scholarly journals Spatial distribution of surface hoar crystals in sparse forests

2010 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 1317-1330 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Shea ◽  
B. Jamieson
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Size ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Longwave Radiation ◽  
Trigger Points ◽  
Average Error ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Radiation Balance ◽  
Scale Size ◽  
Terrain Features ◽  
Do So

Abstract. Surface hoar size and location relate directly to avalanche initiation trigger points, and they do so in small-scale spatial distributions. Physically, surface hoar will grow where the snow surface is cold relative to the air and water vapour is plentiful. Vapour aside, snow cools at night primarily by longwave radiation emittance. Emittance can be restricted by clouds, trees, and terrain features. With 96 independent spatial point samples of surface hoar size, we show the extreme small-scale size variation that trees can create, ranging from 0 to 14 mm in an area of 402 m2. We relate this size variation to the effects of trees by using satellite photography to estimate the amount that trees impinge on sky view for each point. Though physically related to longwave escape, radiation balance can be as difficult to estimate as surface hoar size itself. Thus, we estimate point surface hoar size by expected maximum areal crystal size and dry terrain greyscale value only. We confirm this relation by using it at a different area and in a different formation cycle. There, its overall average error was 1.5 mm for an area with surface hoar sizes ranging from 0 to 7 mm.

Emphasizing Choice and Autonomy in Personal Hygiene, Menstrual Health, and Sexual Health Product Distribution to People Experiencing Homelessness in Atlanta, Georgia During COVID-19

2021 ◽  
pp. 152483992110249
Author(s):  
April M. Ballard ◽  
Alison T. Hoover ◽  
Ana V. Rodriguez ◽  
Bethany A. Caruso
Keyword(s):  
Sexual Health ◽  
The United States ◽  
Product Distribution ◽  
Health Needs ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Personal Hygiene ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Support Organizations ◽  
Menstrual Health ◽  
Do So

The Dignity Pack Project is a small-scale, crisis-oriented supply chain in Atlanta, Georgia, designed to meet the acute personal hygiene,menstrual health, and sexual health needs of people experiencing homelessness (PEH). It was organized in response to conditions during the COVID-19 pandemic that continue to illuminate and exacerbate the distinct and complex challenges PEH face when trying to meet their basic needs and maintain their health. In addition to being particularly vulnerable to COVID-19 due to underlying conditions, crowding, and shared living spaces, the pandemic makes it harder for PEH to access already scant resources. Specifically, shelters across the United States have experienced outbreaks and, as a result, have reduced capacity or closed completely. Social support organizations have paused or restricted services. Donations and volunteering have decreased due to economic conditions and social distancing requirements. This practice note describes how we integrated feedback from PEH at the outset of the Dignity Pack project—and continue to do so—enabling the development of a pragmatic, humanistic outreach model that responds to the evolving needs of PEH as pandemic conditions and the seasons change. We detail how we established complementary partnerships with local organizations and respond to critical insights provided by PEH. We offer lessons and recommendations driven by the needs and preferences of PEH.

scholarly journals Characterization of Arctic mixed-phase cloud properties at small scale and coupling with satellite remote sensing

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillaume Mioche ◽  
Olivier Jourdan ◽  
Julien Delanoë ◽  
Christophe Gourbeyre ◽  
Guy Febvre ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Remote Sensing ◽  
Crystal Size ◽  
Mixed Phase ◽  
Ice Crystals ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Vertical Profiles ◽  
Liquid Droplets ◽  
Ice Crystal ◽  
High Concentration ◽  
Ice Crystal Size

Abstract. This study aims to characterize the microphysical and optical properties of ice crystals and supercooled liquid droplets within low-level Arctic mixed-phase clouds (MPC). We compiled and analyzed cloud in situ measurements from 4 airborne campaigns (18 flights, 71 vertical profiles in MPC) over the Greenland Sea and the Svalbard region. Cloud phase discrimination and representative vertical profiles of number, size, mass and shapes of ice crystals and liquid droplets are assessed. The results show that the liquid phase dominates the upper part of the MPC with high concentration of small droplets (120 cm−3, 15&tinsp;μm), and averaged LWC around 0.2 g m−3. The ice phase is found everywhere within the MPC layers, but dominates the properties in the lower part of the cloud and below where ice crystals precipitate down to the surface. The analysis of the ice crystal morphology highlights that irregulars and rimed are the main particle habit followed by stellars and plates. We hypothesize that riming and condensational growth processes (including the Wegener-Bergeron-Findeisein mechanism) are the main growth mechanisms involved in MPC. The differences observed in the vertical profiles of MPC properties from one campaign to another highlight that large values of LWC and high concentration of smaller droplets are possibly linked to polluted situations which lead to very low values of ice crystal size and IWC. On the contrary, clean situations with low temperatures exhibit larger values of ice crystal size and IWC. Several parameterizations relevant for remote sensing or modeling are also determined, such as IWC (and LWC) – extinction relationship, ice and liquid integrated water paths, ice concentration and liquid water fraction according to temperature. Finally, 4 flights collocated with active remote sensing observations from CALIPSO and CloudSat satellites are specifically analyzed to evaluate the cloud detection and cloud thermodynamical phase DARDAR retrievals. This comparison is valuable to assess the sub-pixel variability of the satellite measurements as well as their shortcomings/performance near the ground.

