scholarly journals Additional resource for diabetes diagnostics in animals and humans

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (40) ◽  
pp. 200-201
Author(s):  
Vladimir Vitalyevich Drozdov
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
Peganum Harmala ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Similar Disease ◽  
Elevated Glucose ◽  
Practical Development ◽  
Laboratory Variables ◽  
Latent Diabetes Mellitus

Veterinary doctors often observe cases of unexplained elevated glucose and ketones in urine of domestic animals without any other signs of diabetes. We studies these effects from the standpoint of the phenomenon of interdependent conditions in animals and humans, described by T.V.Novosadyuk in 2000. She was the first to provide a theoretical and practical foundation for clinical cases of simultaneously developing similar diseases in domestic animals and their owners. During the last 5 years we studied health of humans in families where domestic animals are affected by the laboratory abnormalities described above. In vast majority of cases it has been found out that animal owners have diabetes mellitus of variable severity. At the same time there were no disorders of carbohydrate metabolism in animal owners in 11 cases. We recommended members of these families to undergo a specialized examination. In all of these cases latent diabetes mellitus was found in humans who had especially close relationships with animals. These findings led to initiation of treatment in humans. At the same time animals were treated with a collar with a linen sack attached containing Peganum Harmala 30 globules. Repeated laboratory tests were performed after one month of such treatment. Normalization of laboratory variables was observed in all of the cases. Based on the study results we developed an algorhythm of activities that helps to diagnose early and latent forms of diabetes mellitus in domestic animals and their owners. This algorhythm includes: - test for glucose and/or ketones in animal urine after correction of feeding and care defects. - blood and urine glucose tests in family members of animal owners. In cases of deviations from normal values we recommended them to consult appropriate specialists and begin treatment immediately. - animals are given collars with Peganum Harmala 30 globules in a linen sack attached. - granules are removed when laboratory values normalize in animals. Control urinalysis is performed every three months durign a year. This approach is especially useful in latent early forms of diabetes mellitus when abnormal findings in animals or their owners enable us to suspect a similar disease in another. In such a way, the suggested algorithm is effective for organization of preclinical diagnostics in both domestic animals and their owners. In the future it is possible to enrich not only veterinary but also medical practice with new options for effective patient aid by practical development of the use of animal and human interdependent conditions.

scholarly journals Influence of the Indicators of Carbohydrate Metabolism on the Elemental Status

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga Marshinskaia ◽  
Tatiana Kazakova ◽  
Svetlana Notova ◽  
Maksim Molchanov
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Trace Elements ◽  
Toxic Elements ◽  
Normal Values ◽  
Chemical Elements ◽  
Serum Parameters ◽  
Glucose Levels ◽  
Icp Ms ◽  
Elemental Status ◽  
Elevated Glucose

This study examined the elemental status of the hair and blood biochemistry of young men in the Orenburg region (n=38) with different glucose levels. Estimation of the element status was carried out through the study of the chemical composition of the hair by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. It was found that the studied serum parameters (Ca, Mg, Fe, P cholesterol, thyroxine, TSH and testosterone) were within normal values, and no statistically significant differences were obtained when comparing the groups. The concentration of chemical elements in the hair of the men in each group was in the range of physiologically acceptable values for this region. In the group with elevated glucose levels, there was a tendency for the men to have lower values of Ca and Mg, and higher levels of K, Na, P and a number of toxic elements (Al, Cd, Sn, Hg, Pb). Keywords: elemental status, trace elements, diabetes mellitus, metabolism

Novel Swellable/Expandable Gastroretentive Floating Films of Gliclazide Folded in Capsule Shell for the Effective Management of Diabetes Mellitus: Formulation Development, Optimization and In vitro Evaluation

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diksha Sharma ◽  
Deepak Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Drug Absorption ◽  
Gastric Fluid ◽  
Stability Study ◽  
Gastric Retention ◽  
Effective Management ◽  
In Vitro Evaluation ◽  
Capsule Shell ◽  
Study Results

