scholarly journals Measurement report: An assessment of the impact of a nationwide lockdown on air pollution – a remote sensing perspective over India

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahesh Pathakoti ◽  
Aarathi Muppalla ◽  
Sayan Hazra ◽  
Mahalakshmi D. Venkata ◽  
Kanchana A. Lakshmi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase I ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Sharp Decrease ◽  
P Value ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Anthropogenic Pollutants ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Active Fire ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. The nationwide lockdown was imposed over India from 25th March to 31st May 2020 with varied relaxations from phase-I to phase-IV to contain the spread of COVID-19. Thus emissions from industrial and transport sectors were halted during lockdown (LD) which resulted in a significant reduction of anthropogenic pollutants. The first two lockdown phases were strictly followed (phase-I and phase-II) and hence are considered as total lockdown (TLD) in this study. Satellite-based tropospheric columnar nitrogen dioxide (TCN) from the years 2015 to 2020, tropospheric columnar carbon monoxide (TCC) during 2019–2020 and aerosol optical depth (AOD550) from the years 2014 to 2020 during phase-I and phase-II LD and pre-LD periods were investigated with observations from Aura/OMI, Sentinel-5P/TROPOMI, and Aqua-Terra/ MODIS satellite sensors. To quantify lockdown induced changes in TCN, TCC, and AOD550, detailed statistical analysis was performed on de-trended data using student’s paired statistical t-test. Results indicate that mean TCN levels over India showed a dip of 18 % compared to the previous year and also against the 5-year mean TCN levels during the phase-I lockdown, which was found statistically significant (p-value <0.05) against the respective period. Furthermore, drastic changes in TCN levels were observed over hotspots namely the eastern region and urban cities. For example, there was a sharp decrease of 62 % and 54 % in TCN levels as compared to 2019 and against 5-years mean TCN levels over New Delhi with a p-value of 0.0002 (which is statistically significant) during total LD. The TCC levels were high in the North East (NE) region during the phase-I LD period, which is mainly attributed to the active fire counts in this region. However, lower TCC levels are observed in the same region due to the diminished fire counts during phase-II. Further, AOD550 is reduced over the country by ~16 % (Aqua and Terra) from the 6-years (2014–2019) mean AOD550 levels, with a significant reduction (Aqua/MODIS 28 %) observed over the Indo-Gangetic plains (IGP) region with a p-value of

scholarly journals Measurement report: An assessment of the impact of a nationwide lockdown on air pollution – a remote sensing perspective over India

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 9047-9064
Author(s):  
Mahesh Pathakoti ◽  
Aarathi Muppalla ◽  
Sayan Hazra ◽  
Mahalakshmi D. Venkata ◽  
Kanchana A. Lakshmi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase I ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
Sharp Decrease ◽  
Central India ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
P Value ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Gangetic Plain ◽  
Terra Modis ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. The nationwide lockdown was imposed over India from 25 March to 31 May 2020 with varied relaxations from phase I to phase IV to contain the spread of COVID-19. Thus, emissions from industrial and transport sectors were halted during lockdown (LD), which has resulted in a significant reduction of anthropogenic pollutants. The first two lockdown phases were strictly implemented (phase I and phase II) and hence were considered to be total lockdown (TLD) in this study. Satellite-based tropospheric columnar nitrogen dioxide (TCN) from the years 2015 to 2020, tropospheric columnar carbon monoxide (TCC) during 2019/20, and aerosol optical depth (AOD550) from the years 2014 to 2020 during phase I and phase II LD and pre-LD periods were investigated with observations from Aura OMI, Sentinel-5P TROPOMI, and Aqua and Terra MODIS. To quantify lockdown-induced changes in TCN, TCC, and AOD550, detailed statistical analysis was performed on de-trended data using the Student paired statistical t test. Results indicate that mean TCN levels over India showed a dip of 18 % compared to the previous year and also against the 5-year mean TCN levels during the phase I lockdown, which was found to be statistically significant (p value < 0.05) against the respective period. Furthermore, drastic changes in TCN levels were observed over hotspots, namely eastern region and urban cities. For example, there was a sharp decrease of 62 % and 54 % in TCN levels compared to 2019 and against 5-year mean TCN levels over New Delhi with a p value of 0.0002 (which is statistically significant) during total LD. The TCC levels were high in the northeast (NE) region during the phase I LD period, which is mainly attributed to the active fire counts in this region. However, lower TCC levels are observed in the same region due to the diminished fire counts during phase II. Further, AOD550 is reduced over the country by ∼ 16 % (Aqua and Terra) from the 6-year (2014–2019) mean AOD550 levels, with a significant reduction (Aqua MODIS 28 %) observed over the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) region with a p value of ≪ 0.05. However, an increase in AOD550 levels (25 % for Terra MODIS, 15 % for Aqua MODIS) was also observed over central India during LD compared to the preceding year and found significant with a p value of 0.03. This study also reports the rate of change of TCN levels and AOD550 along with statistical metrics during the LD period.

