Comprehensive Review of Topical Ophthalmic Antibacterial Agents: Their Mechanisms of Action and Adverse Effects Including Long-Standing Drugs and the Most Recent Preparations

Propolis is a complex phytocompound made from resinous and balsamic material harvested by bees from flowers, branches, pollen, and tree exudates.Humans have used propolis therapeutically for centuries. The aim of this article is to provide comprehensive review of the antiviral, antibacterial, antifungal, and antiparasitic properties of propolis. The mechanisms of action of propolis are discussed. There are two distinct impacts with regards to antimicrobial and anti-parasitic properties of propolis, on the pathogens and on the host. With regards to the pathogens, propolis acts by disrupting the ability of the pathogens to invade the host cells by forming a physical barrier and inhibiting enzymes and proteins needed for invasion into the host cells. Propolis also inhibits the replication process of the pathogens. Moreover, propolis inhibits the metabolic processes of the pathogens by disrupting cellular organelles and components responsible for energy production. With regard to the host, propolis functions as an immunomodulator. It upregulates the innate immunity and modulates the inflammatory signaling pathways. Propolis also helps maintain the host’s cellular antioxidant status. More importantly, a small number of human clinical trials have demonstrated the efficacy and the safety of propolis as an adjuvant therapy for pathogenic infections.

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NEUROPSYCHIATRIC ADVERSE EFFECTS OF ANTIBACTERIAL AGENTS

International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences ◽

10.22159/ijpps.2021v13i12.42482 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 1-8

Author(s):

SANTA TREASA CYRIAC ◽

DIVYA SARA IYPE

Keyword(s):

Adverse Effects ◽

Adverse Events ◽

Adverse Drug Reactions ◽

Bacterial Growth ◽

Antibacterial Agents ◽

Acute Psychosis ◽

Drug Reactions ◽

Medical Practitioners ◽

General Management ◽

Neuropsychiatric Adverse Effects

Anti-bacterial are agents that inhibit bacterial growth or kills bacteria and are a sub-type of antimicrobials. These are drugs used to treat infections, but they sometimes pose a threat of adverse events. Some of these adverse events are neuropsychiatric, which are generally hard to diagnose and is often paid less attention. They account for about 30% of total Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) caused by drugs in patients without mental abnormalities. The spectrum ranges from episodes of seizure to acute psychosis. The article emphasizes the frequency of such adverse events and means to raise awareness among medical practitioners regarding the same. The various neuropsychiatric adverse effects and the agents responsible have been reviewed, along with their possible mechanisms and general management. The information for writing this review was selected by searching for keywords such as Neurotoxicity, GABA, Psychosis, Naranjo scale, and Antibiomania in databases such as Google Scholar, PubMed, Elsevier, etc. After searching the articles in the above-mentioned databases, the articles were screened concerning their importance with our work and according to their title and abstract. Additional articles were discovered by checking the references in the current study's citations. Using this method, the various neuropsychiatric adverse effects of Antibacterial agents were summarized in this review.

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The plausible mechanisms of action of Carica papaya on Dengue infection: A comprehensive review

Progress in Drug Discovery & Biomedical Science ◽

10.36877/pddbs.a0000097 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Zhui Ken Bok ◽

Manisha Balakrishnan ◽

Yong Xin Jong ◽

Yew Rong Kong ◽

Kooi Yeong Khaw ◽

...

Keyword(s):

At Risk ◽

Clinical Evaluation ◽

Leaf Extract ◽

Carica Papaya ◽

Dengue Infection ◽

Mechanisms Of Action ◽

Treatment Modalities ◽

Potential Treatment ◽

Comprehensive Review ◽

Leaf Juice

Dengue is a serious health endemic with a prediction that 2.5 billion are at risk of acquiring dengue infection and 50 million are infected yearly. Over the years, tremendous effort has been done to develop potential treatment for dengue infection. However, to no avail, most of the treatment modalities have failed in clinical evaluation and trials. With the lack of treatment for dengue infection, home remedies have been widely used as a belief to relieve the symptoms, one of them is the use of papaya leaf juice. This review provides a recent evidences and research that have been attempted to unravel the mechanism of actions of papaya leaf extract to treat dengue infection. Up to date, there are three main mechanisms that have been proposed, which are the anti-thrombocytopenic, immunomodulatory and anti-viral effect of papaya leaf juice extract.

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Mechanisms of Action of Antibacterial Agents

Practical Handbook of Microbiology ◽

10.1201/9781003099277-54 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 747-776

Author(s):

Ammara Mushtaq ◽

Joseph Adrian L. Buensalido ◽

Carmen E. DeMarco ◽

Rimsha Sohail ◽

Stephen A. Lerner

Keyword(s):

Antibacterial Agents ◽

Mechanisms Of Action

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Cardiovascular effects of non-cardiovascular drugs

ESC CardioMed ◽

10.1093/med/9780198784906.003.0043 ◽

2018 ◽

pp. 222-226

Author(s):

Pauline Bosco-Levy ◽

Julien Bezin ◽

Francesco Salvo ◽

Nicholas Moore

Keyword(s):

