The multi oxygen isotope analyses on black crust from Sicily highlight the volcanic emission influence from Mount Etna on urban areas

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adeline Aroskay ◽  
Erwan Martin ◽  
Slimane Bekki ◽  
Giuseppe Montana ◽  
Luciana Randazzo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Isotopes ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Ice Cores ◽  
Mount Etna ◽  
Black Crust ◽  
Volcanic Emissions ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Black Crusts ◽  
Sulphate Aerosols ◽  
Isotope Analyses

<p>This study reports on measurements of Δ<sup>17</sup>O (derived from the triple oxygen isotopes) in sulphate from black crust sampled in Sicily. Atmospheric oxidants, such as O<sub>3</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub>, OH and O<sub>2</sub> carry specific <sup>17</sup>O-anomalies, which are partly transferred to the sulphate during sulphur gas (e.g. SO<sub>2</sub>) oxidation. Hence, the Δ<sup>17</sup>O in sulphate can be used as a tracer of sulphur oxidation pathways. So far, this method has been mostly applied on sulphate from aerosols, rainwaters, volcanic deposits and ice cores. Here we propose a new approach, that aims to investigate the dominant oxidants of gaseous sulphur precursors into sulphate extracted from black crust material. Black crusts are mostly found on building/monument/sculpture and are the result of the reaction between sulphur compounds (SO<sub>2</sub>, H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>) and carbonate (CaCO<sub>3</sub>) from the substrate, which leads to the formation of gypsum (CaSO<sub>4</sub>, 2H<sub>2</sub>O). Sicilian black crust from sites under different emission influences (anthropogenic, marine and volcanic) were collected. Multi oxygen and sulphur isotope analyses were performed to better assess the origins of black crust sulphate in these different environments. This is crucial for both a better understanding of the sulphur cycle and the preservation of historical monument.</p><p>Multi sulphur isotopes show mostly negative values ranging from -0.4 ‰ to 0.02 ‰ ± 0.01 and from -0.59 ‰ to 0.41‰ ± 0.3 for Δ<sup>33</sup>S and Δ<sup>36</sup>S respectively. This is unique for natural samples and different from sulphate aerosols measured around the world (Δ<sup>33</sup>S > 0‰). This tends to indicate that sulphate from black crust is not generated by the same processes as sulphate aerosols in the atmosphere. Instead of SO<sub>2</sub> oxidation in the atmosphere, dry deposition of SO<sub>2</sub> and its oxidation on the substratum is preferred. The multi oxygen isotopes show a clear dependence with the geographical repartition of the samples. Indeed, black crusts from Palermo (the biggest Sicilian city) show small <sup>17</sup>O-anomalies ranging between -0.16 ‰ to 1.02 ‰ with an average value of 0.45 ‰ ± 0.26 (n=12; 2σ). This is consistent with Δ<sup>17</sup>O values measured in black crust from the Parisian Basin (Genot et al., 2020), which are also formed in an environment influenced by anthropogenic and marine emissions. On the other hand, samples from the eastern part of the Mount Etna region, which are downwind of the volcanic emissions, show the highest <sup>17</sup>O-anomalies ranging from 0.48 ‰ to 3.87 ‰ with an average value of 2.7 ‰ ± 0.6 (n=11; 2σ).</p><p>These results indicate that volcanic emissions influence the oxygen isotopic signature of black crust sulphate. In standard urban areas, SO<sub>2</sub> deposited on the substratum is mostly oxidised by O<sub>2</sub>-TMI and H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2 </sub>to generate the black crust. Yet, under the influence of volcanic emissions, O<sub>3</sub> may play the main role in the SO<sub>2</sub> oxidation.</p>

scholarly journals Oxygen and sulfur mass-independent isotopic signatures in black crusts: the complementary negative Δ<sup>33</sup>S reservoir of sulfate aerosols?