Background: Gliclazide (GLZ) belongs to the second-generation of sulphonylureas, is a drug of choice for the management of type II DM. It belongs to BCS Class II. The major site of drug absorption for GLZ is the stomach; it displayed variation in the drug absorption rate and bioavailability due to the shorter gastric retention time. Floating mechanism performance gets affected when the gastric fluid level not sufficiently higher, which ultimately obstructs the floating behavior, which is the major limitation of reported formulations. This limitation can get over by folded the film into the capsule shell that dissolved in gastric fluid and film swell/expands to dimensions higher than pylorus sphincter (12mm), thus prevents its evacuation. Objective: To explore the floating mechanism in the designing of films along with a tendency to expand by swelling and unfolding by utilizing a mixture of hydrophilic and hydrophobic polymer to achieve the controlled drug delivery and prolonged gastric retention of drug. Methods: The gastroretentive floating films were formulated by the solvent casting technique using 32 full factorial design and subjected to in vitro evaluation parameters, drug-excipient compatibility, X-ray diffraction and accelerated stability study. Results: The pre-formulation study established the purity and identification of drug. FTIR study confirmed no drug excipient interaction. F3, F6, and F9 were optimized based on in vitro floating characteristics, swelling/expanding ability, and unfolding time study. All developed formulations were unfolded within 14-22 min after capsule disintegration. The F3 was selected as final formulation as its ability to control the release of drug for 24 hrs followed by Zero-order kinetics having super case 2 transport. XRD confirmed the amorphousness of drug within formulation. The stability study results revealed that formulation was quite stable at extreme storage condition. Conclusion: The developed novel formulation has a good potential for the effective management and treatment of Diabetes Mellitus.

scholarly journals Ayurveda Body–Mind Constitutional Types and Role of Yoga Intervention Among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Population of Chandigarh and Panchkula Regions

2021 ◽  
pp. 097275312110000
Author(s):  
Madhava Sai Sivapuram ◽  
Vinod Srivastava ◽  
Navneet Kaur ◽  
Akshay Anand ◽  
Raghuram Nagarathna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Lipid Profiles ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Yoga Intervention ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
And Control

Background: Type 2 diabetes needs a better understanding of etiological factors and management strategies based on lifestyle and constitutional factors, given its high association rate with many cardiovascular, neurological disorders, and COVID-19 infection. Purpose: The present study was undertaken to investigate the effect of Diabetes-specific integrated Yoga lifestyle Protocol (DYP) on glycemic control and lipid profiles of diabetic adults. Along with the DYP intervention, the individuals residing in Chandigarh and Panchkula union territories in the northern part of India were assessed for Ayurveda-based body–mind constitutional type. Ayurveda describes body–mind constitution as “ prakriti,” which has been discussed from two angles, namely physiological and psychological as body and mind are correlated. Methods: Cluster sampling of waitlist control study subjects was used as the sampling method for the study. A total of 1,215 registered subjects (81 diabetic) responded in randomly selected clusters in Chandigarh and Panchkula. Ayurveda physicians did Ayurveda body–mind constitutional assessment called prakriti assessment (physiological body–mind constitution assessment) in 35 participants (23 diabetic, 12 prediabetic) as a part of the study. Results: A group of 50 subjects was randomly selected for yoga intervention out of 81 diabetes mellitus adults, and 31 subjects were enrolled as waitlist controls. A significant decrease in the glycosylated hemoglobin levels from 8.49 ± 1.94% to 7.97 ± 2.20% in the intervention group was noticed. The lipid profiles of the DYP intervention and control groups were monitored. Three-month follow-up results of lipid profile diagnostic tests in intervention and control groups showed a significant difference between the two groups ( P < 0.05). Most diabetic and prediabetic individuals were found to have pitta dosha ( pitta controls all heat, metabolism, and transformation in the mind and body) as dominant constitution type. Conclusion: The study results demonstrated significant positive effects of yoga in diabetic individuals. This study has indicated the evidence for the safety and efficacy of the validated DYP for community-level interventions to prevent maladies like brain damage and stroke.