scholarly journals The influence of observed and modelled net longwave radiation on the rate of estimated potential evapotranspiration

2019 ◽  
Vol 67 (3) ◽  
pp. 280-288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jitka Kofroňová ◽  
Miroslav Tesař ◽  
Václav Šípek
Keyword(s):  
Czech Republic ◽  
Solar Radiation ◽  
Potential Evapotranspiration ◽  
Sunshine Duration ◽  
Longwave Radiation ◽  
Radiation Balance ◽  
Parameter Calibration ◽  
Atmospheric Emissivity ◽  
The Bohemian Forest ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Longwave radiation, as part of the radiation balance, is one of the factors needed to estimate potential evapotranspiration (PET). Since the longwave radiation balance is rarely measured, many computational methods have been designed. In this study, we report on the difference between the observed longwave radiation balance and modelling results obtained using the two main procedures outlined in FAO24 (relying on the measured sunshine duration) and FAO56 (based on the measured solar radiation) manuals. The performance of these equations was evaluated in the April–October period over eight years at the Liz experimental catchment and grass surface in the Bohemian Forest (Czech Republic). The coefficients of both methods, which describe the influence of cloudiness factor and atmospheric emissivity of the air, were calibrated. The Penman-Monteith method was used to calculate the PET. The use of default coefficient values gave errors of 40–100 mm (FAO56) and 0–20 mm (FAO24) for the seasonal PET estimates (the PET was usually overestimated). Parameter calibration decreased the FAO56 error to less than 20 mm per season (FAO24 remained unaffected by the calibration). The FAO56 approach with calibrated coefficients proved to be more suitable for estimation of the longwave radiation balance.

scholarly journals Facies Evaluation and Depositional Environments of Carbonates of the Bagh Group, Dhar District, Madhya Pradesh, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 38 (1) ◽  
pp. 33-40
Author(s):  
Sreejita Chatterjee ◽  
Dhiren Kumar Ruidas
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Energy Condition ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Depositional Environments ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Peninsular India ◽  
Sedimentary Structures ◽  
Nodular Limestone

A significant event of marine transgression took place in Central India during Late Turonian-Coniacian. Fossiliferous marine succession of Bagh Group is one of the few carbonate successions exposed in peninsular India which was in focus of the current study for understanding this event. The signatures of this event were identified in the carbonate succession. The carbonates of Bagh Group are composed of two formations: the lower part is represented by Nodular limestone Formation which is overlain by Bryozoan limestone Formation at the top. On the basis of grain size variation and sedimentary structures, the Nodular limestone is divisible into three facies: facies ‘A’, facies ‘B’ and facies ‘C’. A hardground exists between facies B and facies C. Lack of sedimentary structures and high mud content indicates low energy depositional setting for the Nodular limestone Formation. Similarly, Bryozoan limestone Formation is divisible into five facies: facies ‘D’, facies ‘E’, facies ‘F’, facies ‘G’ and facies ‘H’ based on grain size variation and sedimentary structures. All of these five facies are fossiliferous. Glauconites are present within facies ‘G’ and have two modes of occurrence - as infilling within Bryozoan limestone and as altered feldspar. Presence of both small- and large-scale cross-stratification in Bryozoan limestone with lesser mud content are indicative of high energy shallow marine conditions. Large-scale cross-stratifications are possibly representing tidal bars while the small scale cross stratifications are formed in inter bar setting. Presence of reactivation surfaces within facies ‘E’ also supports their tidal origin. Increase in depositional energy condition is also evident from dominated by packstone facies.

“Fête de la Soupe”: rural identity, self-representation, and the(re)-making of the village in France

2018 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 296-314 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hélène B. Ducros
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Rural Setting ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Rural Identity ◽  
Organizational Challenges ◽  
The Past ◽  
Rural France ◽  
The Village ◽  
Do So

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore a grassroot festival in rural France organized around the concept of soup. The annual fête de la soupe held in a village in Auvergne provides a small-scale example of the ways in which space, time and festivalization interact in placemaking. Design/methodology/approach Ethnographic research highlights the motivations and experiences of the organizers and volunteer-participants, as well as some of the organizational challenges. Findings Revealing that the profit motive and economic outcomes are not dominant, this paper shows instead that the fête constitutes a space of relation-building between place and people, between people themselves and an introspective moment over the past and future of place as “rural”. While preserving rurality symbolized and mediated by the exchange of soup as the ultimate peasant dish, the festival is also an opportunity for villagers to revitalize the rural and showcase it as a place of creativity. Originality/value The study addresses the experience of volunteers and organizers in festivals, uses qualitative methods to do so and focuses on festivals in the rural setting, filling three gaps identified by others in the literature.