scholarly journals Globalization and Economic Development: A Study of Nagaland

2010 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 199-211
Author(s):  
Komol Singha
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Social Welfare ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Informal Trade ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Border Trade ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

With the emergence of globalization, economic integration among nations has become a necessity. Cross border trade is the most important medium of the current wave of globalization. In this process, knowingly or unknowingly the North East economy has emerged in to a new dimension of cross border trade (informal trade) with neighboring nations and that increases Social Welfare of the poor masses of the region. But the formal arrangements, like ‘Look East Policy’ stumbles the social welfare of the region. Border trade is the first and foremost important component of globalization and informal trade is multiple times more than the formal trade in this region. By this process, sustainable development is generated and it is visible now in this region. With the help of primary and secondary data, this paper tries to analyze the impact of globalization or cross border trade in the North East India (NEI). How far this globalization through cross border trade increases social welfare or generates sustainable economic development of the region is the core issue of this paper. For this purpose, the author has selected Nagaland as an area of study. Of late, the Government has initiated several pro-active measures to strengthen its economic growth further. In this direction, India’s Look East Policy is worth mentioning. Under this policy, India seeks economic cooperation with ASEAN and other neighbouring countries through the gateway of the North-Eastern Region. Despite initiatives of economic development, still the process is not heading towards the right direction. There are some institutional lacunae in this process. This paper is the modest attempt to highlight these lacunae and tries to recommend some feasible suggestions to overcome in this direction.

scholarly journals Using a Multidisciplinary Training Program to Reduce Peritonitis in Peritoneal Dialysis Patients

2013 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-45 ◽  
Author(s):  
Liliana Gadola ◽  
Carla Poggi ◽  
María Poggio ◽  
Lucía Sáez ◽  
Alejandra Ferrari ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peritoneal Dialysis ◽  
Phase I ◽  
Phase Ii ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
P Value ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Two Phases ◽  
Hospital Ethics ◽  
Clinical Records ◽  
The Impact

♦ObjectivesThe present study evaluated the tool used to assess patients’ skills and the impact on peritonitis rates of a new multidisciplinary peritoneal dialysis (PD) education program (PDEP).♦MethodsAfter the University Hospital Ethics Committee approved the study, the educational and clinical records of PD patients were retrospectively analyzed in two phases. In phase I, an Objective Structured Assessment (OSA) was used during August 2008 to evaluate the practical skills of 25 patients with adequate Kt/V and no mental disabilities who had been on PD for more than 1 month. Test results were correlated with the prior year's peritonitis rate. In phase II, the new PDEP, consisting of individual lessons, a retraining schedule, and group meetings, was introduced starting 1 September 2008. Age, sex, years of education, time on PD, number of training sessions, and peritonitis episodes were recorded. Statistical analyses used t-tests, chi-square tests, and Poisson distributions; a p value of less than 0.05 was considered significant.♦ResultsIn phase I, 25 patients [16 men, 9 women; mean age: 54 ± 15 years (range: 22 – 84 years); mean time on PD: 35 ± 30 months (range: 1 – 107 months)] were studied. The OSA results correlated with peritonitis rates: patients who passed the test had experienced significantly lower peritonitis rates during the prior year ( p < 0.05). In phase II, after the new PDEP was introduced, overall peritonitis rates significantly declined (to 0.28 episodes/patient–year from 0.55 episodes/patient–year, p < 0.05); the Staphylococcus peritonitis rate also declined (to 0.09 episodes/patient–year from 0.24 episodes/patient–year, p < 0.05).♦ConclusionsThe OSA is a reliable tool for assessing patients’ skills, and it correlates with peritonitis rates. The multidisciplinary PDEP significantly improved outcomes by further lowering peritonitis rates.

scholarly journals Risk Perception and Willingness of Medical Students in North East Nigeria to Participate in Mitigating COVID 19 Pandemic

2020 ◽  
pp. 107-114
Author(s):  
A. Mohammed ◽  
A Mohammed ◽  
I. U. Mohammed ◽  
M. A. Danimoh ◽  
C. H. Laima
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Medical Students ◽  
Health Care Services ◽  
Health Care Service ◽  
Good Knowledge ◽  
P Value ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Care Services ◽  
North East ◽  
The North