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 4255-4273 ◽  
Author(s):  
Isabelle Genot ◽  
David Au Yang ◽  
Erwan Martin ◽  
Pierre Cartigny ◽  
Erwann Legendre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Building Stone ◽  
Black Crust ◽  
Sulfur Source ◽  
Building Stones ◽  
Sulfate Aerosols ◽  
Magnetic Isotope Effect ◽  
So2 Oxidation ◽  
Isotopic Signatures ◽  
Black Crusts ◽  
Atmospheric Sulfates

Abstract. To better understand the formation and the oxidation pathways leading to gypsum-forming “black crusts” and investigate their bearing on the whole atmospheric SO2 cycle, we measured the oxygen (δ17O, δ18O, and Δ17O) and sulfur (δ33S, δ34S, δ36S, Δ33S, and Δ36S) isotopic compositions of black crust sulfates sampled on carbonate building stones along a NW–SE cross section in the Parisian basin. The δ18O and δ34S values, ranging between 7.5 ‰ and 16.7±0.5 ‰ (n=27, 2σ) and between −2.66 ‰ and 13.99±0.20 ‰, respectively, show anthropogenic SO2 as the main sulfur source (from ∼2 % to 81 %, average ∼30 %) with host-rock sulfates making the complement. This is supported by Δ17O values (up to 2.6 ‰, on average ∼0.86 ‰), requiring > 60 % of atmospheric sulfates in black crusts. Negative Δ33S and Δ36S values between −0.34 ‰ and 0.00±0.01 ‰ and between −0.76 ‰ and -0.22±0.20 ‰, respectively, were measured in black crust sulfates, which is typical of a magnetic isotope effect that would occur during the SO2 oxidation on the building stone, leading to 33S depletion in black crust sulfates and subsequent 33S enrichment in residual SO2. Except for a few samples, sulfate aerosols mostly have Δ33S values > 0 ‰, and no processes can yet explain this enrichment, resulting in an inconsistent S budget: black crust sulfates could well represent the complementary negative Δ33S reservoir of the sulfate aerosols, thus solving the atmospheric SO2 budget.

scholarly journals In-situ air temperature and humidity measurements over diverse landcovers in Greenbelt, MD Nov. 2013–Nov. 2015

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mark L. Carroll ◽  
Molly E. Brown ◽  
Margaret R. Wooten ◽  
Joel E. Donham ◽  
Alfred B. Hubbard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Climate Adaptation ◽  
National Laboratory ◽  
Mitigation Strategies ◽  
Building Roof ◽  
Oak Ridge ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Temperature And Humidity ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Major Surface

Abstract. As our climate changes through time there is an ever increasing need to quantify how and where it is changing so that mitigation strategies can be implemented. Urban areas have a disproportionate amount of warming due, in part, to the conductive properties of concrete and asphalt surfaces that make up an urban environment. The NASA Climate Adaptation Science Investigation working group at Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt MD conducted a study to collect temperature and humidity data at 15 minute intervals from 12 sites on center. These sites represented the major surface types on center: asphalt, building roof, grass field, forest, and rain garden. The data show a strong distinction in the thermal properties of these surfaces on the center and the difference between the average value for the center compared to a local meteorological station. The data have been submitted to Oak Ridge National Laboratory Distributed Active Archive Center (ORNL-DAAC) for archival in comma separated value (csv) file format http://daac.ornl.gov/cgi-bin/dsviewer.pl?ds_id=1319.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF BENZO(A)PYRENE ON ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY AND POPULATION HEALTH (BY EXAMPLE OF IVANOVO)

2018 ◽  
Vol 61 (12) ◽  
pp. 144-152
Author(s):  
Tatiana V. Izvekova ◽  
Nataliya A. Kobeleva ◽  
Andreiy A. Gushchin ◽  
Mariya S. Gerasimova ◽  
Vladimir I. Grinevich
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Snow Cover ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Adult Population ◽  
Background Level ◽  
Carcinogenic Risk ◽  
Individual Risk ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Environmental Objects

