scholarly journals The ocean response to volcanic iron fertilisation after the eruption of Kasatochi volcano: a regional scale biogeochemical ocean model study

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 9233-9257
Author(s):  
A. Lindenthal ◽  
B. Langmann ◽  
J. Paetsch ◽  
I. Lorkowski ◽  
M. Hort
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Phytoplankton Bloom ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Ocean Model ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Biogeochemical Model ◽  
Ocean Response ◽  
Model Study ◽  
Ne Pacific

Abstract. In High-Nutrient-Low-Chlorophyll regions, phytoplankton growth is limited by the availability of water soluble iron. Volcanic ash can carry bio-available iron salts on its surface, which may be formed during volcanic eruptions by surface reactions between volcanic gases and ash. The eruption of Kasatochi volcano in August 2008 led to ash deposition into the iron-limited NE Pacific Ocean releasing iron upon contact of volcanic ash with seawater. Atmospheric and oceanic conditions were favourable to generate a massive phytoplankton bloom, which was observed by satellite instruments and in-situ measurements. Here we investigate this event with a regional scale ocean biogeochemical model system to illuminate the ocean response to iron fertilisation by volcanic ash. The results indicate that the added iron triggered an additional phytoplankton bloom in the summer of 2008, which produced a drawdown of carbon dioxide in surface seawater. The simulated development is in good agreement with the available observations.

scholarly journals The ocean response to volcanic iron fertilisation after the eruption of Kasatochi volcano: a regional-scale biogeochemical ocean model study

2013 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 3715-3729 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Lindenthal ◽  
B. Langmann ◽  
J. Pätsch ◽  
I. Lorkowski ◽  
M. Hort
Keyword(s):  
Pacific Ocean ◽  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Phytoplankton Bloom ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Ocean Model ◽  
Zooplankton Biomass ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Ocean Response ◽  
Model Study ◽  
Ne Pacific

Abstract. In high-nutrient–low-chlorophyll regions, phytoplankton growth is limited by the availability of water-soluble iron. The eruption of Kasatochi volcano in August 2008 led to ash deposition into the iron-limited NE Pacific Ocean. Volcanic ash released iron upon contact with seawater and generated a massive phytoplankton bloom. Here we investigate this event with a one-dimensional ocean biogeochemical column model to illuminate the ocean response to iron fertilisation by volcanic ash. The results indicate that the added iron triggered a phytoplankton bloom in the summer of 2008. Associated with this bloom, macronutrient concentrations such as nitrate and silicate decline and zooplankton biomass is enhanced in the ocean mixed layer. The simulated development of the drawdown of carbon dioxide and increase of pH in surface seawater is in good agreement with available observations. Sensitivity studies with different supply dates of iron to the ocean emphasise the favourable oceanic conditions in the NE Pacific to generate massive phytoplankton blooms in particular during July and August in comparison to other months. By varying the amount of volcanic ash and associated bio-available iron supplied to the ocean, model results demonstrate that the NE Pacific Ocean has higher, but limited capabilities to consume CO2 after iron fertilisation than those observed after the volcanic eruption of Kasatochi.

scholarly journals Volcanic ash as fertiliser for the surface ocean

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 3891-3899 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Langmann ◽  
K. Zakšek ◽  
M. Hort ◽  
S. Duggen
Keyword(s):  
Primary Productivity ◽  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Phytoplankton Bloom ◽  
Ash Deposition ◽  
Dust Deposition ◽  
Surface Ocean ◽  
Marine Primary Productivity ◽  
Ne Pacific ◽  
Atmospheric Dust Deposition ◽  
First Time

Abstract. Iron is a key limiting micro-nutrient for marine primary productivity. It can be supplied to the ocean by atmospheric dust deposition. Volcanic ash deposition into the ocean represents another external and so far largely neglected source of iron. This study demonstrates strong evidence for natural fertilisation in the iron-limited oceanic area of the NE Pacific, induced by volcanic ash from the eruption of Kasatochi volcano in August 2008. Atmospheric and oceanic conditions were favourable to generate a massive phytoplankton bloom in the NE Pacific Ocean which for the first time strongly suggests a connection between oceanic iron-fertilisation and volcanic ash supply.

scholarly journals Volcanic ash as fertiliser for the surface ocean

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 711-734 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Langmann ◽  
K. Zakšek ◽  
M. Hort ◽  
S. Duggen
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Phytoplankton Bloom ◽  
Causal Connection ◽  
Ash Deposition ◽  
Dust Deposition ◽  
Surface Ocean ◽  
Marine Primary Productivity ◽  
Ne Pacific ◽  
Atmospheric Dust Deposition ◽  
First Time

Abstract. Iron is a key limiting micro-nutrient for marine primary productivity. It can be supplied to the ocean by atmospheric dust deposition. Volcanic ash deposition into the ocean represents another external and so far largely neglected source of iron. This study demonstrates strong evidence for natural fertilisation in the iron-limited oceanic area of the NE Pacific, induced by volcanic ash from the eruption of Kasatochi volcano in August 2008. Atmospheric and oceanic conditions were favourable to generate a massive phytoplankton bloom in the NE Pacific Ocean which for the first time establishes a causal connection between oceanic iron-fertilisation and volcanic ash supply.