PREVALENCE OF HYPERTENSION AMID PATIENTS WITH TYPE-2 DIABETES MELLITUS- AT A TERTIARY LEVEL HOSPITAL IN CENTRAL INDIA

2021 ◽  
pp. 57-59
Author(s):  
Hakimuddin Malvi ◽  
Syed Maqsood Husain
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Central India ◽  
P Value ◽  
Tertiary Level ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Level Hospital

Background: India has been recognized as the diabetes capital of the world by the year of 2025 Hypertension is a signicant danger factor for cardiovascular infection, stroke and ischemic coronary illness. Objective: The aim of this paper is prevalence of hypertension amid patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus- at a tertiary level hospital in central India. Methods: Present work is hospital based cross-sectional study was conduct in Chirayu Medical College & Hospital, Bhopal. The study population consisted of total 300 subjects. Data obtained directly from patients and patients medical les, and the following data were included in the study . Results: The results showed that the after using chi-square test we found that hypertension was signicantly higher p value(<0.05) among female patients (69%),patients with long duration diabetes (77%)10 years and more, also it was signicantly higher among patients with current smokers (69%). Conclusion: In this study the prevalence of hypertension is increasing in patient with T2DM. Hypertension was the most danger factor for micro vascular and macro vascular confusion of T2DM.

Abstract P204: Epithelial Sodium Channel Stimulation by Glucose

Hypertension ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 68 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Parijat S Joy ◽  
Peter M. Snyder
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Cell Surface ◽  
Collecting Duct ◽  
Short Circuit ◽  
Primary Cultures ◽  
Endocytic Pathway ◽  
Sodium Absorption ◽  
Dependent Manner ◽  
Elevated Glucose ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms

There is a link between diabetes mellitus and hypertension, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. The epithelial Na + channel ENaC plays an important role in blood pressure control; ENaC mutations cause Liddle’s syndrome, an inherited form of hypertension. Previous work suggests that ENaC abundance is increased in diabetes mellitus, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Here we tested the effect of glucose on ENaC regulation. In Ussing chamber experiments using mouse kidney collecting duct cells (mCCD) and primary cultures of human lung epithelia, elevated glucose increased ENaC-mediated short-circuit current by 2-3 times in a dose-dependent manner from 100mg/dl to 400mg/dl of glucose. This was caused by an increase in ENaC abundance at the cell surface. We hypothesized that hyperglycemia might enhance ENaC cell surface abundance by altering activity of Nedd4-2, an E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase that binds to PY motifs within ENaC. Consistent with this hypothesis, we found that mutation of the PY motifs abolished ENaC stimulation by elevated glucose. Moreover, using a biotinylation assay, we found that elevated glucose (300 mg/dl) slowed ENaC endocytosis and reduced its degradation in the endocytic pathway. These changes in trafficking are explained by our finding that glucose reduced ENaC binding to Nedd4-2, and hence, reduced ENaC ubiquitination. O-GlcNAcylation plays a role in insulin signaling and glucose toxicity due to increased O-GlcNAcylation of target proteins. To test a role for O-GlcNAcylation in ENaC stimulation by glucose, we used 6-Diazo-5-oxo-l-norleucine (DON) to inhibit O-GlcNAcylation. DON abolished ENaC stimulation by elevated glucose. Using anti-O-GlcNAc antibody, we found that Nedd4-2 is a substrate for O-GlcNAcylation, and this modification was increased by elevated glucose. DON also reversed the reduction in binding of Nedd4-2 to ENaC at high glucose levels. Together, our data suggest a model in which hyperglycemia stimulates ENaC through O-GlcNAcylation of Nedd4-2, increasing ENaC abundance at cell surface thus increasing epithelial sodium absorption.

