water quantity, and the potential for water-quality degradation are critical elements determining the extent and nature of future development in the valley. The community of Bryce Canyon City is an area of active tourism and, therefore, of potential increase in growth (likely from tourism-related development). Groundwater exists in Quaternary valley-fill and bedrock aquifers (the Tertiary Claron Formation and Cretaceous sandstone). Increased demand on drinking water warrants careful land-use planning and resource management to preserve surface and groundwater resources of Johns and Emery Valleys and surrounding areas that may be hydrologically connected to these valleys including Bryce Canyon National Park.

scholarly journals Leptospirosis Outbreak in a Hill Due to Water From an Unprotected Well, Keerakadu Village, Kollihills, Namakkal, Tamilnadu, India

2020 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. s310-s310
Author(s):  
Sree Kalpana Mohankumar ◽  
Ramesh Kumar Govindarajan ◽  
Mohanasundari Chokkalingam
Keyword(s):  
Water Samples ◽  
Attack Rate ◽  
Hepatitis A ◽  
Scrub Typhus ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Life Years

Background: Annually, an estimated 1.03 million leptospirosis cases lead to 2.9 million disability adjusted life years. A cluster of fever cases was reported in Keerakadu village, Kollihills block in Namakkal district of Tamilnadu state, India, on April 28, 2017. We investigated to control the outbreak. Methods: We did a cross-sectional survey between April 29 and May 1. We defined a case of fever as any resident of Keerakadu village with fever for >2 days, with or without headache or myalgia, between April 15 and May 1, 2017. We conducted active surveillance. We reviewed medical records. We collected the line list from nearby health centers. We computed proportions to calculate the attack rate. We collected 11 serum samples and tested for dengue, scrub typhus, hepatitis A and leptospirosis by IgM ELISA method. We did a Widal slide agglutination test. We conducted an environmental survey to identify water sources. We performed a dengue larval survey. We collected 5 water samples: 1 from unprotected well, 1 from overhead tank and 3 from the houses of residents. We tested for fecal coliforms in the district public health laboratory. Results: The population of Keeradu village was 540. We identified 11 cases, for an attack rate of 2% (11 of 540). The hospitalization rate of cases was 81% (9 of 11). Median age was 45 years (range, 23–65). Of 11 samples, 3 were positive for leptospirosis; all were negative for dengue, scrub typhus, hepatitis A, and typhoid. The single water source for the whole village was an open, unprotected well. This well supplied water every day to the community, both for drinking purpose and domestic use. No breeding of dengue larva was observed. All the 5 water samples tested positive for fecal coliforms. Water was not chlorinated regularly. All patients were isolated and treated in the primary health center. Prophylactic antibiotics were given to the whole community. Conclusions: There was a leptospirosis outbreak in Keerakadu village, probably due to contaminated water from unprotected well. There were no cases after May 1, 2017. We recommended that the community chlorinate the water regularly and protect the well. We also recommend continued surveillance and a rodent survey.Funding: NoneDisclosures: None

scholarly journals THE INFLUENCE OF POLYHEXAMETHYLENE GUANIDINE SALTS ON THE MICROBIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF WATER

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 126-130
Author(s):  
I. M. Kushnir ◽  
G. V. Kolodiy ◽  
V. I. Kushnir ◽  
S. D. Murska ◽  
I. S. Semen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Microbial Contamination ◽  
Guanidine Hydrochloride ◽  
Circulatory System ◽  
Water Disinfection ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Polyhexamethylene Guanidine ◽  
Microbiological Parameters ◽  
Almost All

The article represent the use of disinfectant which was made based on salts of polyhexamethylene guanidine hydrochloride (PGMG-hydrochloride) and polyhexamethylene guanidine phosphate (PGMG-phosphate) for water disinfection. Water plays one of the most important roles in almost all life processes. Water is a part of the blood, participates in blood circulatory system, delivers nutrients and oxygen to the organs, participates in oxidation reaction, hydrolysis and other reactions of intercellular metabolism, forms an environment to maintain a healthy microflora of the digestive tract, which provides effective breakdown of nutrients by the optimal amount of enzymes. Good drinking water quality must to be epidemically safe and free of pathogenic microbes, viruses and other biological inclusions. Also must be harmless in chemical composition, have good organoleptic properties ‒ be transparent, colorless, have no taste or odor. Water quality is assessed by total microbial contamination and the amount of bacteria of the Escherichia coli group in 1 cm3 of water, and also by thermostable Escherichia coli (fecal coliforms) in 100 cm3 of water, pathogenic microorganisms and the amount of coli-phages. In result of the conducted researches it was found that the use of disinfectant in 0,2 % concentration did not reduce the total microbial pollution of water. In particular, the efficiency of 1, 2 and 3-hour of exposure was 57, 62 and 68 %, respectively. After application of disinfectant in 0,3 % concentration the efficiency of its application was for 1 h – 69 %, 2 h – 82 %, 3 h – 100 %. It was found that the use of a disinfectant, which was made based on PGMG salts in 0,4 % concentration contributed to reduce the total microbial contamination of water. The efficiency by the 1, 2 and 3 hour of exposure was, respectively, 73, 86 and 100 %. Therefore, the use of a disinfectant, containing in its composition PGMG salts, in 0,3% concentration at 3 hours of exposure was more optimal, which contributed to reduce the total microbial contamination of water.