On The Use of Dense Seismo-Acoustic Network to Provide Timely Early Warning of Volcanic Eruptions

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexis Le Pichon ◽  
Christoph Pilger ◽  
Lars Ceranna ◽  
Emanuele Marchetti ◽  
Viviane Souty ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Early Warning ◽  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
Regional Scale ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Global Network ◽  
Civil Aviation ◽  
Stromboli Volcano ◽  
Reliable Source ◽  
Eruptive Column

Abstract The Stromboli volcano is well known for its persistent explosive activity. On July 3rd and August 28th 2019, two paroxysmal explosions occurred, generating an eruptive column that quickly rose up to 5 km above sea level. For the first eruption, the Toulouse Volcanic Ash Advisory Center (VAAC) issued a volcanic ash advisory to the civil aviation users with a two-hour delay. The various processes of these events were monitored in the near and far fields by infrasonic arrays up to distance of 3700 km and by the Italian national seismic network at a range of hundreds of kilometres. Using state-of-the-art propagation modelling, we identify the various seismic and infrasound phases for precise timing of the eruptions. We highlight the advantage of a dense seismo-acoustic network to enhance the monitoring capability of a global network at a regional scale for providing both a reliable source characterisation and a timely early warning to VAACs.

scholarly journals The fate of volcanic ash: premature or delayed sedimentation?

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eduardo Rossi ◽  
Gholamhossein Bagheri ◽  
Frances Beckett ◽  
Costanza Bonadonna
Keyword(s):  
Residence Time ◽  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Theoretical Description ◽  
Particle Sedimentation ◽  
Weather Modeling ◽  
Explosive Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Travel Distances ◽  
Ash Dispersal

AbstractA large amount of volcanic ash produced during explosive volcanic eruptions has been found to sediment as aggregates of various types that typically reduce the associated residence time in the atmosphere (i.e., premature sedimentation). Nonetheless, speculations exist in the literature that aggregation has the potential to also delay particle sedimentation (rafting effect) even though it has been considered unlikely so far. Here, we present the first theoretical description of rafting that demonstrates how delayed sedimentation may not only occur but is probably more common than previously thought. The fate of volcanic ash is here quantified for all kind of observed aggregates. As an application to the case study of the 2010 eruption of Eyjafjallajökull volcano (Iceland), we also show how rafting can theoretically increase the travel distances of particles between 138–710 μm. These findings have fundamental implications for hazard assessment of volcanic ash dispersal as well as for weather modeling.

scholarly journals Near-real-time volcanic cloud monitoring: insights into global explosive volcanic eruptive activity through analysis of Volcanic Ash Advisories

2021 ◽  
Vol 83 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Engwell ◽  
L. Mastin ◽  
A. Tupper ◽  
J. Kibler ◽  
P. Acethorp ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Volcanic Activity ◽  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Source Parameters ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Volcanic Hazards ◽  
Process Data ◽  
Cloud Monitoring ◽  
Satellite Sensors ◽  
Volcanic Cloud

AbstractUnderstanding the location, intensity, and likely duration of volcanic hazards is key to reducing risk from volcanic eruptions. Here, we use a novel near-real-time dataset comprising Volcanic Ash Advisories (VAAs) issued over 10 years to investigate global rates and durations of explosive volcanic activity. The VAAs were collected from the nine Volcanic Ash Advisory Centres (VAACs) worldwide. Information extracted allowed analysis of the frequency and type of explosive behaviour, including analysis of key eruption source parameters (ESPs) such as volcanic cloud height and duration. The results reflect changes in the VAA reporting process, data sources, and volcanic activity through time. The data show an increase in the number of VAAs issued since 2015 that cannot be directly correlated to an increase in volcanic activity. Instead, many represent increased observations, including improved capability to detect low- to mid-level volcanic clouds (FL101–FL200, 3–6 km asl), by higher temporal, spatial, and spectral resolution satellite sensors. Comparison of ESP data extracted from the VAAs with the Mastin et al. (J Volcanol Geotherm Res 186:10–21, 2009a) database shows that traditional assumptions used in the classification of volcanoes could be much simplified for operational use. The analysis highlights the VAA data as an exceptional resource documenting global volcanic activity on timescales that complement more widely used eruption datasets.

