The potential of Sorghum landraces to overcome P and water limitation

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sara Halicki ◽  
Eva Maria Görk ◽  
Anna Sauer ◽  
Kintala Sudhabindu ◽  
Lalitha Kumari Erugoti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Growth Period ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Yield Production ◽  
The Impact ◽  
P Supply

<p>Crop production in semi-arid regions is often affected by nutrient (N and P) and water deficiency. Hence, crop selection and cropping sequences are mainly influenced by the water supply during the rainy season, which underlies severe annual fluctuations. Under these conditions sorghum cultivation is common practice in smallholder farming systems due to its high potential to cope with water scarcity.</p><p>To examine the adaptation potential of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench) to water and P stress, we measured transpiration and N uptake of five different sorghum lines (two Indian sorghum landraces, two African landraces and an Indian elite line) under the impact of organic (cowpea root residues) and mineral N-15 inputs. The plants were cultivated in either a P depleted (100 mg P kg<sup>-1</sup> soil) or P enriched (320 mg P kg<sup>-1</sup>) Alfisol with a well-watered (WW) or water-stressed (WS) treatment. The experiment was carried out in the lysimetric phenotyping system (ICRISAT, India).</p><p>Cowpea labelling was carried out by injecting liquid N-15-label into the plant stem on a weekly basis over the growth period to ensure a homogeneous N-15 distribution in all parts of the plant. Mineral N-15-label was applied after soil saturation on the soil surface approximately two weeks after sorghum sowing to ensure no leakage of the tracer. The sorghum growth period was from middle of September 2018 till beginning of February 2019.</p><p>Under WW conditions, the sorghum lines showed different transpiration rates irrespectively of the P supply, whereas biomass and yield production was affected positively by P supply and organic residues. All sorghum lines had reduced transpiration rates, biomass and yield production under WS conditions. However, the African landraces were less susceptible to water stress than the Indian lines and could still produce yield and biomass. Furthermore, N delivery from cowpea residues could be proven in all treatments, while an efficient water supply had a positive impact on the N uptake from residues.</p><p>Overall an efficient P supply had only a positive influence on sorghum biomass and yield in interactions with a sufficient water supply or crop residues.</p><p>We can conclude that yield and biomass production of sorghum is not only dependent on transpiration rates. The potential to overcome water stress is enhanced for landraces and most properly belowground traits can explain the variation. Furthermore, we could demonstrate that all sorghum lines used biopores at both P levels to cover part of their N demand from cowpea residues. </p><p>In this experiment, African landraces showed improved drought adaptation mechanisms compared to the bread elite line. Further soil and plant analysis will unravel the underlying traits such as improved mycorrhization, root morphology or nutrient uptake.</p>

scholarly journals Post-Harvest N2O Emissions Can Be Mitigated With Organic Amendments

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Rothardt ◽  
R. Fuß ◽  
I. Pahlmann ◽  
H. Kage
Keyword(s):  
Oilseed Rape ◽  
Faba Bean ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Organic Amendments ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Soil Mineral Nitrogen ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Microbial Decomposition ◽  
The Impact

After the harvest of winter oilseed rape and faba bean crops, considerable high soil nitrate values may be built up before winter in central to north European regions. High precipitation and a low N uptake by the subsequent crop in fall cause a high risk of N2O emissions and nitrate leaching. Microbial decomposition of crop residues or high carbon amendments may immobilize mineral N temporarily and may prevent losses by direct N2O emissions. Five treatments, including crop residue removal and application of different organic amendments after harvest, were tested in a field trial in Northern Germany to elucidate the potential of this mechanism as a mitigation option. N2O emissions and the soil mineral nitrogen status were monitored from August to March for three consecutive years. Observed emissions ranged from 0.1 to 3.4 kg N ha−1 in 180 days. An empirical model approach was applied to separate the impact of spatially and temporally heterogeneous environmental conditions between the plots of the field experiment from treatment effects in the subsequent statistical analysis of N2O emissions. Results show that the exchange of the initial crop residues with organic amendments with high C:N ratios (i.e., winter wheat straw and sawdust) after the harvest of faba bean or oilseed rape can reduce N2O emission during fall and winter by up to 45%.

