Bypass the Middlemen and Feed the Community

2018 ◽  
pp. 88-96
Author(s):  
Monica M. White
Keyword(s):  
Food Systems ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Black Communities ◽  
Agricultural Cooperatives ◽  
Agricultural Industry ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
Strategic Relationships ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Elected Representatives

In the 1960s, Bolivar County, Mississippi was one of the nation’s most impoverished due to systemic oppression and the decline of the agricultural industry. Residents responded by drawing from the local area’s history of autonomous Black communities and creating a network of Black agricultural cooperatives and community organizations. Operating on a regional scale within Mississippi, the North Bolivar County Farm Cooperative used agriculture as a strategy of self-determination and self-reliance, offering farmer-members an alternative to participation in the regional economy that was controlled by white elites. It utilized strategic relationships with university and industry partners. The cooperative was committed to community-based governance, relying on, for instance, a board of directors with locally-elected representatives, specialized committees, stores that sold cooperative-grown produce, and community listening sessions used to decide which crops to grow. Importantly, the cooperative decided to bypass intermediaries by establishing its own food processing facilities, critical for building economic autonomy in community food systems.

scholarly journals Particularity of Canada-Mexico bilateral relations (from beginning to entry into force NAFTA Agreement)

2018 ◽  
pp. 31-41
Author(s):  
Oleh Bulka
Keyword(s):  
Trade Agreement ◽  
The United States ◽  
Mutual Cooperation ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
The North ◽  
Bilateral Relations ◽  
Organizational Mechanism ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Impact

The article is devoted to the particularity of Canada-Mexico bilateral relations in the period from their beginning to signing and entry into force the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA). It is noted that from the time of first contacts bilateral relations between two countries have developed unevenly with periods of increase and periods of decline. It is determined that in the history of Canada-Mexico relations before signing NAFTA can be identified four main periods. The first one is a period of early contacts that lasted from the end of XIX century to the establishment of the official diplomatic relations between Canada and Mexico in 1944. In this period of time ties between the two countries were extremely weak. The second period lasted from 1944 to the end of the 1960s. This period clearly shows the limits of cooperation between Canada and Mexico after the establishment of the official diplomatic ties, but it is also possible to see a certain coincidence between the values and diplomatic strategies of these countries. The third period of Canada-Mexico relations lasted from the beginning of the 1970s to the end of the 1980s. During this period, both Canada and Mexico try to diversify their foreign policy and strengthen the organizational mechanism of mutual cooperation. But it is also shown that despite the warm political rhetoric, there was some distance in Canada-Mexico relations. The fourth period of the relations lasted from the late 1980s until the NAFTA treaty came into force in 1994. At that time Canadian and Mexican governments began to give priority to economic relations over political and diplomatic ones. It was revealed that the main influencing factors of bilateral relations between Mexico and Canada were the impact of third countries, especially the United Kingdom and the United States, regional and global economic conditions, and the attitude to the bilateral relations of the political elites of both countries.

The classic Wilson cycle revisited

2018 ◽  
Vol 470 (1) ◽  
pp. 19-38 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian W. D. Dalziel ◽  
John F. Dewey
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
North Atlantic Ocean ◽  
Ocean Basin ◽  
Early Paleozoic ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
Wilson Cycle ◽  
Mountain Chain ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Opening And Closing

AbstractIn the first application of the developing plate tectonic theory to the pre-Pangaea world 50 years ago, attempting to explain the origin of the Paleozoic Appalachian–Caledonian orogen, J. Tuzo Wilson asked the question: ‘Did the Atlantic close and then reopen?’. This question formed the basis of the concept of the Wilson cycle: ocean basins opening and closing to form a collisional mountain chain. The accordion-like motion of the continents bordering the Atlantic envisioned by Wilson in the 1960s, with proto-Appalachian Laurentia separating from Europe and Africa during the early Paleozoic in almost exactly the same position that it subsequently returned during the late Paleozoic amalgamation of Pangaea, now seems an unlikely scenario. We integrate the Paleozoic history of the continents bordering the present day basin of the North Atlantic Ocean with that of the southern continents to develop a radically revised picture of the classic Wilson cycle The concept of ocean basins opening and closing is retained, but the process we envisage also involves thousands of kilometres of mainly dextral motion parallel with the margins of the opposing Laurentia and Gondwanaland continents, as well as complex and prolonged tectonic interaction across an often narrow ocean basin, rather than the single collision suggested by Wilson.

scholarly journals Moralizing Postcolonial Consumer Society: Fair Trade in the Netherlands, 1964–1997

2016 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter van Dam
Keyword(s):  
The Netherlands ◽  
Fair Trade ◽  
Global Market ◽  
Consumer Society ◽  
The South ◽  
Daily Lives ◽  
Consumer Activism ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S

AbstractDecolonization challenged people across the globe to define their place in a new postcolonial order. This challenge was felt in international political and economic affairs, but it also affected daily lives across the globe. The history of fair trade activism as seen from the Netherlands highlights how citizens in the North grappled to position themselves in a postcolonial consumer society. Interventions by fair trade activists connected debates about the morals of their society to the consequences of decolonization. They reacted to the imbalances of the global market in the wake of decolonization, joining critics from the South in demanding more equitable global relations. It was around this issue of “fair trade” that a transnational coalition of moderate and more radical activists emerged after the 1960s. This coalition held widely dissimilar views regarding the politics of the left and the use of consumer activism. The analysis of their interventions demonstrates that during the postwar era attempts at transforming the global market were inextricably interwoven with visions of a postcolonial order.