The paper presents the results of measurements of the content of benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) in the snow cover in the territory of the Ivanovo city. It was revealed that the concentration of BaP at the controlled points is 2.7 times higher than the background level on average. The degree of pollution of the snow cover in Ivanovo is much less than in Moscow (the level of excess varies in the range 2.3 - 89 times). The intake levels (from 0.02 μg/m2 to 3.76 μg/m2) and deposition density (0.02 - 1.88 ng/m2 · day-1) of BaP are estimated that are commensurate with the values typical for such areas, as urban areas of Germany and Canada. Interpolation the BaP concentrations in snow is allowed to reveal anomalies in the city with BaP content of 35 ng/l, which is 7 times higher than the average value for the whole city. The obtained data made it possible to estimate the BaP concentration in atmospheric air, which on the average is 0.7· 10-6 mg/m3, which is 0.7 fraction of the maximum permissible concentration. The values of individual carcinogenic risk for public health were calculated, which amounted to 0.6·10-6 and 1.6·10-6, which corresponds to negligible individual risk (for the adult population) or corresponds to the maximum allowable level (for children), respectively. The obtained results allowed to evaluate the environmental risk from pollution of the snow cover with BaP, the level of which corresponds to a moderate one, however, indicates a potential public health hazard related to the ability of the BаP to accumulate in environmental objects. It is established that the most likely source of BaP is automobile transport. The contribution of the fuel and energy complex should be much less.

scholarly journals Near crater observations of gas and aerosols variability at Mount Etna during the EPL-RADIO and EPL-REFLECT measurement campaigns.

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Suzanne Crumeyrolle ◽  
Marion Ranaivombola ◽  
Tjarda Roberts ◽  
Chiara Giorio ◽  
Giusseppe Salerno ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Low Cost ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Regional Climate ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Inorganic Ions ◽  
Mount Etna ◽  
Volcanic Plume ◽  
Local Health ◽  
Volcanic Emissions ◽  
Short Period

&lt;p&gt;During the EPL (Etna Plume Lab) campaigns occurring in 2017 (EPL-RADIO) and 2019 (EPL-REFLECT),&amp;#160; gas&amp;#160; and aerosol measurements were performed&amp;#160; at Mount Etna (Sicily, Italy) to better assess the role of volcanic aerosols on both regional climate system and local health hazard. Gas related to volcanic emissions (such as SO2, H2S and others) were measured with low cost sensors (Alphasense) and HCl/SO2 ratio was validated in comparison to FTIR measurements. Aerosol physical and chemical properties were measured using low-cost Optical Particle Counters (OPCN2 from Alphasense) and filter measurements dedicated to organic acids, inorganic ions, soluble metals and total metals. During the EPL-REFLECT campaign, in-situ measurements were performed during: 1) the hike up, 2) a 2-hours period in the close vicinity of the Bocca Nuova crater, 3) the hike down and 4) in Milo (city on the flank of the Etna). Moreover, few OPCs were left unattended at the Bocca Nuova crater for two full days.&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&amp;#160;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Gas abundances at the crater-rim ranged from a few to 10&amp;#8217;s ppmv SO2, with correlation to PM. The analysis of the 2 days measurements highlights a clear diurnal variation of aerosol size distributions. Indeed, at sunrise the total number and mass concentration is rapidly increasing from 15mg/m3 to 125mg/m3 in less than 2 hours. The variation of PM1/PM10 ratio shows a constant trend throughout the day except during a short period of time associated with high wind speeds. These results suggest that most aerosols are emitted through degassing and conversion of precursor gases to particles.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Moreover, analysis of aerosol samples collected on filters showed a change in metal solubility from the samples collected at the crater and the samples collected after atmospheric transport in Milo. This may indicate that the volcanic plume underwent processing in the aqueous phase during transport.&lt;/p&gt;

scholarly journals The relationship between dental caries and carbohydrates intake among preschool-aged children in rural and urban areas

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rina Putri Noer Fadilah ◽  
Azkya Patria Nawawi ◽  
Andi Supriatna ◽  
Sri Sarwendah ◽  
Ratih Widyasari
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Urban Area ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Rural And Urban Area ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The City ◽  
Preschool Aged Children

Introduction: The prevalence of dental caries among children has increased in the past decades. Dental caries has a multifactorial aetiology, including host (saliva and teeth), microbiology (plaque), substrate (diet), and time. The role of fermentable carbohydrates intake as a risk factor in the initiation and progression of dental caries. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between dental caries and carbohydrates intake among preschool-aged children in rural and urban areas of the city of Cimahi, Indonesia. Methods: The method used was an analytical cross-sectional study with pathfinder survey based on the WHO basic methods of oral health surveys. The data were collected through intraoral examination, and nutritional status measurement was done by using food frequency questionnaire. Statistical analysis used was the chi-square test. Results: From the study towards 100 preschool children resulted the prevalence of dental caries in rural and urban area respectively was 96 and 92%. The average value of deft index in urban area was 8.46 (95% CI:7.00-9.91) and was 7.98 (95% CI:6.50-9.45) in rural area. The average value of sucrose intake frequency in urban area was 237.14 (95% CI:204.95-269.32), whilst in rural area was 177.54 (95% CI:155.66-199.41). Conclusion: There was a relationship between dental caries and carbohydrates intake among preschool-aged children in the rural and urban area of the city of Cimahi, Indonesia.

