Workplace location, polycentricism, and car commuting

Although significant strides have been made regarding the relationship between urban structure and travel, some doubt appears to be lingering concerning the impacts of polycentric urban development. For example, the debate on whether a polycentric or monocentric workplace location pattern is favorable for reducing negative environmental effects from transportation has not been entirely settled. This study intends to contribute to clearing up some of the misconceptions by focusing on the implications of spatial distribution of jobs on commuting patterns among employees within the Oslo metropolitan area. Results show a strong tendency for a higher share of car commuting among employees working in suburban workplaces. This pattern persists also for suburban workplaces located close to suburban transit nodes. The share of transit commuters shows the opposite pattern. Commuting distances also tend to increase the farther from the city center the workplace is located. These conclusions are based on cross-sectional and quasi-longitudinal survey data as well as semi-structured in-depth interviews of workers, including several interviewees who had changed their workplace locations. To our knowledge, this is the first mixed-methods study on the influence of workplace location on commuting behavior. The results raise doubt about the appropriateness of polycentric intra-metropolitan workplace development as a strategy for sustainable mobility.

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Urban Form and Vehicular Travel: Some Empirical Findings

Transportation Research Record Journal of the Transportation Research Board ◽

10.3141/1617-03 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 1617 (1) ◽

pp. 18-27 ◽

Cited By ~ 57

Author(s):

Eric J. Miller ◽

Amal Ibrahim

Keyword(s):

Population Density ◽

Urban Form ◽

Central Core ◽

Urban Structure ◽

Greater Toronto Area ◽

Per Se ◽

Work Trip ◽

Commuting Patterns ◽

The Relationship ◽

The City

Some empirical findings are presented on the relationship between urban form and work trip commuting efficiency, drawn from the analysis of 1986 work trip commuting patterns in the greater Toronto area. Work trip commuting efficiency is measured with respect to the average number of vehicle kilometers traveled (VKT) per worker in a given zone. Preliminary findings include VKT per worker increases as one moves away from both the central core of the city and from other high-density employment centers within the region; job-housing balance, per se, shows little impact on commuting VKT; and population density, in and of itself, does not explain variations on commuting VKT once other urban structure variables have been accounted for.

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Sanitasi Pemukiman pada Masyarakat dengan Riwayat Penyakit Berbasis Lingkungan

Jurnal Kesehatan ◽

10.26630/jk.v11i1.1697 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (1) ◽

pp. 44

Author(s):

Mei Ahyanti

Keyword(s):

Test Results ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Sanitation Facility ◽

Geographical Regions ◽

Cross Sectional Design ◽

Multistage Sampling ◽

Almost All ◽

Relationship Of ◽

The Relationship ◽

The City

Environmental-based diseases (PBL) are a health problem and occur in almost all geographical regions in the world. Every year, environment-based diseases are always found and reported to spread evenly at every Puskesmas in Bandar Lampung City. Settlement sanitation is an important aspect directly related to health and society. "Waterborne Disease" disease is still high, proving that there are still sanitation problems in settlements. The study aims to determine the relationship of settlement sanitation with environmental-based diseases in the city of Bandar Lampung. The study used a cross-sectional design, the population is all households in Bandar Lampung City. The sample was 384 respondents, taken randomly using multistage sampling. The results found 14,3% of respondents had a physical component of an unhealthy house, 45,3% of respondents had an unhealthy sanitation facility, 40,1% of the occupants of the house behaved in an unhealthy manner. The test results statistically concluded that there was a significant relationship between settlement sanitation and the incidence of environmental-based diseases.

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Diverging trends of respiratory allergies and eczema in Greek schoolchildren: Six surveys during 1991‐2018

Allergy and Asthma Proceedings ◽

10.2500/aap.2022.43.210110 ◽

2022 ◽

Vol 43 (1) ◽

pp. e17-e24 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Styliani Malliori ◽

Alexandros Ntzounas ◽

Panagiotis Lampropoulos ◽

Eleana Koliofoti ◽

Kostas N. Priftis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Relative Risk ◽

Forced Expiratory Volume ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Current Asthma ◽