Tearing Resistance of Advanced Double Hulls

1997 ◽  
Vol 41 (01) ◽  
pp. 69-80
Author(s):  
Mark D. Bracco ◽  
Tomasz Wierzbicki
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Cutting Force ◽  
Average Error ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Complex Deformation ◽  
Scale Models ◽  
State Force ◽  
Deformation Patterns ◽  
Double Hull ◽  
Tearing Resistance

This paper studies the cutting by a wedge of advanced double hull (ADH) small-scale models. A total of six cutting experiments were performed with six different wedge geometries. Complex deformation patterns observed in the damaged specimens were simplified to obtain a closed-form upper bound for the steady-state cutting force. The ADH steady-state cutting force solution varied from 6% above to 12% below the experimental mean steady-state force. The absolute average error is 5%.

scholarly journals Energy Balance Calculations for the Ablation Period 1982 at Vernagtferner. Oetztal Alps

1985 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 158-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
Heidi Escher-Vetter
Keyword(s):  
Heat Flux ◽  
Energy Balance ◽  
Air Temperature ◽  
Sensible Heat Flux ◽  
Longwave Radiation ◽  
Radiation Balance ◽  
Sensible Heat ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Climatic Pattern

In this paper, some features of energy balance terms will be discussed in respect to the melting capacity available at the surface of Vernagtferner in the Oetztal Alps. The climatic pattern of summer 1982 is described, then the method of calculating individual terms (shortwave and longwave radiation balance, sensible and latent heat flux) from records of radiation, air temperature, humidity and wind. The results of these calculations are discussed for ice, firn and snow areas of the glacier. In particular the relationship between the four terms is shown for 15 July 1982, the day with highest meltwater production in 1982. These values are then compared with the maximum values of the individual terms, showing that the highest meltwater production is caused by the combination of quite high values of the individual terms, but not of the absolutely highest ones. The importance of sensible heat flux for meltwater production in 1982 is discussed: comparison between meltwater production for the whole summer and measured runoff shows reasonable accordance.

Crystallization of basaltic magma as recorded by variation of crystal-size in dikes

1949 ◽  
Vol 28 (205) ◽  
pp. 557-574 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helmut G. F. Winkler
Keyword(s):  
Grain Size ◽  
Quantitative Data ◽  
Crystal Size ◽  
Basaltic Magma ◽  
Size Variation ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Lava Flows ◽  
The Individual

It is a familiar fact that in dikes, lava-flows, and sills the grain-size of the individual minerals normally varies according to the distance from the contacts. At or near the margins of the igneous body the grainsize is usually very much less than in the centre, and this phenomenon has been attributed to differences in the cooling-velocities at these spots. On the basis of measurements carried out by Queneau (8) the opinion seems to have been formed that the crystal-size always shows a progressive increase from the contacts towards the centre. This is not so, however, for as Lane (6) has shown, the crystal-size may increase to a maximum at a certain distance from the margin, and thereafter decrease again towards the centre of the intrusion. Apart from these investigations, carried out by Queneau and Lane, the only additioual quantitative data oil crystal-size variation known to the writer concerns a series of measurements made on an olivine-diabase by B. H. Dollen, under the direction of H. L. Alling.

‘A volcano viewed from afar’: the Music of Salvatore Sciarrino

Tempo ◽  
1995 ◽  
pp. 22-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicolas Hodges
Keyword(s):  
Contemporary Music ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Music Ensembles ◽  
Do So

With the exception of a few small-scale pieces programmed by the more adventurous contemporary music ensembles, the music of Salvatore Sciarrino has not been performed frequently in this country; BBC Radio 3 has given occasional airtime to larger works, but we have yet to hear much of his most important music in any form. This article should act, I hope, as a pointer to readers who might wish to explore his output on disc, which currently is really the only way to do so in this country.

Composite reinforcement of L-spliced wood piles

2012 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 713-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
François P. d’Entremont ◽  
Gérard J. Poitras ◽  
Gabriel LaPlante
Keyword(s):  
Bending Strength ◽  
Average Error ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Reinforced Polymer ◽  
Restoration Technique ◽  
Glass Fibre Reinforced Polymer ◽  
Ultimate Bending Strength ◽  
Fibre Reinforced Polymer ◽  
Glass Fibre Reinforced ◽  
Matched Samples

An experimental study was conducted to evaluate the flexural strength of restored wood piles strengthened with a glass fibre reinforced polymer (GFRP). Small-scale testing on matched samples of mini landscape ties (3″ × 4″ × 8′) treated with a preservative was carried out. To represent a restoration technique recently introduced on pier piles in Atlantic Canada, a sample was first cut into an L shape at mid-length. The two pieces of the sample were spliced together and wrapped with GFRP. Results show that restored samples had an increase in bending strength of approximately 32% versus the un-spliced control samples. Furthermore, ductile behaviour was observed for all restored samples. A theoretical model was investigated and shown capable of predicting the ultimate bending strength of restored samples with an average error of 2.7% compared to experimental results.

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