scholarly journals Local integration of Liberian refugees in Ghana

2017 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 57-72
Author(s):  
Augustine Tanle ◽  
Michael Tettey
Keyword(s):  
Sampling Procedure ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Local Approach ◽  
Depth Interview ◽  
Interview Guide ◽  
Local Integration ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Buduburam Refugee Camp

In sub-Saharan Africa, protracted refugee situations have become common within the last three decades. Although voluntary repatriation is mostly recommended as the more lasting solution to refugee problems, some refugees think otherwise. This paper explores the views of Liberian refugees on local integration in Ghana. Using an in-depth interview guide, a total of 25 Liberian refugees were interviewed through the snowball sampling procedure at the Buduburam refugee camp. Guided by both the theory of national identity and an adapted framework on domains of local integration, the results show that the refugees are prepared for local integration. Most of them are already engaged in informal sector businesses as their sources of livelihood; almost all of them have established some social networks which facilitate interactions between them and the indigenes; and moreover they have been granted residence and work permits as well as registered for the National Health Insurance Scheme (NHIS) as part of the integration package. It can be concluded that the Liberian refugees who opted for local integration are positively disposed for local integration in Ghana. There is the need for government to adopt the most appropriate local approach to facilitate the full intergration of the Liberian refugees into the country.  

scholarly journals Multiple Mammarenaviruses Circulating in Angolan Rodents

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 982
Author(s):  
Jana Těšíková ◽  
Jarmila Krásová ◽  
Joëlle Goüy de Bellocq
Keyword(s):  
Geographical Area ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Virus Diversity ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Biogeographical Regions ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Rodent Community ◽  
High Virus ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Virus Genomes

Rodents are a speciose group of mammals with strong zoonotic potential. Some parts of Africa are still underexplored for the occurrence of rodent-borne pathogens, despite this high potential. Angola is at the convergence of three major biogeographical regions of sub-Saharan Africa, each harbouring a specific rodent community. This rodent-rich area is, therefore, strategic for studying the diversity and evolution of rodent-borne viruses. In this study we examined 290 small mammals, almost all rodents, for the presence of mammarenavirus and hantavirus RNA. While no hantavirus was detected, we found three rodent species positive for distinct mammarenaviruses with a particularly high prevalence in Namaqua rock rats (Micaelamys namaquensis). We characterised four complete virus genomes, which showed typical mammarenavirus organisation. Phylogenetic and genetic distance analyses revealed: (i) the presence of a significantly divergent strain of Luna virus in Angolan representatives of the ubiquitous Natal multimammate mouse (Mastomys natalensis), (ii) a novel Okahandja-related virus associated with the Angolan lineage of Micaelamys namaquensis for which we propose the name Bitu virus (BITV) and (iii) the occurrence of a novel Mobala-like mammarenavirus in the grey-bellied pygmy mouse (Mus triton) for which we propose the name Kwanza virus (KWAV). This high virus diversity in a limited host sample size and in a relatively small geographical area supports the idea that Angola is a hotspot for mammarenavirus diversity.

scholarly journals Continuing high levels of HIV diagnoses in men who have sex with men in the United Kingdom

2008 ◽  
Vol 13 (14) ◽  
pp. 3-4
Author(s):  
B Rice ◽  
A Nardone ◽  
N Gill ◽  
V Delpech
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Confidence Intervals ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Newly Diagnosed ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Reporting Delays ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Sex With Men ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Almost All

The latest HIV data for 2007 has recently been published for the United Kingdom (UK). During the year, an estimated 6,840 (95% confidence intervals 6,600-7,050) persons (adjusted for reporting delays) were newly diagnosed with HIV in the UK. This represents a 12% decline from a peak of new HIV diagnoses reported in 2005 (7,800). Almost all this decline in new HIV diagnoses was in HIV-infected heterosexuals from sub-Saharan Africa who were probably infected in their country of origin.