scholarly journals The effect of oral hygiene on the caries prevalence among schoolchildren in Foca

2014 ◽  
Vol 61 (3) ◽  
pp. 127-133
Author(s):  
Bojana Davidovic ◽  
Mirjana Ivanovic ◽  
Svjetlana Jankovic ◽  
Jelena Lecic
Keyword(s):  
Oral Health ◽  
Oral Hygiene ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
World Health ◽  
Permanent Teeth ◽  
Dental Visit ◽  
Dental Visits ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Carious Teeth

Introduction. Caries and periodontal disease are the most common diseases afflicting oral tissues. Insufficient knowledge of the causes of these diseases leads to inappropriate behavior of patients towards their own oral health. The aim of this study was to determine the level of oral hygiene and its effect on the prevalence of dental caries in schoolchildren in Foca. Material and Methods. The study included 239 schoolchildren, 12 years old of both genders, attending four elementary schools in Foca. To assess their oral health methodology and criteria of the World Health Organization were used. Carious teeth were recorded and oral hygiene evaluated in accordance with Oral Hygiene Index. A questionnaire was used to obtain information about oral hygiene habits, reasons for dental visits as well as the number of dental visits. Results. The average number of affected teeth in the analyzed population was 5.43 and the average value of Oral Hygiene Index was 0.93. Good oral hygiene was noticed in 75% of respondents. Most respondents had at least one dental visit. Toothache was the most common reason for dental visit while the distance from clinics and fear of intervention were the most common reasons for not visiting dentist. Conclusion. In this part of Podrinje children had an average of more than five carious permanent teeth. Examined children from rural areas had poorer oral health, as well as lower number of visits to the health facilities compared to their peers in urban areas. Given that the most of examined children (75%) had good oral hygiene, other factors that led to significant number of carious teeth must be determined.

scholarly journals Estimation of gas record alteration in very low-accumulation ice cores

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 503-522
Author(s):  
Kévin Fourteau ◽  
Patricia Martinerie ◽  
Xavier Faïn ◽  
Alexey A. Ekaykin ◽  
Jérôme Chappellaz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Ice Core ◽  
Age Distribution ◽  
Ice Cores ◽  
Measured Signal ◽  
Antarctic Plateau ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Mixing Ratios ◽  
Gas Trapping ◽  
Trapping Model

Abstract. We measured the methane mixing ratios of enclosed air in five ice core sections drilled on the East Antarctic Plateau. Our work aims to study two effects that alter the recorded gas concentrations in ice cores: layered gas trapping artifacts and firn smoothing. Layered gas trapping artifacts are due to the heterogeneous nature of polar firn, where some strata might close early and trap abnormally old gases that appear as spurious values during measurements. The smoothing is due to the combined effects of diffusive mixing in the firn and the progressive closure of bubbles at the bottom of the firn. Consequently, the gases trapped in a given ice layer span a distribution of ages. This means that the gas concentration in an ice layer is the average value over a certain period of time, which removes the fast variability from the record. Here, we focus on the study of East Antarctic Plateau ice cores, as these low-accumulation ice cores are particularly affected by both layering and smoothing. We use high-resolution methane data to test a simple trapping model reproducing the layered gas trapping artifacts for different accumulation conditions typical of the East Antarctic Plateau. We also use the high-resolution methane measurements to estimate the gas age distributions of the enclosed air in the five newly measured ice core sections. It appears that for accumulations below 2 cm ice equivalent yr−1 the gas records experience nearly the same degree of smoothing. We therefore propose to use a single gas age distribution to represent the firn smoothing observed in the glacial ice cores of the East Antarctic Plateau. Finally, we used the layered gas trapping model and the estimation of glacial firn smoothing to quantify their potential impacts on a hypothetical 1.5-million-year-old ice core from the East Antarctic Plateau. Our results indicate that layering artifacts are no longer individually resolved in the case of very thinned ice near the bedrock. They nonetheless contribute to slight biases of the measured signal (less than 10 ppbv and 0.5 ppmv in the case of methane using our currently established continuous CH4 analysis and carbon dioxide, respectively). However, these biases are small compared to the dampening experienced by the record due to firn smoothing.