scholarly journals Analysis of Risk Factors and Perinatal Mortality Structure in Pregnant Patients with Diabetes Mellitus

Doctor Ru ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (6) ◽  
pp. 46-52
Author(s):  
R.V. Kapustin ◽  
◽  
E.V. Kopteeva ◽  
E.N. Alexeenkova ◽  
E.M. Tsybuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Perinatal Mortality ◽  
Perinatal Death ◽  
Mode Of Delivery ◽  
Overweight And Obesity ◽  
Study Objective ◽  
Study Materials ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Patients With Diabetes

Study Objective: To analyse risk factors and perinatal mortality structure in patients with various types of diabetes mellitus (DM) over the last 30 years in specialised settings. Study Design: retrospective single-site cohort study. Materials and Methods. We have studied 42 medical records containing cases of perinatal death of foetus or newborn in 1988–2018 in patients with DM1 (n = 20), DM2 (n = 10), gestational DM (n = 12). Study Results. The most common complication in pregnancy was preeclampsia combined with chronic placental insufficiency (47.6%). The most common risk factors of perinatal death were inadequate glycemic control in 1st trimester (69.0%), absence of preconception preparations (66.7%), preconception overweight and obesity (42.8%), and chronic arterial hypertension (28.6%). There were 38.1% antenatal deaths, 16.7% intranatal deaths, and 45.2% cases of postnatal mortality. The major causes of perinatal foetal mortality in 26.2% cases were placental disorders, 16.7% were associated with foetus growth retardation, diabetic fetopathy and respiratory distress syndrome. Conclusion. DM during pregnancy was associated with a higher risk of perinatal death. Timely preconception preparation, BMI normalization and a consolidated approach to term and mode of delivery can reduce the risk of perinatal mortality in women with various types of DM. Keywords: diabetes mellitus, gestational diabetes mellitus, perinatal mortality, stillbirth, obesity, preeclampsia

scholarly journals Risk factor for gestational diabetes mellitus and impact of gestational diabetes mellitus on maternal and fetal health during the antenatal period

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Uma Jain ◽  
Kusumlata Singhal ◽  
Shikha Jain ◽  
Deepali Jain
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Risk Factors ◽  
Gestational Diabetes ◽  
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Congenital Malformation ◽  
Fetal Health ◽  
Antenatal Period ◽  
Study Results ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Impact

Background: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is defined as any degree of dysglycaemia that occurs for the first time or is first detected during pregnancy. The adverse effects of GDM on pregnant women are pre-eclampsia, PIH, PPH, polyhydramanios, PROM, meanwhile, there would be an increase in dystocia, birth injury, and cesarean sectionMethods: This retrospective study was conducted in a Gynecology clinic in District Shivpuri to find out the various risk factors for GDM and to evaluate the impact of GDM on maternal and fetal health during the antenatal period. 84 patients who were diagnosed with GDM were included in the study. Results: Among risk factors; BMI >25 kg/m2 before pregnancy was found in 15.47% of the case, family history of diabetes mellitus 8.33%, Previous history of macrosomia 17.85%, Poor reproductive history 17.85%, baby with congenital malformation 8.33%, H/o unexplained IUFD 11.90%. H/o polyhydramnios 15.47%. History of PCOS 13.09% and preeclampsia was found in 17.85% of cases. In antenatal complications; miscarriages was found in 15.47%. polyhydramnios in 17.85%. Oligohydramnios in 8.33%, preterm labor in 11.90%, PROM in 9.52%, pre-eclampsia in 17.85%, sudden IUFD in 8.33% and congenital malformation was found in 4.76% of cases. On USG; IUGR was found in 7.14% of cases. Large for date fetus in 16.66% of cases and the normal growth was found in 76.19% of cases.Conclusions- In conclusion appropriate and timely diagnosis and treatment of GDM will result in decreased maternal and neonatal adverse outcomes comparable to general population rates, therefore, early diagnosis is important.