Malaria

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angelina Jayakumar ◽  
Zahir Osman Eltahir Babiker
Keyword(s):  
Southeast Asia ◽  
Red Blood Cells ◽  
Blood Cells ◽  
Parasitic Infection ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Anopheline Mosquito ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Human Infections

Malaria is a tropical parasitic infection of the red blood cells caused by the protozoal species Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae, and P. knowlesi. It is transmitted through the bite of the female Anopheles mosquito. The average incubation period is twelve to fourteen days. Congenital and blood-borne transmissions can also occur. P. falciparum and P. vivax account for most human infections but almost all deaths are caused by P. falciparum, with children under five years of age bearing the brunt of morbidity and mortality in endemic countries. P. falciparum is dominant in sub-Saharan Africa whereas P. vivax predominates in Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific. P. ovalae and P. malaria are less common and are mainly found in sub-Saharan Africa. P. knowlesi primarily causes malaria in macaques and is geographically restricted to southeast Asia. While taking a blood meal, the female anopheline mosquito injects motile sporozoites into the bloodstream. Within half an hour, the sporozoites invade the hepatocytes and start dividing to form tissue schizonts. In P. vivax and P. ovale, some of the sporozoites that reach the liver develop into hypnozoites and stay dormant within the hepatocytes for months to years after the original infection. The schizonts eventually rupture releasing daughter merozoites into the bloodstream. The merozoites develop within the red blood cells into ring forms, trophozoites, and eventually mature schizont. This part of the life cycle takes twenty-four hours for P. knowlesi; forty-eight hours for P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale; and seventy-two hours for P. malariae. In P. vivax and P. ovale, some of the sporozoites that reach the liver develop into hypnozoites and stay dormant within the hepatocytes for months to years after the original infection. The hallmark of malaria pathogenesis is parasite sequestration in major organs leading to cytoadherence, endothelial injury, coagulopathy, vascular leakage, pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and tissue inflammation. Malaria is the most frequently imported tropical disease in the UK with an annual case load of around 2000. P. falciparum is the predominant imported species, and failure to take chemoprophylaxis is the commonest risk factor.

scholarly journals Refugees, Identity, and the Limits to Inclusion: Revisiting Landlord-Stranger Reciprocity Relations in Contemporary Liberia

2020 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 640-659
Author(s):  
Maarten Bedert
Keyword(s):  
Life Stories ◽  
Mutual Recognition ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Individual Life ◽  
Sense Of Security ◽  
Reciprocity Relations ◽  
Local Patterns ◽  
Local Integration ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Individual

Abstract:Refugees in sub-Saharan Africa residing among host communities experience the need to articulate belonging in order to generate a greater sense of security. Based on the individual life stories of Ivorian refugees in Northeastern Liberia in 2011, Bedert finds that local patterns of integration between landlords and strangers are foregone by the bureaucratic identity of refugees as imposed by the international community. In addition, local integration is not self-evident, as it entails a degree of reciprocity and mutual recognition. In the eyes of landlords, strangers are evaluated based on what they can bring to the table.

scholarly journals Determinants of Active and Healthy Ageing in Sub-Saharan Africa: Evidence from Cameroon

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (9) ◽  
pp. 3038
Author(s):  
Fomba Louisette Naah ◽  
Aloysius Mom Njong ◽  
Jude Ndzifon Kimengsi
Keyword(s):  
Focus Group ◽  
Community Support ◽  
Healthy Ageing ◽  
Policy Implications ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Gender Mainstreaming ◽  
Active Ageing ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Active And Healthy Ageing ◽  
Sub Saharan

This paper examines the determinants and policy implications of active and healthy ageing in Sub-Saharan Africa, taking the case of Bamenda, in Cameroon. Specifically, the study sought to identify and explore the determinants of active and healthy ageing using a mixed-methods approach involving qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis. Focus group discussions were conducted complemented by a survey (random and snowball sampling) using a structured questionnaire. Narratives and thematic analysis were used to analyze the data generated from the focus group discussion and Tobit regression was employed to analyze the multiple determinants of active ageing by dimensions and on a global scale in Cameroon. Results identified three key dimensions of active and healthy ageing: employment/livelihood options (EL), community support and health (CH) and housing and living in Bamenda (HL). The regression results reveal gender bias in active ageing, a non-effect of education and health on active ageing, and a positive effect of income on active and healthy ageing. This study contributes, among others, to the competence–environmental press theory on active ageing with regards to unbundling context specific determinants of active and healthy ageing. It equally derives policy considerations with regards to gender mainstreaming and the identification of age friendly income earning options to enhance the active and healthy ageing process.