A comparison of chickpeas and pasture legumes for sustaining yields and nitrogen status of subsequent wheat

1997 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 305 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. C. R. Holford ◽  
G. J. Crocker
Keyword(s):  
Protein Content ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Yield Potential ◽  
Wheat Crop ◽  
N Fixation ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Red Clay ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Positive Effects

Six treatments were compared for their effects on wheat yields, nitrogen (N) uptake, protein content, and fertiliser N requirements in a long-term rotation study on a black earth and a red clay in northern New South Wales. Three of the treatments were lucerne, subterranean clover, and snail medic, all grown simultaneously from 1988 to 1990 and all followed by 3 years of wheat. The other 3 treatments were biennial rotations of chickpea–wheat and long-fallow–wheat as well as a continuous wheat monoculture, all lasting 6 years. With the exception of the first wheat crop, which experienced very low growing-season rainfall, lucerne was more beneficial than other legumes to following wheat crops in terms of yield, protein content, and fertiliser N requirement. Clover closely followed lucerne in the magnitude of its positive effects, whereas medic and chickpea produced much smaller effects. Because of the amount of N removed in the chickpea grain, it appeared that the small positive effects of chickpea were due to soil N sparing or rapid mineralisation from crop residues rather than any net contribution of N fixation to soil N accretion. Average yields of the 3 wheat crops following lucerne and clover were much higher than average yields 20 years previously following lucerne, even though average yields of continuously grown wheat have declined over the past 20 years. However, lucerne eliminated the need for N fertiliser for no more than 2 following wheat crops, and clover for only the first wheat crop. It appears that the longer duration of lucerne benefits reported in earlier studies was due to the higher background soil N levels as well as the lower yield potential in the earlier years. Nevertheless, lucerne lowered the fertiliser requirement of the third wheat crop by more than 50%. In contrast to lucerne, annual legumes are probably most beneficial if grown in alternate years with wheat. The large benefits of long fallowing particularly on the black earth were apparently caused by its enhancement of soil moisture and mineral N accumulation. However, these N effects were surprisingly large considering the degree of depletion of organic matter in long-fallowed soils.

scholarly journals Frequency Versus Quantity: Phenotypic Response of Two Wheat Varieties to Water and Nitrogen Variability

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivia H. Cousins ◽  
Trevor P. Garnett ◽  
Amanda Rasmussen ◽  
Sacha J. Mooney ◽  
Ronald J. Smernik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Plant Growth ◽  
Carbon Allocation ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
N Availability ◽  
Soil N ◽  
High Moisture ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Wheat Varieties ◽  
The Impact

AbstractDue to climate change, water availability will become increasingly variable, affecting nitrogen (N) availability. Therefore, we hypothesised watering frequency would have a greater impact on plant growth than quantity, affecting N availability, uptake and carbon allocation. We used a gravimetric platform, which measures the unit of volume per unit of time, to control soil moisture and precisely compare the impact of quantity and frequency of water under variable N levels. Two wheat genotypes (Kukri and Gladius) were used in a factorial glasshouse pot experiment, each with three N application rates (25, 75 and 150 mg N kg−1 soil) and five soil moisture regimes (changing water frequency or quantity). Previously documented drought tolerance, but high N use efficiency, of Gladius as compared to Kukri provides for potentially different responses to N and soil moisture content. Water use, biomass and soil N were measured. Both cultivars showed potential to adapt to variable watering, producing higher specific root lengths under low N coupled with reduced water and reduced watering frequency (48 h watering intervals), or wet/dry cycling. This affected mineral N uptake, with less soil N remaining under constant watering × high moisture, or 48 h watering intervals × high moisture. Soil N availability affected carbon allocation, demonstrated by both cultivars producing longer, deeper roots under low N. Reduced watering frequency decreased biomass more than reduced quantity for both cultivars. Less frequent watering had a more negative effect on plant growth compared to decreasing the quantity of water. Water variability resulted in differences in C allocation, with changes to root thickness even when root biomass remained the same across N treatments. The preferences identified in wheat for water consistency highlights an undeveloped opportunity for identifying root and shoot traits that may improve plant adaptability to moderate to extreme resource limitation, whilst potentially encouraging less water and nitrogen use.

scholarly journals Exploring the influencing factors of continuous crop residue supply: from the perspective of a sustainable and bioenergy-oriented crop cultivation

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Xin Long Xu ◽  
Hsing Hung Chen ◽  
Yi Li
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Influencing Factors ◽  
Crop Residue ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Crop Cultivation ◽  
Development Level ◽  
The Impact

Abstract Background Crop residues are an important raw material for bioenergy. There is, however, obvious seasonality in crop harvests, and thus, a continuous supply of crop residues and its respective influencing factors should be investigated. Methods In this paper, the impacts of geographical climatic conditions, characteristics of crops and the macroeconomic status exerted on the continuity of crop residue supply were analysed. Likewise, the effects of various factors on the supply of crop residues were examined. Results The results indicate that planting scale, crop diversity, climatic conditions, and topography have a significantly positive impact on a continuous crop residue supply, whereas the planting structure, temperature square term, energy pressure, and the economic development level have a significantly negative one. Finally, a regression-based decomposition method was used to measure the contribution rate of each variable onto the inequalities in the continuous supply of crop residues, which confirms that the impact of characteristics of crops on its continuous supply was the highest. The economic development level is the most important factor that affects the inequalities in the continuity of crop residue supply. Conclusions The above results were achieved by using different measurement methods, and based upon the findings obtained, this paper proposes policies and suggestions for ensuring sustainable and bioenergy-oriented crop cultivation.

