scholarly journals Philosophy of Science in Islamic Thought Perspective

Author(s):  
Marlian Arif Nasution

<span class="fontstyle0">Tracing a starting point that is very important from the traditional Islamic sciences, modern Western science was developed such that it adopts a philosophical footing. Unlike modern Islamic science, the philosophical footing is to be distinguished from the philosophical foundation of Islamic science. Indeed, Islamic science main concern is closely related to the basic philosophy of science issues is growing and is recognized today, including science paradigms and methodologies developed in the modern world that is more influenced by the thinking paradigm of the modern secular Western philosophy. This implies bias in epistemology and axiology between science and moral paradigm developed in Islam. In the practical level of science that was developed to be dried from a religious touch, these conditions afflict various disciplines of knowledge that Muslims studied. Therefore, Muslims increasingly need to differentiate between Islam and science that is not Islamic. Today, not many intellectual issues are more important to the contemporary Islamic world beyond the relationship between Islam and modern science.</span> <br /><br />

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 135-146
Author(s):  
Ivan Mladenovic

In this paper I will explore the importance of making the difference between the reasonable and the rational for normative political theory. The starting point of my analysis is Rawls?s distinction between the rational and the reasonable in his later political philosophy. For Rawls one of the main characteristics of reasonable persons is that they are able to offer the justifications for their actions, but also for fair principles of cooperation, in terms of reasons that all can accept. There are many criticisms of this view of reasonable persons and its role within normative political theory. My main concern, however, is whether the presupposition of reasonableness is necessary if one already assumes that all individuals are rational. I will argue that not only the reasonable, but the relationship between the reasonable and the rational is crucially important for normative political theory.


Author(s):  
Eduardo Simões

The purpose of this article is to demonstrate how the Wittgenstein Tractatus deals with themes related to the laws of nature, as well as with the metatheoretical principles of science. More specifically, our intention is to expose the notions of scientific representation linked to principles such as those of causality and induction. As a starting point, we propose that the notion of non-precedence of one scientific theory over another is of Hertzian inspiration, which argues that “one image may be more suitable for one purpose, another for another” (HERTZ, 1956, p. 3). As an unfolding of this notion, the systems of geometric representation of Hertz and Boltzmann will serve the Tractatus in order to demonstrate that laws, like the law of causality, as form and not content, only represent the network (any method) that, after all, is optional. On the other hand, metatheoretical principles such as induction have no logical basis and their effect, in the wake of what Hume thought, is only psychological. Like the other themes of the Tractatus, its Philosophy of Science cannot be understood outside a broader context, which is the proper context to the criticism of language. Therefore, what is presented here intends not to be divorced from the relationship between logic, language and science, since, in our view, these are the three pillars of support of the Tractatus Logico-Philosophicus.


2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-95
Author(s):  
Anggit Fajar Nugroho

Abstract: Modern science, besides its advantages, also has weaknesses, such as its reductionist nature, claims of science objectivity, utilitarian nature,  and some others. In this global era, science can cause crises, like the depletion of the ozone layer, which is caused by chemicals released by objects of scientific products. In addition to the crisis, science also receives criticism from various groups who view science as not only providing benefits but also creating dangers that cannot be considered trivial. In the arena of crisis and criticism of modern science, the paradigm of modern science is revealed which is nothing but the philosophy of mechanistic materialism and at the same time the dominance of the materialistic paradigm collapses. Thus it is time for Islamic scientists to provide the paradigm of religious science as a new paradigm for post-modern science in the new millennium. It is hoped that Islam can once again become a religious foundation through the Islamic paradigm of science for Islamic science. Keywords: science crisis, modern world, and scientific problems.


2020 ◽  
Vol 210 ◽  
pp. 16028
Author(s):  
Platon Kuzmin

The methods of study and presentation by S. Averintsev Orthodox Christian tradition were considered. The role of the semiotic method in the study of Christianity by Averintsev was defined and the relationship of this method and content of the results of his research was revealed. The identified errors in the presentation of Orthodox theology are considered as the result of ignoring a number of significanat texts of the Orthodox tradition. Methods: description, comparison, analysis, contextual and semiotic analysis. It is established that semiotics is an actual direction of study in modern science, and the semiotic method was used by Averintsev in the study of early Byzantine literature. In particular, the scholar used diffusive and functional approaches when considering texts, paying attention to the context of the use of a language unit, which is a sign of the semiotic method. Errors of S.S. Averintsev in the presentation of Orthodox theology (in sophiology and mariology) are the result of incorrect application of the semiotic method, ignoring the essential texts that create the context of the studied tradition. The analysis of the semiotic approach used By S. S. Averintsev in the study of culture, presented in this article, has not been carried out before. It is concluded that all essential texts of the tradition must be taken into account for authentic presentation of Orthodox theology, which is facilitated by the use of the semiotic method.