Background: The recent COVID 19 pandemic has negatively affected health care systems in developed and developing countries. The weak health systems in Nigeria with low Human Resource for Health (HRH) poses a threat to mitigating this pandemic with the rising number of COVID 19 cases in the country. It is therefore necessary to consider measures to improve on the availability of human resources in the health sector. Methodology: The study was a cross sectional study which studied 475 medical students from four medical colleges across the North Eastern region. The close group whats-app platform for selected schools and classes were used to obtain information on the knowledge, perception and willingness to assist in providing health care services during this pandemic. Results: Majority of the respondents had good knowledge and perception on COVID 19 (80.4% and 96% respectively). In addition, 78.3% of the respondents felt that they were at risk of becoming infected, however 93% of them stated that they were willing to assist in providing health care services during this pandemic. Parental disapproval and fear of becoming infected were the reasons given for those who were unwilling to be involved in provision of health care during this period. More male respondents (67.3%) were willing to participate in providing health care service during the pandemic compared to 32.7% of females and this was statistically significant with a p-value of <0.001. Conclusion: This study has shown that majority of medical students in the North East have a good knowledge and perception on COVID 19 and are willing to assist in providing health services if needed during the COVID 19 Pandemic. These services could be specific low risk tasks and responsibilities which lie predominantly with prevention of COVID 19 in the region. Their willingness should be regarded as a great sacrifice to humanity and could go a long way in bridging the gap of low HRH in this region.

scholarly journals EVALUATION OF THE IMPACT OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONDITIONS ON THE STATUS OF THE BODY OF YOUNG PEOPLE OF 17-19 YEARS OF DIFFERENT ETHNIC GROUPS OF THE NORTH-EAST RUSSIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 96 (8) ◽  
pp. 766-769 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inessa V. Averyanova ◽  
S. I. Vdovenko ◽  
A. L. Maksimov
Keyword(s):  
Gas Exchange ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
The Body ◽  
External Respiration ◽  
Adaptive Responses ◽  
Northeast Russia ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Magadan Region ◽  
The Impact

Natural and climatic conditions of the environment of Northeast Russia and particularly Magadan region are the very factor mostly influencing adaptive responses by individuals inhabiting the region. Compensatory and adaptive responses in indigenes and newcomers of the region can be assumed to have their specific features. In 2009 there was executed the examination of the cardiovascular and respiratory systems and gas exchange in 392 cases aged of 17-19 years, including Europeans (Caucasians) born in the North in the 1st-2nd generation and indigenes. The methodologically similar study was carried out in 2014 in 265 persons, referred to the same cohorts of North-born Caucasians and Indigenes from the Magadan region. The results of the study executed in 2009 testified to a small number of physiological parameters that were reliably different in Caucasians vs. Indigene subjects. In 2014 no difference was found between the two examined cohorts throughout the observed parameters. The revealed changes in gas exchange, external respiration and cardiovascular systems demonstrated by modern young Indigenes of Northeast Russia testified to the fall in the effectiveness of their breathing. All that makes them farther from the classic “polar metabolic type” and their morphofunctional status becomes closer to European male subjects of Northeast Russia. Thus, we can observe a clear tendency towards “convergence in programs” of the adaptive changes between populations of the North residents undergoing similar natural, environmental and social factors.

scholarly journals 'Greenfields' and 'Brownfields': automotive industrial development in the UK and in Portugal

Finisterra ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 31 (62) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Pike ◽  
Mário Vale
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Policy ◽  
Automobile Industry ◽  
Industrial Development ◽  
Development Strategies ◽  
North West ◽  
Demonstration Effect ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

The industrial policy in the UK and in Portugal, as in most EU countries, seeks to attract new investment capacity, to create jobs and to promote the impact of the so-called "demonstration efect" of "greenfield" development strategies pursued in the new plants of inward investors on existing or "brownfield" plants. This industrial policy focus is particularly evident in the automobile industry.This paper compares the industrial policy oriented towards the automobile industry in the UK and in Portugal. Two recent "greenfield" investments are analised: Nissan in the North-East region (UK) and Ford/VW in the Setúbal Peninsula (Portugal), as well as three "brownfield" plants: Ford Halewood and GM Vauxhall Ellesmere Port in the North-West region (UK) and Renault in Setúbal (Portugal). The first part starts with a discussion of industrial policy in the automobile sector, the role of "greenfield" development strategies and the "demonstration effect" on "brownfield" plants. Then, the limits of new inward investment are pointed out, basically their problems and restrictions. Afterwards, the structural barriers to the "demonstration effect" within "brownfield" plants are outlined and some possabilities for alternative "brownfield" development strategies are presented.

scholarly journals Globalisation processes and tourism industry development in North-East Asia (Korea, China, Japan)

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (S4) ◽  
pp. 927-941
Author(s):  
Den Sik Kan ◽  
Volodymyr M. Vasylchuk ◽  
Leonid V. Chuprii ◽  
Igor B. Datskiv ◽  
Kateryna P. Kravets
Keyword(s):  
South Korea ◽  
East Asia ◽  
Cultural Tourism ◽  
Tourism Industry ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Services Sector ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Current State ◽  
Tourism Services