scholarly journals Analysis of Microbial Contamination in Oreochromis Niloticus in Waduk Muara Nusa Dua

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 53-59
Author(s):  
Ni Kadek Peniasih ◽  
I Gede Suranaya Pandit ◽  
Dewa Gede Semara Edi
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Water Quality ◽  
Oreochromis Niloticus ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Total Coliform ◽  
Microbiological Contamination ◽  
Reservoir Water ◽  
Objective Tests

This study aims to determine the microbiological contamination in the main water source of the Muara Nusa Dua Reservoir, the Tukad Badung River, and to determine the microbiological quality of fresh Oreochromis niloticus caught in the Muara Nusa Dua Reservoir in Denpasar. The study was conducted in May-August 2019 at the Denpasar Veterinary Laboratory. The method used is a descriptive method that aims to describe or describe the condition of the Tukad Badung watershed which empties into the Muara Nusa Dua Reservoir (Estuary Dam). Objective tests include the total bacterial test, the Coliform test, and the Escherichia coli contamination test. Water quality measurements are also carried out as supporting data from this study. The results of the study stated that there was microbiological contamination in the water source of the Muara Nusa Dua Reservoir, the Tukad Badung river, which also had an impact on the waters of the Muara Nusa Dua Reservoir. Microbiological contamination research results showed the microbiological quality of ten samples of Oreochromis niloticus in the form of the highest total bacteria was at 2.2x104, the highest total Coliform was 1.9x104 and the highest Escherichia coli contamination was at 93 APM / g with an average reservoir water quality Muara Nusa Dua in the form of temperature 27.3 °C, salinity 0.208 ‰, degree of acidity (pH) 6.5, dissolved oxygen (DO) 5,97 ppm. Organoleptic observations included the appearance, smell, and texture of Oreochromis niloticus with good results because when testing Oreochromis niloticus is still alive

scholarly journals Molecular characterization of virulence genes and antibiotic resistance among fecal Escherichia coli isolated from surface water of Wadi Shueib-Jordan

10.3823/0804 ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Shereen Zeyad Burjaq ◽  
Saeid M. Abu-Romman ◽  
Moawya A. Haddad
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Surface Water ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Important Indicator ◽  
Running Water ◽  
E Coli

Objective.  Contamination of surface water with pathogenic organism is  highly dangerous for  people who used it for drinking or for domestic activities.  Detection of  Escherichia coli in water can be used as a general important indicator for fecal contamination .This study investigated the occurrence of  fecal E. coli and two important toxigenic types of  E. coli isolates and their  antimicrobial resistance in water samples collected from a surface water source ( Wadi Shueib) in Jordan .   Methods. A total of 51 water samples were collected from three different locations of wadi shueib over a three month, July through September, 2016. For each sample, 200 ml of water was collected in sterilized containers. All samples  which were positive for fecal E. coli were subcultured on Eosin methylelne blue agar and incubated at 37 ºC for 24 hours. E. coli isolates were identified by API- 20 E test , and all isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility and for the presence of virulence genes of ETEC and EHEC.   Results. A total of 46 /51 (90%) of water samples were contaminated with fecal E. coli. These 46 E. coli isolates were resistant in the range  between 4%-76%  to  commonly used antibiotics in the treatment of urinary tract infection in Jordan. Multidrug resistant isolates to at least three antibiotics accounted for 17/46 (37%) of the isolates.   Out of 46 fecal E. coli isolates, 4(8.7%) were enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) and 2 (4.3%) were enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) as detected using PCR.   Conclusion. This study indicated that the surface running water of Wadi Shueib is contaminated with potential enteropathogenic E. coli , and it can be a source of causing diarrheal diseases . Fecal E. coli isolates from water also showed high level of antibiotic resistance patterns comparable to human E. coli isolates in Jordan.

A case study of the conversion of grey water to a flush water source in a Turkish student residence hall

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (6) ◽  
pp. 1659-1667 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. Giresunlu ◽  
B. Beler Baykal
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Organic Matter ◽  
Domestic Wastewater ◽  
Water Source ◽  
Residence Hall ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Grey Water ◽  
Student Residence ◽  
Microbiological Indicators

A case study of the conversion to grey water to a flush water source in a student residence hall of the Turkish megacity Istanbul is presented. Grey water from bathtubs/showers and washbasins is treated and reused for flushing toilets. Raw and membrane bio-reactor (MBR) treated grey water quality was monitored throughout one academic year using parameters to characterize organic matter (COD/BOD), suspended solids (TSS/VSS), nutrients (N/P) and microbiological indicators (total/fecal coliform, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus). For raw grey water, all mean concentrations are below the characteristic concentrations for weak conventional domestic wastewater in terms of physicochemical parameters. However, total coliform concentrations were 7 logs, which is compatible with weak/intermediate conventional domestic wastewater and the mean concentration of fecal coliforms was 6 logs, corresponding to intermediate/strong conventional domestic wastewater. Results of this work revealed that organic matter and microbiological indicators were the important pollutants for this specific grey water. After treatment in an MBR system, grey water quality complied with standards given for reuse as flush water. The student residence hall was a successful example of conversion to grey water as a flush water source. As such, 25% of the wastewater could be revaluated and 25% of the regular daily water supply could be saved.

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