Problemos ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rein Vihalemm

Whiteheado ir Prigogine’o mokslo filosofines koncepcijas jungia tai, kad juos abu domina ontologija, grindžiama modernaus mokslo duomenimis. Mokslo filosofija ontologinį požiūrį, ypač tokį kaip Whiteheado metafizinis mąstymas, paprastai laiko spekuliatyviu, todėl vengtinu. Tačiau Ilya Prigogine’as ir Isabelle Stengers į Whiteheado metafiziką žvelgė kaip į kosmologiją ir vertino ją už tai, kad, būdama ambicingiausias, tegu spekuliatyvus, gamtos filosofijos projektas, ji vis dėlto nėra nei nukreipta prieš mokslą, nei siekia supriešinti filosofiją ir dabarties mokslą. Whiteheadas kritikavo klasikinį mokslą, tačiau netapatino jo su mokslu bendrąja prasme ir tyrimo sričių bei siekiamų tikslų požiūriu nepripažino principinio skirtumo tarp mokslo ir filosofijos. Pasak Prigogine’o ir Stengers, Whiteheado filosofija turėtų būti vertinama kaip Prigogine’o ne-klasikinio mokslo pirmtakė. Toks požiūris suteikia naują turinį Whiteheado spekuliacijoms. Prigogine’o ne-klasikinės fizikos koncepcijos atspirties taškas yra chemija. Šiame straipsnyje Prigogine’o koncepcija nagrinėjama chemijos filosofijos siūlomos teorinės mokslo sampratos požiūriu. Iš tikrųjų nei Prigogine’as ir Stengers, nei Whiteheadas nepateikė teorinės mokslo koncepcijos. Tačiau straipsnyje teigiama, kad būtent teorinė mokslo samprata duoda raktą, padedantį atrakinti ne vieną mokslo filosofijos, mokslo bendrąja prasme, taip pat ir Prigogine’o ne-klasikinio mokslo keliamą klausimą. Autorius simpatizuoja Prigogine’o optimizmui, kad mokslas išsilaisvino iš mito, tačiau, autoriaus požiūriu, šis optimizmas visgi klaidina. Gali susidaryti įspūdis, kad ne-klasikinis mokslas neturi nieko ben dra su idealizacijomis, kad jis nėra vien tyrimo būdas, priklausantis nuo konkrečių reikalavimų ir tikslų, kad naujasis mokslas iš tikrųjų supras pasaulį „tokį, koks jis yra“, kad net vadinamojo žmogaus pasaulio problemos (pvz., etikos) taps iš principo moksliškai suprantamos. Tačiau jei ne-klasikinis mokslas gebėtų atsikratyti klasikinio mokslo mito, tai vienintelė skirtybė būtų ta, kad jis netapatintų mokslinio pasaulio vaizdo ir moksliškai sumodeliuotos realybės su pasauliu, „koks jis yra“ iš tikrųjų. Pagrindiniai žodžiai: ne-klasikinis mokslas, chemijos filosofija, Prigogine’o mokslinė ontologija, teorinis mokslo modelis, Whiteheado metafizinė ontologija.Whitehead’s Metaphysical Ontology and I. Prigogine’s Scientific Ontology: From a Point of View of a Theoretical Conception of Science Rein Vihalemm SummaryWhitehead’s and Prigogine’s philosophies of science are similar in this respect that they both are interested in ontology built in the light of modern science. This kind of ontological approach, especially Whitehead’s metaphysical reasoning is usually regarded as speculative which should be avoided in philosophy of science. Ilya Prigogine and Isabelle Stengers appreciated, however, Whitehead’s metaphysics as cosmology in that being the most ambitious attempt to elaborate a philosophy of nature that, although speculative, is not directed against science or towards separation of philosophy from the actual science. Although Whitehead criticized the classical science, he did not identify it with science in general and did not acknowledge the respective domains and tasks of science and philosophy as distinct of principle from each other. According to Prigogine and Stengers Whitehead’s philosophy was somewhat the forerunner of Prigogine’s non-classical science which gives a new content to the speculations of Whitehead. Chemistry was a starting point of Prigogine’s non-classical physical theory. In the present paper Prigogine’s conception of non-classical science is examined from the point of view of a theoretical conception of science elaborated in the context of philosophy of chemistry. Prigogine and Stengers, as well as Whitehead, have not really presented a theoretical conception of  science. It is argued that the latter, however, offers a key for examining various issues in philosophy of science and understanding science in general, including Prigogine’s non-classical science. Appreciating Prigogine’s optimism concerning the chances of science that has liberated itself from the myth, the author still finds that this optimism can also be misleading as it can create a false impression that this new science does not deal with idealizations any more, that it is not a means of inquiry resulting from special requirements and aims, but will really understand the world “as it is” to the point that the problems of so called human world, including those of, e.g., ethics would be, in principle, scientifically understandable. In fact, however, if non-classical science manages rid itself from the myth of classical science, the only change will be that it does not equate the scientific picture of world and scientifically modelled reality with the real world “as it is”. Keywords: non-classical science, philosophy of chemistry, Prigogine’s scientific ontology, theoretical model of science, Whitehead’s metaphysical ontology.


