scholarly journals Do wild titi monkeys show empathy?

2014 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-28 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Clyvia ◽  
M. C. Kaizer ◽  
R. V. Santos ◽  
R. J. Young ◽  
C. Cäsar
Keyword(s):  
Predation Risk ◽  
Hind Limb ◽  
Motor Coordination ◽  
Agonistic Behaviour ◽  
Visual Contact ◽  
Titi Monkeys ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Callicebus Nigrifrons ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Group D

Abstract. We observed a putative case of empathy among wild black-fronted titi monkeys (Callicebus nigrifrons) from two different groups (D and R). In over 10 years of behavioural observations of five habituated groups of this species, only low levels of inter-group tolerance have been observed. However, on one day, we encountered the adult male from group D limping (poor hind limb motor coordination) as he travelled alone along the ground. Interestingly, we observed that members of group R did not express any agonistic behaviour towards this neighbouring male and apparently allowed this disabled individual to follow them in the forest for over 5 h. They stayed low in the forest (< 2 m above the ground) and < 10 m horizontally from the individual, and remained in visual contact with him. At the end of the day, this male from group D slept in the sleeping site of group R and was groomed by the adult female of group R. Such tolerance between members of different groups has never been previously observed in this species. Furthermore, group R exposed themselves to increased predation risk by staying close to the ground for protracted periods. The behaviour of group R could be interpreted by as a putative case of empathic responding in this species.

scholarly journals STRESS RESISTANCE AND COPY STRATEGIES OF STUDENTS ’BEHAVIOR DURING THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS IN HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS

2021 ◽  
pp. 98-107
Author(s):  
Andrii Cherkashyn
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Stress Resistance ◽  
Mental Stress ◽  
Higher Education Institutions ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Self Control ◽  
Psychological Science ◽  
Effective Activity ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
The Individual

The article considers the main approaches to the problem of stress resistance of students in higher education institutions of Ukraine. It is determined that a number of scientists consider stress resistance as a property of the individual that determines its effective activity, and others as cognitively conditioned mechanisms for overcoming stress. It is noted that in psychological science there are other views on the stress resistance of the individual, but when studying the stress resistance of students in the educational process of higher education, it is advisable to use the above approaches. Studies suggest that most students have low levels of psychological stress, mental stress and medium, high levels of resilience. The main coping strategies of students’ behavior in stressful situations are “confrontational coping”, “avoidance”, “self-control” and “problem solving planning”.

scholarly journals PENGARUH SKEMA KOMPENSASI, SELF EFFICACY DAN PENALARAN MORAL TERHADAP SLACK BUDGETING

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-96
Author(s):  
Nayang Helmayunita ◽  
Ade Elsa Betavia
Keyword(s):  
Moral Reasoning ◽  
Laboratory Experiment ◽  
Self Efficacy ◽  
Accounting Students ◽  
State University ◽  
Compensation Scheme ◽  
Budgetary Slack ◽  
Causal Factors ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
The Individual

This study aims to examine the effect of compensation schemes, self efficacy and moral reasoning on slack budgeting. In this study the hypothesis is proposed that in the slack inducing compensation scheme the slack budgeting will be greater than using the truth inducing compensation scheme, then managers with low self efficacy will do slack budgeting compared to those with high self efficacy. It is also proposed that the individual with low moral reasoning will do slack budgeting rather than the individual with high moral reasoning. The research design in this study was a quasi 2 x 2 laboratory experiment, with Accounting students who had sat in the 5th semester of Padang State University as lower level managers who participated in budgeting. The statistical method used to test the hypothesis is two-way ANOVA. This study provides results that the compensation scheme can affect slack budgeting actions, self efficacy has no effect on slack budgeting actions, and the interaction between slack inducing compensation schemes with low self efficacy has no effect on slack budgeting actions. Moral reasoning affects slack budgeting actions, and at lower level managers who have low levels of moral reasoning and low levels of self efficacy, interactions with slack inducing compensation schemes affect slack budgeting actions. The results of this study can contribute in the management accounting literature related to budgetary slack and its causal factors. Keyword: Slack Budgeting, Compensation Schemes, Self Efficacy, and Moral Reasoning.

Does Lead at Low Dose Affect Intelligence in Children?