Optimizing combining green manures and pelletized manure for organic spring wheat production

2018 ◽  
Vol 98 (4) ◽  
pp. 638-649 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Z. Alam ◽  
Derek H. Lynch ◽  
Gilles Tremblay ◽  
Rosalie Gillis-Madden ◽  
Anne Vanasse
Keyword(s):  
N Uptake ◽  
Poultry Manure ◽  
Organic Amendments ◽  
Red Clover ◽  
Green Manures ◽  
Common Vetch ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Total N ◽  
Wheat Production ◽  
The Impact

Well-planned crop rotations and targeted use of organic amendments are critical to success in organic wheat production. The impact of green manure (GMr) type, GMr termination timing, and “Acti-Sol” [pelletized dehydrated poultry manure (DPM); 5-2-3] on organic wheat productivity and quality was evaluated from 2014 to 2016 in Truro, NS, and Saint-Mathieu-de-Beloeil, QC. Crops prior to wheat were soybean or GMr of hairy vetch/oat (HVO), common vetch/oat (CVO), and red clover (RC) (NS site), and HVO, red clover/oat (RCO), and oat (QC site). Trials were split-split-plot designs with treatments of precrops, GMr termination (fall vs. spring), and DPM at 0, 40, 80, and 120 kg total N ha−1. Wheat yields ranged from 1500 to 1800 kg ha−1 if unfertilized with DPM and following soybean or oat precrops. All legume GMrs (HVO, CVO, and RC/RCO) and DPM applications increased grain yield (2000–4200 kg ha−1) and protein content (13%–16%), wheat total N uptake [49–60 kg N ha−1 (QC); 87–125 kg N ha−1 (NS)] and soil mineral N content mid-season and postharvest, and responses were consistently greatest following HVO. Timing of GMr incorporation largely had no impact. Applying DPM at 80 kg N ha−1 was an effective substitute for a GMr precrop.

scholarly journals Spatial Variability of Yield and Nitrogen Indicators—A Crop Rotation Approach

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1959
Author(s):  
Remigiusz Łukowiak ◽  
Witold Grzebisz ◽  
Jakub Ceglarek ◽  
Adam Podolski ◽  
Cezary Kaźmierowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Variability ◽  
Crop Rotation ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Yield Gap ◽  
Mineral N ◽  
Total N ◽  
Winter Triticale ◽  
Growing Conditions ◽  
Partial Factor Productivity

The division of an arable field into zones of different productivity requires a reliable, discriminatory tool. This hypothesis was validated by analyzing the spatial variability of yield and N indicators in the crop rotation of winter oilseed rape (WOSR)/winter triticale (WTR) during 2016/2017 and 2017/2018 in a field of 30 ha (Przebędowo, Poland). The direct, measurable variables were: yield, N accumulated in—seeds/grain and crop residues, mineral N in spring, and harvest. The basic N indicators were total N uptake (TN), N-partial factor productivity, and N balance (Nb). The attainable yields of WOSR and WTR were 4.93 and 6.51 t ha−1, and a yield gap of −2.04 and −2.10 t ha−1. The management of 50 kg of the non-used N by crops, i.e. nitrogen gap (NG) could cover 36% and 65% of the yield gap (YG), respectively. The Nb, based on N input (Nin = Nmin + Nf) and TN, was the key field indicator, defining both yield and NG. Geostatic parameters, i.e., the nugget to sill ratio, spatial dependence range, and mean correlation distance, were very stable (≤0.2–0.17; 94–100 m; 28 m for WOSR and WTR). The spatial stability of Nb, irrespective of the crop and growing conditions, corroborates its suitability for discriminating high and low-productivity field zones.

scholarly journals The impact of phosphorus on the immune system and the intestinal microbiota with special focus on the pig

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charlotte M.E. Heyer ◽  
Eva Weiss ◽  
Sonja Schmucker ◽  
Markus Rodehutscord ◽  
Ludwig E. Hoelzle ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Inositol Phosphates ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Phytase Activity ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Immune Functions ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Microbial Ecosystem ◽  
The Impact ◽  
P Supply