PENGARUH JENIS PERMUKAAN TERHADAP BESARNYA LIMPASAN AIR

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Cahyo Indro Saputro ◽  
Bambang Surendro ◽  
Muhammad Amin
Keyword(s):  
Land Surface ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Flow Coefficient ◽  
Rock Surface ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Slope Surface ◽  
Rain Intensity ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Building Process ◽  
C Value

<p>The expansion of urban areas and the reduction of forest areas occur on several places in Indonesia. The Building process will effect to the land untilization. So, it needs a rule to guide the environmental balance. The purpose of the research is to find out the effect of the land surface and the slope to the flow coefficient (C).</p><p>            This research was conducted using catchment area model. The measurements were done by the average of rain intensity, the soil density, volume of runoff, and the flow coefficient (C). The slope area that were used are 0<sup>0</sup>, 2<sup>0</sup> and 4<sup>0</sup>. The surface used soil, paving, grass, and a mixture of soil and rock with of 75%: 25% ratio.</p><p>            The result showed that the slope value effected to the value of flow coefficient (C), if the slope was high then flow coefficient (C) value was high too. The result showed that the mixture of soil and rock surface had the hihghest value that is 4<sup>0</sup> slope with 0.43 coefficient value. The surface that had lowest value is grass surface on the 0<sup>0 </sup>slope value with 0.11 average value of flow coefficient (C). Based on the ANOVA test results, it showed the slope surface had positive and significant effect to the flow coefficient (C) value.</p>

scholarly journals A Late Quaternary Stratigraphic Framework for Eastern Mediterranean Sapropel S1 Based on AMS 14C Dates and Stable Oxygen Isotopes

Radiocarbon ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-21 ◽  
Author(s):  
S R Troelstra ◽  
G M Ganssen ◽  
Klaas van der Borg ◽  
A F M de Jong
Keyword(s):  
Oxygen Isotope ◽  
Oxygen Isotopes ◽  
Late Quaternary ◽  
Eastern Mediterranean ◽  
Stable Oxygen Isotopes ◽  
Stable Oxygen Isotope ◽  
Stratigraphic Framework ◽  
Stable Oxygen ◽  
Isotope Analyses ◽  
Ams Dates

Detailed stable oxygen isotope analyses coupled with AMS 14C measurements on an eastern Mediterranean sapropel S1 sequence indicate that adverse bottom conditions persisted for ca 8000 years. AMS dates on additional sequences show that complete bottom anoxia lasted for 300-800 years. The S1 event is not synchronous throughout the eastern Mediterranean, but started earlier in the deeper parts of the basin.

scholarly journals The Potency of Waste Paper “Egg Tray” as a Noise-Reduction Material

2015 ◽  
Vol 747 ◽  
pp. 246-249
Author(s):  
Ernaning Setiyowati ◽  
Ihsan Nasrullah
Keyword(s):  
Porous Material ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Quantitative Research ◽  
Building Design ◽  
Sound Level ◽  
Sound Level Meter ◽  
Traffic Condition ◽  
Average Value ◽  
Acoustic Quality ◽  
Level Meter

Noise is one of the problems that often occur in urban areas due to the traffic condition. Noise in a building design depends on the choice of materials as sound absorbers. The type of sound dampening material that already exists is a porous material, a resonator, and a panel. The material often used as an absorber is porous materials, because it is relatively cheaper and lighter, especially to reduce the noise in the narrow spaces such as housing and offices. Various substitutes are made from cheap materials, such as the use of recycled materials of egg tray paper with the size of 40 x 40 centimeters. This is a quantitative research that will measure the place of egg tray paper in reducing noise, using a Sound Level Meter. The use of the egg tray paper is able to show an adequate acoustic quality as noise absorbers, with the average value of NR 22-26 dB.

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