The Past ◽

Respiratory Allergies ◽

Children With Asthma ◽

Questionnaire Surveys ◽

The Relationship ◽

The City

Background: The prevalence of childhood asthma, rhinoconjunctivitis, and eczema in the city of Patras, Greece, has been followed in four consecutive surveys since 1991. After a continuous rise in the prevalence of all three of these disorders, a plateau was reached for asthma between 2003 and 2008, whereas the prevalence of rhinoconjunctivitis and eczema continued to increase. Objective: To investigate these trends in the same population into the following decade. Methods: We repeated two methodologically identical cross-sectional parental questionnaire surveys in 2013 and 2018 among 8‐9-year-old schoolchildren (N = 2554 and N = 2648, respectively). In 2018, spirometry and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) measurements were also performed. Results: Current asthma (i.e., wheeze/asthma in the past 2 years) decreased from 6.9% in 2008 to 5.2% in 2013 and 4.3% in 2018 (p for trend < 0.001). The prevalence of lifetime (“ever had”) rhinoconjunctivitis also declined (5.1% in 2008, 4.4% in 2013, 3.0% in 2018; p for trend < 0.001), whereas that of lifetime eczema increased (10.8%, 13.6%, and 16.1%, respectively; p for trend < 0.001). The relative risk of current asthma in children with ever-had rhinoconjundtivitis was 7.73 in 2008, 6.00 in 2013, and 6.69 in 2018, whereas the relative risk in those with ever-had eczema was 5.15, 2.80, and 2.22, respectively. Among children with asthma, those with rhinoconjunctivitis had lower forced expiratory volume in the first second of expiration and higher FeNO values than those with eczema. Conclusion: The prevalence of asthma and rhinoconjunctivitis declined during the past decade in Greek schoolchildren, whereas the prevalence of eczema continued to rise. Nevertheless, the relationship between rhinoconjunctivitis and asthma remained strong, whereas the association between eczema and asthma appears to have weakened.

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Internet and Social Isolation: A Comparative Study of the Effect of Internet Use on Social Isolation Between Young and Middle-Aged Individuals

Shiraz E-Medical Journal ◽

10.5812/semj.114601 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol In Press (In Press) ◽

Author(s):

Maryam Hashempour-Sadeghian ◽

Mohammad Taghi Abbasi Shavazi

Keyword(s):

Social Isolation ◽

Internet Use ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Middle Aged ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Significance Level ◽

Received Social Support ◽

The Relationship ◽

The City ◽

People Today

Background: One of the symptoms of mental health disorders is social isolation which refers to unfavorable social relationships with other people. Today, Internet use is an important predictor of social isolation. Objectives: The present study aimed to investigate the relationship between Internet use and social isolation (objective-subjective) in young and middle-aged individuals in the city of Shiraz. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 600 young and middle-aged (15 - 65 years old) individuals in Shiraz, Iran. Data were collected using three questionnaires (objective isolation with four subscales, subjective isolation with two subscales, and the amount of Internet use). Regression analyses were used to analyze the data. Results: Regression analysis showed that in objective isolation, Internet use increased just two subscales, including network diversity (P < 0.001) and the level of social participation (P < 0.001). It can be argued that the Internet has partly reduced social isolation in the objective dimension. In the subjective dimension, Internet use has increased the received social support (P < 0.001). Thus, Internet use would reduce the level of social isolation in the subjective dimension (P < 0.001). Although the significance level of the relationship between Internet use and social isolation is almost the same in both generations, the intensity of middle-aged relationships is higher than that in young people. Conclusions: Internet use has reduced social isolation; however, considering the low intensity of the reduction of isolation, it is argued that Internet use does not isolate people but just does not upgrade them much.

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Asupan Energi, Zat Gizi Makro dan Pertambahan Berat Badan Ibu Hamil

Jurnal Kesehatan ◽

10.26630/jk.v12i2.2177 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 156

Author(s):

Nurmela Setia Ningsih ◽

Betty Yosephin Simanjuntak ◽

Miratul Haya

Keyword(s):

Weight Gain ◽

Pregnant Women ◽

Protein Intake ◽

Total Sample ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Vulnerable Groups ◽

P Value ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

The Relationship ◽

The City

Pregnant women are one of the vulnerable groups. During pregnancy, there is an increase in the need for nutrients to meet the needs of the mother and fetus as well as preparation for labor. It is very important to pay attention to the recommended weight gain during pregnancy to prevent the occurrence of low birth weight. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between energy, carbohydrate, fat, and protein intake on weight gain of pregnant women in the city of Bengkulu. The design of this study was a cross-sectional study with a total sample of 47 pregnant women who had received an education of the first thousand days of life when registering to become a prospective bride at the Religious Affairs Office. As many as 53.2% of mothers had good weight gain and had a relationship between energy intake (p-value 0,032), carbohydrate intake (p-value 0,024), protein intake (p-value 0,039), and fat intake (p-value 0,023). Energy and macronutrients have a relationship with the weight gain of pregnant women in the group of preconception couples who have received education about the first 1000 days of life. It is hoped that pregnant women will be able to control their weight during pregnancy and apply the knowledge that has been obtained through education while preconception age.