There is increasing interest in dietary ingredients that are appropriate to support digestive and immune functions, but also maintain a stable microbial ecosystem in the gastrointestinal tract (GIT), particularly in weaned pigs. P is an essential nutrient for both microbes and their host, as it is involved, for example, in bone formation, energy metabolism, cellular signalling and stabilisation of cell membranes. Non-ruminant animals have limited access to phytate, the main storage form of P in plant seeds. The release of P bound to phytate requires phytase activity of plant or microbial origin, resulting in the formation of variable phosphorylated inositol phosphates (InsPs). The present review focuses on interactions between variations in dietary P supply, the immune system of the host, and the intestinal microbial ecosystem. Although results on the interaction between P and the immune system are inconsistent, several studies in different species have shown a positive impact of dietary P and phytase addition on the adaptive immune response. Recent studies with pigs suggest that P supply may influence intestinal microbial composition and activity. Individual InsPs or phosphate may also affect properties of pathogenic micro-organisms, such as metabolism or virulence. In conclusion, P may be considered as part of an integrated approach to support immune functions and maintain a stable microbial ecosystem in the GIT, thereby providing a barrier against potential pathogens. Within this regard, differences in phytate-P content and intrinsic phytase activity of plant feedstuffs, as well as the formation of individual InsPs, have to be taken into account.

Multidisciplinary team decision is rare and decreasing in percutaneous vascular interventions despite positive impact on in-hospital outcomes

VASA ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 48 (3) ◽  
pp. 262-269 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian-Alexander Behrendt ◽  
Tilo Kölbel ◽  
Thea Schwaneberg ◽  
Holger Diener ◽  
Ralf Hohnhold ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Multidisciplinary Team ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Invasive Treatment ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Hospital Outcomes ◽  
Vascular Intervention ◽  
Medical Specialties ◽  
Team Decision ◽  
The Impact

Abstract. Background: Worldwide prevalence of peripheral artery disease (PAD) is increasing and peripheral vascular intervention (PVI) has become the primary invasive treatment. There is evidence that multidisciplinary team decision-making (MTD) has an impact on in-hospital outcomes. This study aims to depict practice patterns and time changes regarding MTD of different medical specialties. Methods: This is a retrospective cross-sectional study design. 20,748 invasive, percutaneous PVI of PAD conducted in the metropolitan area of Hamburg (Germany) were consecutively collected between January 2004 and December 2014. Results: MTD prior to PVI was associated with lower odds of early unsuccessful termination of the procedures (Odds Ratio 0.662, p < 0.001). The proportion of MTD decreased over the study period (30.9 % until 2009 vs. 16.6 % from 2010, p < 0.001) while rates of critical limb-threatening ischemia (34.5 % vs. 42.1 %), patients´ age (70 vs. 72 years), PVI below-the-knee (BTK) (13.2 % vs. 22.4 %), and rates of severe TASC C/D lesions BTK (43.2 % vs. 54.2 %) increased (all p < 0.001). Utilization of MTD was different between medical specialties with lowest frequency in procedures performed by internists when compared to other medical specialties (7.1 % vs. 25.7 %, p < 0.001). Conclusions: MTD prior to PVI is associated with technical success of the procedure. Nonetheless, rates of MTD prior to PVI are decreasing during the study period. Future studies should address the impact of multidisciplinary vascular teams on long-term outcomes.

Relating particulate organic matter-nitrogen (POM-N) and non-POM-N with pulse crop residues, residue management and cereal N uptake

Agronomie ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 22 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 777-787 ◽  
Author(s):  
Graeme D. Schwenke ◽  
Warwick L. Felton ◽  
David F. Herridge ◽  
Dil F. Khan ◽  
Mark B. Peoples
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Particulate Organic Matter ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
N Uptake ◽  
Residue Management ◽  
Pulse Crop

Impact of external currency exposures on macroeconomic policies

2020 ◽  
pp. 23-40
Author(s):  
I. V. Prilepskiy
Keyword(s):  
Monetary Policy ◽  
Exchange Rate ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Exchange Rate Regime ◽  
Macroeconomic Policies ◽  
Panel Regressions ◽  
Financial Account ◽  
Currency Exposure ◽  
Cross Country ◽  
The Impact

Based on cross-country panel regressions, the paper analyzes the impact of external currency exposures on monetary policy, exchange rate regime and capital controls. It is determined that positive net external position (which, e.g., is the case for Russia) is associated with a higher degree of monetary policy autonomy, i.e. the national key interest rate is less responsive to Fed/ECB policy and exchange rate fluctuations. Therefore, the risks of cross-country synchronization of financial cycles are reduced, while central banks are able to place a larger emphasis on their price stability mandates. Significant positive impact of net external currency exposure on exchange rate flexibility and financial account liberalization is only found in the context of static models. This is probably due to the two-way links between incentives for external assets/liabilities accumulation and these macroeconomic policy tools.

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