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1981 ◽  
Vol 68 (6) ◽  
pp. 894-896
Author(s):  
Herbert L. Needleman ◽  
David Bellinger ◽  
Alan Leviton
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Low Dose ◽  
Intelligence Test ◽  
Pediatric Clinic ◽  
Study Find ◽  
Group Data ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
The One ◽  
The Individual

Ernhart et al, on the basis of their own follow-up data and an incorrect critique of a single study, find reason to question the entire literature documenting the adverse effects of low levels of lead. They assert that, if effects exist, they are minimal. To reach this sweeping conclusion, they contradict or ignore the findings of the earlier study by Perino and Ernhart, misread a table from the one study they single out for criticism, and draw debatable conclusions from their own data. We conclude by calling the readers' attention to this sentence: "While the effects of subclinical lead intoxication may not be noted in the individual cases seen in a pediatric clinic, analysis of group data indicate quite clearly (emphasis added) that performance on an intelligence test is impaired."

scholarly journals Hope of Recovery in Patients in the Terminal Phase of Cancer under Palliative and Hospice Care in Poland

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-7
Author(s):  
Bożena Baczewska ◽  
Bogusław Block ◽  
Beata Kropornicka ◽  
Antoni Niedzielski ◽  
Maria Malm ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Palliative Care ◽  
Hospice Care ◽  
Terminal Phase ◽  
Family Socioeconomic Status ◽  
Terminally Ill Cancer Patients ◽  
Patients With Cancer ◽  
Causal Treatment ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Oncologic Therapy

Introduction. The objective of the presented research is to characterize hope in the situational dimension, i.e., health, in the patients with cancer in the terminal phase of the disease, being treated in hospices and palliative care centers. Hope is very important for all the patients, especially for patients with cancer in various phases of the disease. Giving up on oncologic therapy and causal treatment is often associated with a transition into palliative care. When death and a loss of values become a threat, the individual has got hope to rely on. Material and Methods. The study relies on the Test to Measure Hope in the Health Context (NCN-36) by B.L. Block. 246 patients in the terminal phase of cancer participated in the study. Results. The internal structure of hope of recovery in the patients’ group was varied. The patients showed low levels of hope of recovery since they do not believe in the effectiveness of treatment. They were also not convinced of the effectiveness of modifications in dieting, lifestyle, or the use of nonconventional medicine. They trusted the doctor in charge and were moderately satisfied with the therapy in use. The intensity of hope of recovery was on the low level in the patients in the terminal phase of cancer. Age, sex, place of living, and marital status had a significant influence on the level of hope of recovery. Variables such as living on one’s own or living with one’s family, socioeconomic status, education, or profession did not affect the level of hope of recovery. Conclusions. The presented results allowed as to conclude that the assessment of hope in terminally ill cancer patients can be considered as one of the important tools enabling the personalization and the improvement of palliative care.

scholarly journals A Child’s Perception of Their Developmental Difficulties in Relation to Their Adult Assessment. Analysis of the INPP Questionnaire

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 156
Author(s):  
Alina Demiy ◽  
Agata Kalemba ◽  
Maria Lorent ◽  
Anna Pecuch ◽  
Ewelina Wolańska ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Health ◽  
Present State ◽  
Motor Coordination ◽  
Health Problems ◽  
Scientific Conference ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
Children And Parents ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual

This study involved a comparison of the perception of developmental difficulties in a child by the parents, the teacher, and through the child’s self-assessment. Based on the Institute for Neuro-Psychological Psychology (INPP) questionnaire according to S. Goddard Blythe, three groups were examined: schoolchildren, parents, and teachers. Each of them answered a set of 21 questions and assessed the degree of occurrence of a given difficulty for the child on a scale from 0 to 4. The questions concerned psychomotor problems related to balance, motor coordination and concentration, as well as school skills. In total, 49 questionnaires from children and parents and 46 from teachers were used for the study. The mean answer to each question was calculated within the following groups: child–parent, child–teacher, and parent–teacher. The sum of the children’s answer points was significantly higher than the sum of the parents’ answer points (p = 0.037). Children assessed their developmental difficulties more strongly than teachers, but this difference was not statistically significant. The individual difficulties of the children were assessed significantly more seriously or more gently than by the National Scientific Conference “Human health problems—causes, present state, ways for the future” speeches by 44 teacher participants on 5 June 2020. Parents and teachers also assessed the children’s difficulties significantly differently (p = 0.044). The biggest difference in answers concerned the question of maintaining attention. The obtained results indicate a significant difference in the perception of difficulties occurring in the same child by the teacher and the parent. The child’s behavior in school and home environments may be different and, depending on the requirements, assessed differently. Children perceive their difficulties much more seriously than adults. Talking and the support of adults can make it easier for a child to overcome developmental difficulties.