Myocardial Infarction ◽

Heart Failure ◽

Heart Rate ◽

Cardiovascular Diseases ◽

Adverse Effects ◽

Cardiovascular Effects ◽

Mechanisms Of Action ◽

Cardiovascular Drugs ◽

Vascular Bed ◽

The Moment

Many drugs that were not designed to treat cardiovascular diseases may affect the cardiovascular system, causing adverse reactions. The objective of this chapter is to review in a systematic manner these adverse effects of non-cardiovascular drugs. The heart consists of four main entities that may be affected by non-cardiovascular drugs and lead to very different types of events: (1) the conduction tissue, that governs heart rate and rhythm, associated with arrhythmia and sudden death; (2) the endocardium and valves, associated with valvular disease and endocardial fibrosis; (3) the myocardium, which can directly or indirectly lead to heart failure; and (4) the coronary arteries, and in general the vascular bed, with myocardial ischaemia and infarction as main adverse events. These different elements may be affected by different drugs with different mechanisms of action, though some drugs may affect several components (e.g. myocardial infarction may result in heart failure). The objective of this chapter is not to provide exhaustive listings of all drugs ever associated with any of these events, which can be found online and will be obsolete the moment they are published, but an understanding of the typology of these events and their mechanism.

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Chronic and Acute Toxicities of Aflatoxins: Mechanisms of Action

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17020423 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 423 ◽

Cited By ~ 15

Author(s):

Noreddine Benkerroum

Keyword(s):

Oxidative Stress ◽

Risk Factors ◽

Adverse Effects ◽

Mechanisms Of Action ◽

Additive Effects ◽

Hepatitis Viruses ◽

Mechanisms Of Toxicity ◽

Adverse Health Effects ◽

Relative Contribution ◽

And Control

There are presently more than 18 known aflatoxins most of which have been insufficiently studied for their incidence, health-risk, and mechanisms of toxicity to allow effective intervention and control means that would significantly and sustainably reduce their incidence and adverse effects on health and economy. Among these, aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) has been by far the most studied; yet, many aspects of the range and mechanisms of the diseases it causes remain to be elucidated. Its mutagenicity, tumorigenicity, and carcinogenicity—which are the best known—still suffer from limitations regarding the relative contribution of the oxidative stress and the reactive epoxide derivative (Aflatoxin-exo 8,9-epoxide) in the induction of the diseases, as well as its metabolic and synthesis pathways. Additionally, despite the well-established additive effects for carcinogenicity between AFB1 and other risk factors, e.g., hepatitis viruses B and C, and the hepatotoxic algal microcystins, the mechanisms of this synergy remain unclear. This study reviews the most recent advances in the field of the mechanisms of toxicity of aflatoxins and the adverse health effects that they cause in humans and animals.

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Pomegranate as a Potential Alternative of Pain Management: A Review

Plants ◽

10.3390/plants9040419 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 419

Author(s):

José Antonio Guerrero-Solano ◽

Osmar Antonio Jaramillo-Morales ◽

Claudia Velázquez-González ◽

Minarda De la O-Arciniega ◽

Araceli Castañeda-Ovando ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Adverse Effects ◽

Scientific Evidence ◽

Antinociceptive Effect ◽

Punica Granatum ◽

Mechanisms Of Action ◽

Inclusion Criteria ◽

Potential Alternative ◽

Punica Granatum L ◽

Different Parts ◽

Selection Of

The use of complementary medicine has recently increased in an attempt to find effective alternative therapies that reduce the adverse effects of drugs. Punica granatum L. (pomegranate) has been used in traditional medicine for different kinds of pain. This review aims to explore the scientific evidence about the antinociceptive effect of pomegranate. A selection of original scientific articles that accomplished the inclusion criteria was carried out. It was found that different parts of pomegranate showed an antinociceptive effect; this effect can be due mainly by the presence of polyphenols, flavonoids, or fatty acids. It is suggested in the literature that the mechanisms of action may be related to the activation of the L-arginine / NO pathway, members of the TRP superfamily (TRPA1 or TRPV1) and the opioid system. The implications for the field are to know the mechanisms of action by which this effect is generated and thus be able to create alternative treatments for specific types of pain, which help alleviate it and reduce the adverse effects produced by drugs. The results propose that pomegranate and secondary metabolites could be considered in the treatment of inflammatory, nociceptive, and neuropathic pain.

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Saussurea lappa: A Comprehensive Review on its Pharmacological Activity and Phytochemistry

Current Traditional Medicine ◽

10.2174/2215083805666190626144909 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 13-23

Author(s):

Reyaz Hassan ◽

Mubashir Hussain Masoodi

Keyword(s):

Biological Activity ◽

Adverse Effects ◽

Chemical Constituents ◽

Literature Survey ◽

Perennial Herb ◽

Comprehensive Review ◽

Saussurea Lappa ◽

Therapeutic Uses ◽

Wide Range ◽

Anti Inflammatory

Around 3000 species of Saussurea are known, however Saussurea lappa Clarke which is perennial herb and has been traditionally used as anticancer, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, medicine without many adverse effects. Phytochemistry of Saussurea lappa after thorough literature survey revealed various varied and copious metabolites such as sesquiterpenes, flavonoids, phytosterols, lignans, terpenes. Many of these compounds have been found to possess a wide range of biological activity such as anticancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-hepatotoxic, anti-viral, etc. Among sesquiterpenes particularly Dehydrocostuslactone, dihydrocostunolide, costunolide Lappadilactone, have been isolated as the main chemical constituents. This review aims to cover published work from public databases (e.g. PubMed, Google Scholar, ResearchGate) and Non-English, Ph.D./MS thesis databases (e.g. CKNIChina, Jairo-Japan, Myto-Malaysia, Shodhganga-India) with a particular focus on phytochemistry and therapeutic uses of different fractions as well as isolated compounds from Saussurea lappa.

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