A People’s History of American Prohibition

2021 ◽  
pp. 450-486
Author(s):  
Mark Lawrence Schrad
Keyword(s):  
Native Americans ◽  
American South ◽  
Good Governance ◽  
State Level ◽  
The United States ◽  
Black Communities ◽  
Upton Sinclair ◽  
History Of ◽  
The American South ◽  
Elected Representatives

Chapter 16 examines the predations of the parasitic Gilded Age “liquor trusts”--akin to the big railroad, steel, and financial trusts--including the United States Brewers’ Association and the Liquor Dealers’ Association, which corrupted law enforcement and government representatives. Unlike these trusts, the Anti-Saloon League (ASL) could not buy off politicians, but relied on agitation and publicity—ensuring that constituents were fully informed as to their elected representatives’ voting records on temperance. Progressive prohibitionists made common cause with good-governance “muckrakers” like Pussyfoot Johnson and Upton Sinclair. The chapter turns to the wave of state-level prohibitions, beginning with the Oklahoma’s prohibition statehood in 1907, drawing on the long-standing prohibitionism of Native Americans. From there, the “dry wave” swept the American South, where the liquor traffic was more diffused and less organized, and temperance sentiment was strong among both white and black communities.

Paleolimnology at the Local to Regional Scale: Records of Changing Watersheds and Industrialization

2003 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew S. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Human Impacts ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Comparative Approach ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Track Record ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Instrumental Records

Paleolimnologists have developed an impressive track record documenting the history of human influence on lakes and their surroundings, and using these historical inferences to help policy makers establish lake and ecosystem management goals. Our ability to do this depends on both a comparative analysis of multiple lake records, and a firmly established chronology. The comparative approach to paleolimnology allows us to differentiate local phenomena resulting from peculiarities of study watersheds from regional phenomena. Comparison of records also allows the timing of events to be placed in a regional context, where explanations of processes that affect large areas, like lake acidification, regional patterns of air pollution, or landscape disturbance may be more broadly interpretable. Comparative paleolimnology allows the researcher to study the multiple effects of local to regional-scale phenomena and differentiate them from global phenomena. Closely coupled with our requirement for a comparative approach to paleolimnology is the need to place events in a highly resolved chronology, especially over the past 200 years, the period of greatest interest to understanding major human alternations of the environment. In many parts of the world, including the highly industrialized and relatively well-‘‘monitored’’ environments of North America and Europe, instrumental records of water quality are either spotty or unavailable. Until the 1960s, the number of lakes with regular monitoring programs for even basic limnological parameters was extremely small. And in regions with numerous water bodies, selection criteria for the investigation of lakes often has had more to do with proximity to major research facilities or peculiarities of road access than with the needs of society. Paleolimnological records integrate ecological signals at scales that are relevant to the interests of lake managers, who need to understand the timing and magnitude of human activities. Even when limnological monitoring is available, paleolimnological approaches can answer questions at temporal and spatial scales that are unattainable by the monitoring regime in place. The difficulty of understanding the history of human impacts on ecosystems is particularly acute in underdeveloped regions of the world, where access to monitoring equipment is limited. For lakes in these regions, paleolimnology may provide the only practical and relatively inexpensive means of reconstructing impact histories.

scholarly journals CINEMATOGRAPHY OF THE PEOPLES OF THE NORTH CAUCASUS IN THE 1960s – 1980s: HISTORICAL AND POLITICAL ASPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT .

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
И.Т. ЦОРИЕВА ◽  
I.T. TSORIEVA
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Policy ◽  
The State ◽  
Political Elite ◽  
North Caucasus ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
The North ◽  
Feature Films ◽  
Television Documentary ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S