scholarly journals Finnish Official Development Aid for Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights in Sub-Saharan Africa

2010 ◽  
pp. 143-170
Author(s):  
Riikka Shemeikka
Keyword(s):  
Reproductive Health ◽  
Development Policy ◽  
Sexual And Reproductive Health ◽  
Health Sector ◽  
Development Aid ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Hiv Aids

Finland is one of the donor countries that is most supportive in family planning (FP), Sexual and Reproductive Health and Rights (SRHR) and gender issues. This study examines Finnish ODA for FP and SRHR: its decision-making structure, other stakeholders and funding levels. Data consists of documents from the Ministry for Foreign Affairs (MFA) and interviews conducted at the MFA and with other experts. While Parliament decides on the overall level of ODA funding, the Minister for Foreign Trade and Development has considerable autonomy. Other stakeholders such as the All-Party Parliamentary Group on Population and Development and the Family Federation of Finland (Vestliitto) engage in advocacy work and have influenced development policy. Although the Development Policy 2007 mentions the importance of health and SRHR issues and HIV/AIDS is a cross-cutting issue, interviewees stated that the importance of health and SRHR in ODA has declined and that the implementation of cross-cutting issues is challenging. Multilateral funding for UNFPA, UNAIDS and GFATM, and thus the proportion of SRHR funding within the health sector, is however currently rising. Funding for population-related activities has increased and represented 4.8% of Finlands total ODA in 2009. Almost all of this funding is directed towards basic reproductive health and HIV/AIDS issues and the majority is directed through multilateral channels (78% in 2009), mainly UNFPA and UNAIDS. IPPF, Ipas and Marie Stopes International also receive support.

scholarly journals Single Motherhood: Experiences of Never Married Women in Lagos, Nigeria

2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 100-112
Author(s):  
Samuel Ojima Adejoh ◽  
Raymond Kayode Kuteyi ◽  
Victor Ogunsola ◽  
Temilade Adeyinka Adeoye
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Abuse ◽  
Single Mothers ◽  
Family Background ◽  
Single Mother ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Economic Benefits ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Never Married ◽  
Depth Interview ◽  
Interview Guide

Despite the benefits of marriage, there has been a rise in the number of single parent families, especially never married single mothers globally. This may bring about serious social problems as the consequences of children raised by single mother have been documented. Yet, little research has been conducted to find out why there is increase in the number of never married single mothers. Therefore, this study investigated and described the experiences of women who were never married but are bearing children and raising those children as single mothers. The study adopted the qualitative research method, utilizing in-depth interviews to collect data from consenting participants. The study location was Iwaya, Lagos, Nigeria, and the participants were selected using snowball sampling technique. Forty never-married single mothers were sampled and interviewed using an in-depth interview guide. The data were transcribed and content analysed. Some of the perceived reasons for the rise in the number of never married single mother identified include family background, sexual abuse, age, careless sexual behaviour and non-use of contraceptives, personal preference and perceived economic benefits. There is the need to educate women on how to prevent sexual abuse and also on proper use of contraceptive for those who may want to engage in sexual intercourse, but may not be ready to get married.

scholarly journals Migrants’ Vulnerabilities and Their Responses to the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Case Study of Mobile Shoe Shine Boys in the Cape Coast Metropolis

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
King David Dzirasah
Keyword(s):  
Informal Sector ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Economic Activities ◽  
Cape Coast ◽  
Customer Base ◽  
Vulnerability Model ◽  
Interview Guide ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Covid-19 pandemic has impacted socio-economic activities in sub-Saharan Africa and Ghana for that matter. Occupations in the informal sector such as shoe-shine business have been affected by the disease outbreak. This paper focuses on migrant vulnerabilities and their responses to Covid-19 with a specific focus on shoe-shine boys in Cape Coast Metropolis. The study is guided by the IOM determinants of migrant vulnerability model, empirical review on the shoe-shine business and conceptual framework on shoe-shine business within the informal sector. Using an interview guide, ten shoe-shine boys were interviewed in the Cape Coast Metropolis. Their responses were transcribed and a content analysis was employed to analyze the data. The main challenges caused by Covid-19 were the reduction in income, decrease in customer base and changes in the nature of work. The study concluded that the irregular nature of the shoe-shine business exacerbated the impact of the covid-19 on the occupation but individual coping strategies were key in ensuring the sustainability of the occupation.