The paper covers relevant issues, such as the current state of the tourism services sector in China, Japan, and South Korea. The significance is confirmed by the growing role of the North-East Asian countries in the world trade in services and the growing contribution of tourism to the global gross domestic product. The purpose of this study is to identify the features, problems, and prospects for the development of the tourism services sector in China, Japan, and South Korea. The paper uses methods of systematisation and typification, which made it possible to determine the specifics of the development of cultural tourism in the Far Eastern region among the current range of opinions and areas of cultural tourism research. The study uses the principles of historicism and objectivity, which allowed analysing the development and current state of tourist exchange. A cultural approach was also used to reconstruct the cultural and humanitarian population of North-East Asia through the mutual enrichment of nations and people. The systematic approach made it possible to understand the importance of humanitarian exchange between people and identified the universality of tourism.

Inequalities in awareness and availability of bereavement services in North-East England

2020 ◽  
pp. bmjspcare-2020-002422
Author(s):  
Donna Wakefield ◽  
Elizabeth Fleming ◽  
Kate Howorth ◽  
Kerry Waterfield ◽  
Emily Kavanagh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Phase 1 ◽  
Waiting Times ◽  
Financial Strain ◽  
Web Based ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
Referral Criteria ◽  
National Guidance ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact

ObjectivesNational guidance recommends equality in access to bereavement services; despite this, awareness and availability appears inconsistent. The aim of this study was to explore availability and accessibility of bereavement services across the North-East of England and to highlight issues potentially applicable across the UK, at a time of unprecedented need due to the impact of COVID-19.MethodsPhase 1: an eight item, web-based survey was produced. A survey link was cascaded to all GP practices (General Practitioners) in the region. Phase 2: an email was sent to all services identified in phase 1, requesting details such as referral criteria and waiting times.ResultsAll 392 GP practices in the region were invited to participate. The response rate was 22% (85/392). Twenty-one per cent (18/85) of respondents reported that they do not refer patients, comments included ‘not aware of any services locally’. A total of 36 services were contacted with 72% responding with further information. Most bereavement specific support was reliant on charity-funded services including hospices, this sometimes required a pre-existing link with the hospice. Waiting times were up to 4 months.ConclusionsAlthough multiple different, usually charity-funded services were identified, awareness and accessibility were variable. This survey was conducted prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, where complex situations surrounding death is likely to impact on the usual grieving process and increase the need for bereavement support. Meanwhile, charities providing this support are under severe financial strain. There is an urgent need to bridge the gap between need and access to bereavement services.

Implication of SASEC Tourism Initiatives on North Eastern States of India

2017 ◽  
pp. 34-52
Author(s):  
Supriya Dam
Keyword(s):  
South Asia ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Autonomous Region ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
International Borders ◽  
Tibet Autonomous Region ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Look

India's North Eastern Region (NER) stretches from the foothills of the Himalayas in the eastern range and is surrounded by international borders with countries like Bangladesh, Bhutan, China (Tibet Autonomous Region), Nepal, and Myanmar. The landlocked region is constrained by a brief spell of insurgency, and dismal unemployment has affected the region's progress since 1947. The advent of the Look East Policy coupled with a number of South Asia sub-regional arrangements with neighboring countries opened a “Pandora's Box” for this region. The SASEC initiatives of ADB helped to improve the status of tourism and infrastructure, including roads, air connectivity, and also opened cross-border land routes and roads within the North East (NE). The present study takes stock of tourism development from a sustainability perspective and examines the implementation of the SASEC tourism project in eight NE States of India with a view to suggest priority areas for action for promotion of tourism in this region.

Implication of SASEC Tourism Initiatives on North Eastern States of India

2020 ◽  
pp. 690-709
Author(s):  
Supriya Dam
Keyword(s):  
South Asia ◽  
Eastern Region ◽  
Autonomous Region ◽  
North East ◽  
The North ◽  
International Borders ◽  
Tibet Autonomous Region ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
The Status ◽  
The Look

India's North Eastern Region (NER) stretches from the foothills of the Himalayas in the eastern range and is surrounded by international borders with countries like Bangladesh, Bhutan, China (Tibet Autonomous Region), Nepal, and Myanmar. The landlocked region is constrained by a brief spell of insurgency, and dismal unemployment has affected the region's progress since 1947. The advent of the Look East Policy coupled with a number of South Asia sub-regional arrangements with neighboring countries opened a “Pandora's Box” for this region. The SASEC initiatives of ADB helped to improve the status of tourism and infrastructure, including roads, air connectivity, and also opened cross-border land routes and roads within the North East (NE). The present study takes stock of tourism development from a sustainability perspective and examines the implementation of the SASEC tourism project in eight NE States of India with a view to suggest priority areas for action for promotion of tourism in this region.

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