В статье на основе воспоминаний современников и архивных источников рассматри- вается история развития кинематографа в республиках Северного Кавказа в 1960-е — 1980-е гг. Подчеркивается, что создание телевизионного документального и игрового кино в регионе во многом было результатом национальной культурной политики. Вместе с тем, отмечается существенное влияние на становление киноискусства практики культурно- го патернализма, получившей распространение в среде местной политической элиты в изучаемый период, и значительный вклад руководителя Гостелерадио Северо-Осетинской АССР А. Т. Агузарова в создание региональной базы кинопроизводства на Северном Кавка- зе. Региональное киноискусство развивалось в рамках государственной программы «соци- ального заказа». Деятели кино решали конкретные задачи пропаганды советского образа жизни, воспитания людей в духе преданности социалистическим идеалам, патриотизма и интернационализма. Необходимость соблюдения идеологических, цензурных требований существенно ограничивала свободу творческого поиска, нередко приводила к схематизму, плакатности сюжетов и образов. Но в целом транслируемые северокавказским кинемато- графом гуманистические идеалы добра, справедливости, мирного сосуществования наро- дов перекликались с настроениями большинства многонационального населения региона и находили отклик в сердцах обычных людей. The article on the basis of the memories of the contemporaries and the archival data considers the history of the development of cinematography in the North Caucasus’ republics in the 1960s — 1980s. It highlights, that the creation of television documentary and feature films production in the region was largely a result of the national cultural policy. The practice of cultural paternalism common among political elite in the reviewed period had an essential impact on the development of cinematography, also of great significance was contribution of A. T. Aguzarov, then head of the State television and radio of North Ossetian ASSR, to the formation of a regional base of filmmaking in the North Caucasus. The regional film art was developed within the frame of the state program of «social request». Cinematography proponents solved definite tasks for propaganda of the Soviet way of life, of upbringing in the spirit of devotion to socialist ideals, patriotism and internationalism. The need to comply with ideological, censorial demands substantially limited the freedom of creative search, often led to schematism, «posterism» of subjects and images. However in general the humanistic ideas of goodness, fairness, peaceful coexistence of the peoples, transmitted by North Caucasian cinematography, resonated with the moods of the majority of the region’ multinational population and responded in the hearts of ordinary people.

Geological results of the A.A. Chernov Upper-Pechora team

2021 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 75-81
Author(s):  
E.S. Ponomarenko ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Analysis ◽  
River Basin ◽  
Systematic Study ◽  
Preliminary Report ◽  
Fairy Tale ◽  
Coal Basin ◽  
The Urals ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
The 1960S

The year 1921 marks the beginning of a systematic study of the north of the Urals, which was initiated by the research of the Upper Pechora Geological Team under the leadership of A.A. Chernov, conducted in the Ilych River basin. The research of this territory continues to this day, the author of this paper gives a retrospective analysis of some of A.A. Chernov conclusions in his preliminary report of 1922. The history and some results of the study of Paleozoic reef for-mations are discussed. They are widely distributed in the Ilych River basin and poorly subjected to secondary transfor-mations. A.A. Chernov, in his report, described the bright prospects of the graphite discovered during research. However, upon further investigation, Ilych graphite turned out to be a “beautiful fairy tale” and, after the discovery of the Pe-chora coal basin, it was forgotten. The history of the study and repeated attempts to explore and extract lead ores in the Shantym-Priluk tract, which lasted almost until the 1960s of the XX century, is considered.

scholarly journals Features of small forms of soviet autonomy in Kuban in the first half of the XX century: on the example of the Armenian district

2019 ◽  
pp. 130-133
Author(s):  
A. G. Ryabchenko ◽  
I. D. Zolotareva
Keyword(s):  
Regional Scale ◽  
National Policy ◽  
High Status ◽  
Autonomous Region ◽  
Administrative Organization ◽  
The North ◽  
History Of ◽  
Village Council ◽  
Soviet Russia ◽  
Soviet Historiography

At different stages of Soviet historiography, priorities in studying the history of the national administrative organization of the small peoples of the USSRoften changed for various reasons, but it always evoked constant interest. The Communist Party of the CPSU (b), which was ruling in Soviet Russia in the early 1920s, Leninist national policy greatly contributed to the emergence of a number of autonomous administrative-territorial formations that were national in nature and had a very different status. The territorial national status varied from high status of an autonomous republic, an autonomous region to an autonomous region, and even a national village council. Those. a separate settlement. In the Southeast, and later the North Caucasusregion of the RSFSR, already in the early 1920s. National administrative districts received existence as national autonomies of a regional scale, including the Armenian National District. This article is dedicated to this area.

scholarly journals Catch history of ringed seals (Phoca hispida) in Canada

1998 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 100 ◽  
Author(s):  
Randall R Reeves ◽  
George W Wenzel ◽  
Michael CS Kingsley
Keyword(s):  
Ringed Seal ◽  
Phoca Hispida ◽  
The North ◽  
Cystophora Cristata ◽  
Ringed Seals ◽  
Levels Of Use ◽  
History Of ◽  
European Trade ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S

The ringed seal (Phoca hispida) has always been a staple in the diet and household economy of Inuit in Canada. The present paper was prepared at the request of the NAMMCO Scientific Committee to support their assessment of ringed seal stocks in the North Atlantic Basin and adjacent arctic and subarctic waters. Specifically, our objective was to evaluate recent and current levels of use of ringed seals by Canadian Inuit. Annual removals probably were highest (possibly greater than 100,000) in the 1960s and 1970s, a period when sealskin prices were particularly strong. Catches declined substantially in the 1980s following a collapse in sealskin prices, presumably related to the European trade ban on skins from newborn harp and hooded seals (Phoca groenlandica and Cystophora cristata, respectively). Recent catch levels throughout Canada (1980s and early 1990s) are believed to be in the order of 50,000 to 65,000 ringed seals, with a total average annual kill (including hunting loss) in the high tens of thousands. No reliable system is in place to monitor catches of ringed seals, so any estimate must be derived from a heterogeneous array of sources.

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