THE ELABORATION OF A THERAPEUTIC COMPLEX FOR UNSTABLE STENOCARDIA WITH THE TYPE II DIABETES MELLITUS BACKGROUND WITH ACCOMPANYING HYPERVENTILATIVE SYNDROME: ANALYSIS OF CLINIC-CARDIOLOGY AND RESPIRATORY-METABOLICPARAMETERS

2021 ◽  
pp. 38-46
Author(s):  
Никита Игоревич Воронин ◽  
Дмитрий Сергеевич Кузнецов
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Type Ii Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Original Research ◽  
Hyperventilation Syndrome ◽  
Practical Development ◽  
Concomitant Condition ◽  
High Level ◽  
New Generation

В статье представлены данные оригинального исследования по созданию терапевтического комплекса, направленного на улучшение интенсивного лечения нозологической ассоциации «нестабильная стенокардия (в качестве основного заболевания) + сахарный диабет второго типа (в качестве фоновой патологии) + гипервентиляционный синдром (в качестве сопутствующего состояния)». Разработанный комплекс основан на контролируемом изменении вспомогательной респираторной оксигенации «в сторону уменьшения» при условии обязательного дополнения базисной фармакотерапии сбалансированной комбинацией препаратов антигипоксического действия и дезагрегантом нового поколения. Проведено сравнительное исследование двух групп тематических пациентов - с применением разработанного комплекса и с использованием «традиционного подхода». Изучены ключевые параметры клинического кардиологического и респираторно-метаболического статуса пациентов. При использовании разработанного терапевтического комплекса по сравнению с «традиционным подходом» установлено принципиальное улучшение параметров клинико-кардиологического статуса при сохранении параметров респираторно-метаболического статуса в пределах адаптивных и безопасных значений. Полученные результаты имеют высокий уровень статистической значимости. Это доказало достаточную обоснованность авторской научно-практической разработки. Представленные в статье данные отличает новизна и практическая применимость, что позволяет рекомендовать их к дальнейшему использованию в практике специалистов клиники внутренних болезней The article presents the data of the original research on the creation of a therapeutic complex aimed at improving the intensive treatment of the nosological association «unstable angina pectoris (as the main disease) + type 2 diabetes mellitus (as a background pathology) + hyperventilation syndrome (as a concomitant condition)». The developed complex is based on a controlled change in auxiliary respiratory oxygenation «downward», provided that basic pharmacotherapy must be supplemented with a balanced combination of antihypoxic drugs and a new generation of antiaggregants. A comparative study of two groups of thematic patients was carried out - using the developed complex and using the «traditional approach». The key parameters of the clinical cardiological and respiratorymetabolic status of patients were studied. When using the developed therapeutic complex in comparison with the «traditional approach», a fundamental improvement in the parameters of the clinical and cardiological status was established while maintaining the parameters of the respiratory and metabolic status within the adaptive and safe values. The results obtained have a high level of statistical significance. This proved the sufficient validity of the author's scientific and practical development. The data presented in the article are distinguished by novelty and practical applicability, which makes it possible to recommend them for further use in the practice of specialists in the clinic of internal diseases

Effect of Different Factors on Glycosylated Hemoglobin (HbA1c) Levels Among Diabetes Mellitus Patients

2021 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. 3513-3515
Author(s):  
Bader Alsuwayt
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Glycated Hemoglobin ◽  
Glycosylated Hemoglobin ◽  
Diabetic Patients ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Patients With Diabetes ◽  
Insulin Use ◽  
Low Rate ◽  
Statin Use ◽  
Hba1c Levels