An analysis of hospital pharmacy practice in six countries of sub‐Saharan Africa based on the International Pharmaceutical Federation Basel Statements on the future of hospital

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lungwani Muungo
Keyword(s):  
Hospital Pharmacy ◽  
Pharmacy Practice ◽  
The Self ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Snowball Sampling ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
Minimum Standards ◽  
The Future ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
E Mail

Objectives The objective of this study was to update the self-assessment tooland to evaluate current hospital pharmacy practices in six sub-Saharan Africancountries.Methods Questions in the validated survey were edited if the revised BaselStatement changed intent. A total of 13 updates were made. The survey wasadministered via e-mail to pharmacy personnel in any hospital centre in Ghana(258 total hospitals), Nigeria (17 038 total hospitals), Malawi (499 total hospitals),Uganda (155 total hospitals), Zambia (98 total hospitals) and Zimbabwe(1389 total hospitals). Snowball sampling increased reach of the survey acrosseach country.Key findings Responses were received from all six countries, with nine respondentsfrom Ghana, 15 from Nigeria, two from Malawi, five from Uganda, ninefrom Zambia and four from Zimbabawe. Uganda had the highest achievementrates for tier one and tier three constructs, and Ghana had the highest achievementrate for tier two constructs. Malawi showed the lowest achievement ratesin all three tiers. The six countries achieved an average of 82 per cent(SD = 24) of tier one constructs. Three tier one constructs were achieved lessthan 25 per cent of the time.Conclusion Multiple tier one (minimum standards in hospital pharmacy practice)constructs were achieved greater than 90% of the time, possibly reflectingefforts made towards hospital pharmacy practice advancement in select countriesof sub-Saharan Africa. Additionally, all countries achieved a majority of tier oneoverarching constructs. Despite these achievements, there are still many areas forgrowth, including select tier one constructs with low achievement rates.

scholarly journals Remote Teaching of Histopathology Using Scanned Slides via Skype Between the United Kingdom and Nigeria

2017 ◽  
Vol 141 (2) ◽  
pp. 298-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olorunda Rotimi ◽  
Nnamdi Orah ◽  
Abeer Shaaban ◽  
Adetola O. Daramola ◽  
Fatimah B. Abdulkareem
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Sub Saharan Africa ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Tertiary Institutions ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Resource Limited ◽  
Interactive Lectures ◽  
Sub Saharan ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Pathology Teaching

Context.—Web-based learning is a major component of distance education. Objective.—To explore Web-based applications for pathology teaching in resource-limited sub-Saharan Africa. Design.—The participants were consultant pathologists and trainees drawn from tertiary institutions in Nigeria. They viewed the digital slides via the Leeds virtual pathology Web site, after which, interactive lectures were given via Skype (Skype Communications, Luxembourg City, Luxembourg). Questionnaires were administered via SurveyMonkey (Palo Alto, California) to all participants of 12 sessions between 2014 and 2015. Results.—Nine consultant pathologists and 33 trainees participated in this survey. Of all respondents, 29 (69%) thought it was fairly easy to navigate the system, 11 (26.2%) thought it was easy, whereas 2 (4.8%) felt it was difficult. In addition, 26 respondents (61.9%) found it fairly easy to make a make a diagnosis, 13 (31%) thought it was easy, and 3 (7.1%) noted that it was difficult. Twenty-four respondents (57.1%) had a fairly smooth user experience, 12 (28.6%) experienced occasional crashes, whereas 6 (14.3%) reported a smooth experience. Almost all (41 of 42; 97.6%) respondents felt the pathology teaching was beneficial to their local pathology practice, and all (100%) indicated the need for additional, similar sessions. Conclusion.—The beneficial applications of Internet-based lectures make them a viable, cheaper, and cost-effective alternative to face-to-face lectures in our environment.

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