2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (3) ◽  
pp. 376-404
Author(s):  
Sang Hyun Kim

Summary Pushkin’s novel in verse Eugene Onegin (1833) has been considered not just the work of the period of Pushkin’s best and greatest lyrical output, but the starting-point of the classic nineteenth-century Russian novel. As this article strongly insists, the novel evokes the so-called ‘Russianness,’ which reminds us of what has typically been known as Russian or the Russian soul, as well as Russian types of emotional response reflected in the literary figure. The most important question this article addresses is the idea of Russianness encoded into the heroine, Tatyana, in particular. More concretely speaking, it is our main concern to investigate Tatyana’s identity as expressed through the motif of the Russian soul and its relationship with the structural uniqueness of the novel. The purpose of the present study then is to explore the extent to which this structural peculiarity is found throughout the text as well as how this question is associated with the characterization of the heroine, Tatyana. Fundamentally, the relationship between the text’s structural peculiarity and the character’s identity, in terms of thematic composition, will be at the center of our arguments.


2016 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 199
Author(s):  
Dawam Rahardjo

In relation to the criticism that the study of Islamic thought is still dominated by bayani approach, al-jabri and Hassan Hanaf advocated for more rational approach or approaches developed Burhani. Bayani epistemology dominance has became the target of criticism liberal Islamic thinkers. The main hypotheses that I would suggest is that science Islam (Islamic science) it is essentially a science of piece (peace science) through the analysis of the relationship between human beeings with each other and with nature. The second hypothesis is that Islamic science as a science of peace it needs to begin with review of Islamic science traditional and perfoms studies on social monotheism, social jurisprudence and social Sufim. The third hypothesis is that methodologically, the Islamic science as a science of peace held in the social and humanitarian (humanities) through the study of social sciences prophetic.


Author(s):  
Ronald Hoinski ◽  
Ronald Polansky

David Hoinski and Ronald Polansky’s “The Modern Aristotle: Michael Polanyi’s Search for Truth against Nihilism” shows how the general tendencies of contemporary philosophy of science disclose a return to the Aristotelian emphasis on both the formation of dispositions to know and the role of the mind in theoretical science. Focusing on a comparison of Michael Polanyi and Aristotle, Hoinski and Polansky investigate to what degree Aristotelian thought retains its purchase on reality in the face of the changes wrought by modern science. Polanyi’s approach relies on several Aristotelian assumptions, including the naturalness of the human desire to know, the institutional and personal basis for the accumulation of knowledge, and the endorsement of realism against objectivism. Hoinski and Polansky emphasize the promise of Polanyi’s neo-Aristotelian framework, which argues that science is won through reflection on reality.


2012 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 332
Author(s):  
Whedy Prasetyo

Development of financial performance in the application of Good Corporate Governance and Corporate Social Responsibility which affects the values of honesty private individuals, in order to be able to run the accountability, value for money, fairness in financial management, transparency, control, and free of conflicts of interest (independence). The main concern in this study is focused on achieving value personal spirituality through the financial performance and capabilities of Good Corporate Governance (GCG) and Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) in moderating the relationship with the financial performance of value personal spirituality. This study is a descriptive verifikatif. The unit of analysis in this study was 15 companies in Indonesia with a policy that has been applied through the concept since January of 2008 until now, with the support of the annual report of the company, the company's financial statements, company reports to the disclosure of Good Corporate Governance and Corporate Social Responsibility in the annual report. Overall reports published successively during the years 2008-2011. The results of this study indicate financial performance affects the value of personal spirituality, and for variable GCG obtained results that could moderate the relationship of financial performance to the value of personal spirituality. But for the disclosure of CSR variables obtained results can’t moderate the relationship with the financial performance of personal spirituality.


Author(s):  
Oleksii Chepov ◽  

The qualitative and clear definition of the legal regime of the capital of Ukraine, the hero city of Kyiv, is influenced by its legislative enshrinement, however, it should be noted that discussions are ongoing and one of the reasons for the unclear legal status of the capital is the ambiguity of current legislation in this area. Separation of the functions of the city of Kyiv, which are carried out to ensure the rights of citizens of Ukraine and the functions that guarantee the rights of the territorial community of the city of Kyiv. In the modern world, in legal doctrine and practice, the capital is understood as the capital of the country, which at the legislative level received this status and, accordingly, is the administrative and political center of the state, which houses the main state bodies and diplomatic missions of other states. It is the identification of the boundaries of the relationship between the competencies of state administrations and local self-government, in practice, often raises questions about their delimitation and ways of regulatory solution. Peculiarities of local self-government in Kyiv city districts are defined in the provisions of the Law on the Capital, which reveal the norms of the Constitution in these legal relations, according to which the issue of organizing district management in cities belongs to city councils. Likewise, it is unregulated by law to lose the particularity of the legal status of the territory of the city. It should be emphasized that the subject of administrative-legal relations is not a certain administrative-territorial entity, but the social group is designated - the territorial community of the city of Kiev, kiyani. Thus, the provisions on the city of Kyiv partially ignore the potential of the territorial community.


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