INVESTIGATION OF HORMETIC STIMULATION IN STRAWBERRY PLANTS USING IONIZING RADIATION

1987 ◽  
Vol 67 (4) ◽  
pp. 1181-1192 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. C. SHEPPARD ◽  
C. L. GIBB ◽  
J. L. HAWKINS ◽  
W. R. REMPHREY
Keyword(s):  
Ionizing Radiation ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Early Growth ◽  
Dominant Factor ◽  
X Rays ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Significant Stimulation ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Stimulation Of

Hormesis is the stimulation of growth by very low levels of inhibitors or stressors. This phenomenon may be useful in crops where the usual cultural factors have been optimized. The literature indicates that substantial stimulation of early growth of strawberries (Fragaria × ananassa) could be achieved by exposing transplants to low doses of ionizing radiation. Experiments were conducted to test the effectiveness and reliability of X rays as a hormetic agent. Plants of a day-neutral cultivar Hecker and of a June-bearing cultivar Glooscap were irradiated at 0.5–16 Gy and planted in pots. The plants were grown outdoors and growth was recorded each week. Significant stimulation above the controls in the number of trifoliate leaves occurred in the day-neutral cultivar. This effect persisted until the first phase of fruiting. No significant stimulatory effects were observed at any time in the June-bearing cultivar. Two field trials with a June-bearing cultivar Redcoat, irradiated at doses of 0.5 and 2 Gy, also revealed no significant stimulation. The dominant factor regulating early growth was the size of the individual transplants. Therefore, although hormetic stimulation may occur, it will be difficult to quantify and optimize and it will not likely be useful for practical application.Key words: X ray, transplant, day-neutral, June-bearing

scholarly journals Prey synchronize their vigilant behaviour with other group members

2007 ◽  
Vol 274 (1615) ◽  
pp. 1287-1291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier Pays ◽  
Pierre-Cyril Renaud ◽  
Patrice Loisel ◽  
Maud Petit ◽  
Jean-François Gerard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Predation Risk ◽  
Group Size ◽  
Prey Species ◽  
Group Members ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Group Member

It is generally assumed that an individual of a prey species can benefit from an increase in the number of its group's members by reducing its own investment in vigilance. But what behaviour should group members adopt in relation to both the risk of being preyed upon and the individual investment in vigilance? Most models assume that individuals scan independently of one another. It is generally argued that it is more profitable for each group member owing to the cost that coordination of individual scans in non-overlapping bouts of vigilance would require. We studied the relationships between both individual and collective vigilance and group size in Defassa waterbuck, Kobus ellipsiprymnus defassa , in a population living under a predation risk. Our results confirmed that the proportion of time an individual spent in vigilance decreased with group size. However, the time during which at least one individual in the group scanned the environment (collective vigilance) increased. Analyses showed that individuals neither coordinated their scanning in an asynchronous way nor scanned independently of one another. On the contrary, scanning and non-scanning bouts were synchronized between group members, producing waves of collective vigilance. We claim that these waves are triggered by allelomimetic effects i.e. they are a phenomenon produced by an individual copying its neighbour's behaviour.

Learning Disabilities in Written Expression

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carleen Franz ◽  
Lee Ascherman ◽  
Julia Shaftel
Keyword(s):  
Oral Language ◽  
Motor Coordination ◽  
Written Language ◽  
Reading Disorders ◽  
Spatial Skills ◽  
Academic Tasks ◽  
Writing Problems ◽  
Writing Disabilities ◽  
Underlying Causes ◽  
The Individual

Writing disabilities have many potential origins, including oral language deficits, motor coordination problems, and reading disabilities. Multiple potential sources of written language problems are described, along with the integrative aspects of the writing process that make it one of the most demanding academic tasks. Remedial interventions vary according to the identified cause of the problem based on the results of the psychoeducational evaluation. Remediation targeting the individual and modifications to classroom instruction may be required. Case studies illustrate three different underlying causes of writing problems. Key among these are motor and spatial skills, general language ability, and comorbid behavioral or reading disorders.