Aim: To describe the rate of the controlled level of glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) among diabetes mellitus patients in Dammam city, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA). To assess the association between the status of HbA1c and the different patient-related factors namely: insulin use, metformin, dyslipidemia, and statin use. Methods: This cross-sectional study was performed at Security Forces Hospital, Dammam, KSA, between November 2020 and February 2021. A sample of two hundred known diabetic patients who were regularly followed up at the outpatient department (OPD) was selected randomly for the current study. Results: A very low rate (24%) of controlled HbA1C levels in patients with diabetes (type 1 DM and type 2 DM), The data showed that 85 % of all participants in our study are T2DM patients, while only 15% are T1DM patients, Our data showed that patients with dyslipidemia, hypothyroidism, or hypertension have a high level of uncontrolled HbA1C levels. Surprisingly, both dyslipidemia and statin use were predictors of uncontrolled HbA1C, Unexpectedly, non-metformin use has a protective effect toward controlling HbA1C, While insulin use is a strong predictor of uncontrolled HbA1C (OD 5.20). Conclusion: A low rate of controlled glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) level among patients with diabetes (T1DM and T2DM) in our sample urges the need for immediate intervention to investigate and improve the current findings. Further investigations are needed to fully explain the high rate of uncontrolled HbA1c among insulin, metformin and statins users. Keywords: Glycated hemoglobin, HbA1c, Diabetes mellitus, Statins, Metformin.

scholarly journals High Betaine, a Trimethylamine N-Oxide Related Metabolite, Is Prospectively Associated with Low Future Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus in the PREVEND Study

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (11) ◽  
pp. 1813 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erwin Garcia ◽  
Maryse C. J. Osté ◽  
Dennis W. Bennett ◽  
Elias J. Jeyarajah ◽  
Irina Shalaurova ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes ◽  
Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus ◽  
Proportional Hazards ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards ◽  
Cox Proportional Hazards Regression ◽  
Proportional Hazards Regression ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Future Risk

Background: Gut microbiota-related metabolites, trimethylamine-N-oxide (TMAO), choline, and betaine, have been shown to be associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. Moreover, lower plasma betaine concentrations have been reported in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). However, few studies have explored the association of betaine with incident T2DM, especially in the general population. The goals of this study were to evaluate the performance of a newly developed betaine assay and to prospectively explore the potential clinical associations of betaine and future risk of T2DM in a large population-based cohort. Methods: We developed a high-throughput, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy procedure for acquiring spectra that allow for the accurate quantification of plasma/serum betaine and TMAO. Assay performance for betaine quantification was assessed and Cox proportional hazards regression was employed to evaluate the association of betaine with incident T2DM in 4336 participants in the Prevention of Renal and Vascular End-Stage Disease (PREVEND) study. Results: Betaine assay results were linear (y = 1.02X − 3.75) over a wide range of concentrations (26.0–1135 µM). The limit of blank (LOB), limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation (LOQ) were 6.4, 8.9, and 13.2 µM, respectively. Coefficients of variation for intra- and inter-assay precision ranged from 1.5–4.3% and 2.5–5.5%, respectively. Deming regression analysis of results produced by NMR and liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS) revealed an R2 value of 0.94 (Y = 1.08x – 1.89) and a small bias for higher values by NMR. The reference interval, in a cohort of apparently healthy adult participants (n = 501), was determined to be 23.8 to 74.7 µM (mean of 42.9 ± 12.6 µM). In the PREVEND study (n = 4336, excluding subjects with T2DM at baseline), higher betaine was associated with older age and lower body mass index, total cholesterol, triglycerides, and hsCRP. During a median follow-up of 7.3 (interquartile range (IQR), 5.9–7.7) years, 224 new T2DM cases were ascertained. Cox proportional hazards regression models revealed that the highest tertile of betaine was associated with a lower incidence of T2DM. Hazard ratio (HR) for the crude model was 0.61 (95% CI: 0.44–0.85, p = 0.004). The association remained significant even after adjusting for multiple clinical covariates and T2DM risk factors, including fasting glucose. HR for the fully-adjusted model was 0.50 (95% CI: 0.32–0.80, p = 0.003). Conclusions: The newly developed NMR-based betaine assay exhibits performance characteristics that are consistent with usage in the clinical laboratory. Betaine levels may be useful for assessing the risk of future T2DM.

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