scholarly journals Volcanic Ash, Insecurity for the People but Securing Fertile Soil for the Future

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 3072 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dian Fiantis ◽  
Frisa Ginting ◽  
Gusnidar ◽  
M. Nelson ◽  
Budiman Minasny
Keyword(s):  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Positive Outcome ◽  
Natural Event ◽  
Fertile Soil ◽  
The People ◽  
The World ◽  
The Future ◽  
Security View ◽  
Agricultural Areas

Volcanic eruptions affect land and humans globally. When a volcano erupts, tons of volcanic ash materials are ejected to the atmosphere and deposited on land. The hazard posed by volcanic ash is not limited to the area in proximity to the volcano, but can also affect a vast area. Ashes ejected from volcano’s affect people’s daily life and disrupts agricultural activities and damages crops. However, the positive outcome of this natural event is that it secures fertile soil for the future. This paper examines volcanic ash (tephra) from a soil security view-point, mainly its capability. This paper reviews the positive aspects of volcanic ash, which has a high capability to supply nutrients to plant, and can also sequester a large amount of carbon out of the atmosphere. We report some studies around the world, which evaluated soil organic carbon (SOC) accumulation since volcanic eruptions. The mechanisms of SOC protection in volcanic ash soil include organo-metallic complexes, chemical protection, and physical protection. Two case studies of volcanic ash from Mt. Talang and Sinabung in Sumatra, Indonesia showed the rapid accumulation of SOC through lichens and vascular plants. Volcanic ash plays an important role in the global carbon cycle and ensures soil security in volcanic regions of the world in terms of boosting its capability. However, there is also a human dimension, which does not go well with volcanic ash. Volcanic ash can severely destroy agricultural areas and farmers’ livelihoods. Connectivity and codification needs to ensure farming in the area to take into account of risk and build appropriate adaptation and resilient strategy.

scholarly journals Constructing Damage Indices Based on Publicly Available Spatial Data: Exemplified by Earthquakes and Volcanic Eruptions in Indonesia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Emmanuel Skoufias ◽  
Eric Strobl ◽  
Thomas Tveit
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Data ◽  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Satellite Images ◽  
Fragility Curves ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Damage Indices ◽  
Damage Indicator ◽  
Time Period ◽  
Peak Ground Motion

AbstractThis article demonstrates the construction of earthquake and volcano damage indices using publicly available remote sensing sources and data on the physical characteristics of events. For earthquakes we use peak ground motion maps in conjunction with building type fragility curves to construct a local damage indicator. For volcanoes we employ volcanic ash data as a proxy for local damages. Both indices are then spatially aggregated by taking local economic exposure into account by assessing nightlight intensity derived from satellite images. We demonstrate the use of these indices with a case study of Indonesia, a country frequently exposed to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. The results show that the indices capture the areas with the highest damage, and we provide overviews of the modeled aggregated damage for all provinces and districts in Indonesia for the time period 2004 to 2014. The indices were constructed using a combination of software programs—ArcGIS/Python, Matlab, and Stata. We also outline what potential freeware alternatives exist. Finally, for each index we highlight the assumptions and limitations that a potential practitioner needs to be aware of.

Chemical Composition of Ice Containing Tephra Layers in the Byrd Station Ice Core, Antarctica

1988 ◽  
Vol 30 (3) ◽  
pp. 315-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie M. Palais ◽  
Philip R. Kyle
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Silicate Glass ◽  
Residence Time ◽  
Volcanic Ash ◽  
Global Climate ◽  
Ice Core ◽  
Volcanic Eruptions ◽  
Tephra Layers ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
Hydrolysis Of

The chemical composition of ice containing tephra (volcanic ash) layers in 22 sections of the Byrd Station ice core was examined to determine if the volcanic eruptions affected the chemical composition of the atmosphere and precipitation in the vicinity of Byrd Station. The liquid conductivity, acidity, sulfate, nitrate, aluminum, and sodium concentrations of ice samples deposited before, during, and after the deposition of the tephra layers were analyzed. Ice samples that contain tephra layers have, on average, about two times more sulfate and three to four times more aluminum than nonvolcanic ice samples. The acidity of ice samples associated with tephra layers is lowered by hydrolysis of silicate glass and minerals. Average nitrate, sodium, and conductivity are the same in all samples. Because much of the sulfur and chlorine originally associated with these eruptions may have been scavenged by ash particles, the atmospheric residence time of these volatiles would have been minimized. Therefore the eruptions probably had only a small effect on the composition of the Antarctic atmosphere and a negligible effect on local or global climate.

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