scholarly journals Effects of Nonpolar Mutations in Each of the Seven Bacillus subtilis mrp Genes Suggest Complex Interactions among the Gene Products in Support of Na+ and Alkali but Not Cholate Resistance

2000 ◽  
Vol 182 (20) ◽  
pp. 5663-5670 ◽  
Author(s):  
Masahiro Ito ◽  
Arthur A. Guffanti ◽  
Wei Wang ◽  
Terry A. Krulwich
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Subtilis ◽  
Membrane Vesicles ◽  
Alkali Resistance ◽  
Gene Products ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Upstream Gene ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Secondary Membrane

ABSTRACT The Bacillus subtilis mrp (multiple resistance and pH) operon supports Na+ and alkali resistance via an Na+/H+ antiport, as well as cholate efflux and resistance. Among the individual mutants with nonpolar mutations in each of the seven mrp genes, only the mrpFmutant exhibited cholate sensitivity and a cholate efflux defect that were complemented by expression of the deleted gene in trans. Expression of mrpF in the mrp null (VKN1) strain also restored cholate transport and increased Na+ efflux, indicating that MrpF does not require even low levels of other mrp gene expression for its own function. In contrast to MrpF, MrpA function had earlier seemed to depend upon at least modest expression of other mrp genes, i.e., mrpA restored Na+ resistance and efflux to strain VK6 (a polar mrpA mutant which expresses low levels of mrpB to -G) but not to the null strain VKN1. In a wild-type background, each nonpolar mutation in individual mrp genes caused profound Na+sensitivity at both pH 7.0 and 8.3. The mrpA andmrpD mutants were particularly sensitive to alkaline pH even without added Na+. While transport assays in membrane vesicles from selected strains indicated that MrpA-dependent antiport can occur by a secondary, proton motive force-dependent mechanism, the requirement for multiple mrp gene products suggests that there are features of energization, function, or stabilization that differ from typical secondary membrane transporters. Northern analyses indicated regulatory relationships among mrp genes as well. All the mrp mutants, especially the mrpA,-B, -D, -E, and -G mutants, had elevated levels of mrp RNA relative to the wild type. Expression of an upstream gene, maeN, that encodes an Na+/malate symporter, was coordinately regulated withmrp, although it is not part of the operon.

Experimentally produced porphyria in animals

1955 ◽  
Vol 143 (911) ◽  
pp. 257-279 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Systolic Blood Pressure ◽  
Chemical Structure ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Rabbit Liver ◽  
Acute Porphyria ◽  
Poor Appetite ◽  
Porphyrin Metabolism ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
The Individual

The chemical findings of Schmid & Schwartz (1952) in experimental porphyria of rabbits induced by sedormid have been confirmed. Since sedormid is hypnotic, a group of related drugs has been tested to find one which might produce the chemical picture in animals without hypnosis. Such a drug is allyl- iso propyl-acetamide (A.I.A.). In this investigation, the constant chemical structure affecting porphyrin metabolism was found to be CH 2 =CH—CH 2 —CH R —CO—NH—. Some rabbits excrete large amounts of porphobilinogen and uroporphyrin when given either sedormid or A.I.A., others produce little. It is suggested that the cause of this difference is related to a variability of the individual rabbit liver to deal effectively with those drugs. Rabbits, intoxicated with either drug, became constipated, had poor appetite and lost weight. They did not become paralyzed, nor show any change in systolic blood pressure or in their haematological values. Two fowls, one also given a barbiturate, and nine rats wore intoxicated with allyl- iso propyl-acetamide. Although these animals excreted relatively high levels of porphobilinogen and porphyrins, they did not develop paralysis. The experimentally induced porphyria in animals is compared with hum an acute porphyria. The effects are described of reticulo-endothelial blockade, splenectomy and barbiturate administration on porphyria induced experimentally in rabbits. Experimental porphyria appears to be due to an overproduction of porphyrins, rather than to an under-utilization of porphyrin pigments. An atypical porphobilinogen reaction is described. It is present in the early stage of drug intoxication in rabbits and has also been noted in human acute porphyria at low levels of porphobilinogen excretion.

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