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Exposure to Social Media Advertisements and Youth's Response

Global Regional Review ◽

10.31703/grr.2020(v-iii).16 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol V (III) ◽

pp. 144-150

Author(s):

Ashraf Iqbal ◽

Tanveer Hussain ◽

Rashid Aslam

Keyword(s):

Social Media ◽

Primary Data ◽

Exploratory Research ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Major Purpose ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Purchasing Behaviour ◽

Social Media Advertising ◽

The Relationship ◽

The City

The major purpose of this study is to examine the effects of social media advertising on the purchase behaviour of young university students. The study employed an exploratory research design and cross-sectional survey technique. On the basis of a comprehensive literature review, research hypotheses were formulated to investigate the relationship between study variables. The primary data were collected using questionnaires from students of public sector universities operating in the city of Faisalabad, Pakistan. Non-probability and convenience sampling were adopted in the selection of target respondents, which were 283 students, both day-scholars and boarding students. The findings reveal that social media advertising affects the purchasing behaviour of social media users. The recommendations of the study are that the companies should concentrate more on promotional activities using social networks as this is more effective, less costly and accessible to a large number of target audiences.

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The relationship between spiritual health and social trust among students

Journal of Mind and Medical Sciences ◽

10.22543/7674.81.p100107 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 100-107

Author(s):

Farzin Rezaei ◽

Hero Hassan ◽

Arezoo Fallahi ◽

Reza Gheshlagh ◽

Shahram Sadeghi ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Regression Models ◽

Social Trust ◽

Simple Random Sampling ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Spiritual Health ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Logistic Regression Models ◽

Iranian Students ◽

The Relationship ◽

The City

Social trust and spiritual health play an important role in social communication. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between spiritual health and social trust among Iranian students. This cross-sectional study was conducted in the city of Sanandaj, in the West of Iran, in 2018. 686 students from 5 universities were included in the study through simple random sampling. The data were collected using established, reliable instruments for the assessment of social trust and spiritual health. Logistic regression models were applied to assess the association between social trust and spiritual health. We reported estimated logits and Odds Ratios (OR) with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). The students with a literate father had substantially higher odds of social trust (OR=1.98, 95% CI=1.19-3.28, p<0.01). Also, similar findings were obtained for students with a literate mother compared to those with an illiterate mother (OR=2.09, 95% CI=1.33-3.28, p<0.01). The odds of social trust also increased with the father’s employment status (OR=13.06, 95% CI=4.16-41, p<0.01). The odds of social trust increased with religious health (OR=1.05, 95% CI=1.03-1.08, p<0.01). It is essential to increase spiritual health and the parents’ literacy to promote social trust among the students.

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Policentryczność regionów miejskich w Polsce = Polycentricity of urban regions in Poland

Przegląd Geograficzny ◽

10.7163/przg.2020.4.1 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 92 (4) ◽

pp. 455-474

Author(s):

Bartosz Bartosiewicz ◽

Szymon Marcińczak

Keyword(s):

Urban Development ◽

Statistical Significance ◽

Regional Distribution ◽

Two Dimensions ◽

Morphological Development ◽

Urban Structure ◽

Urban Regions ◽

Two Measures ◽

Commuting Patterns ◽

The Relationship

Studies dealing with the issue of polycentric urban development, both functional and morphological, often promote different approaches to the measurement of polycentricity. Relying on data on commuting patterns and the intra-regional distribution of population in Poland in 2011, we apply two measures of polycentricity to shed more light on the functional and morphological development of urban regions in Poland. We also explore the relationship between the two dimensions of polycentricity, using a functional/morphological primacy index and a general functional polycentricity index. The results reveal regions for which the different measures suggest divergent conclusions, while also implying that the measure used can determine the strength and statistical significance of the relationship between the two dimensions to polycentricity. As, in our view, it is the measure advocated by Burger et al. (2011) that best seems to differentiate between the different forms of urban structure, we use this to summarise patterns of polycentric urban development in Poland. The results illustrate: the statistical significance of the relationship between the two (morphological and functional) dimensions to polycentricity in Poland’s urban regions, and the way in which the level of functional polycentricity is higher than the degree of functional polycentricity.

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PERCEPTION OF HARM AND BENEFITS OF MARIJUANA AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH THE INTENTION OF USE AND CONSUMPTION IN COLOMBIAN ADOLESCENTS

Texto & Contexto - Enfermagem ◽

10.1590/1980-265x-tce-cicad-15-8 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 28 (spe) ◽

Author(s):

Maria Fernanda Reyes Rodriguez ◽

Akwatu Khenti

Keyword(s):

Public School ◽

Intention To Use ◽

Cross Sectional Survey ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Regulatory Changes ◽

Study Results ◽

The Relationship ◽

The City ◽

Recreational Use ◽

Perception Of Harm

ABSTRACT Objective: analyze the relationship between the perception of harm and benefits associated with the use of marijuana and its relation to real consumption, as well as the intention to use it in a context of regulatory changes, in young students, between 15 and 17 years old, of a public school in Bogota Colombia. Method: a quantitative, cross-sectional survey was carried out. 268 students in grade 9th to 11th from a public school in the city of Bogotá, Colombia participated of the study. Results: results reveled that there is an association between the perception of benefits and the consumption of marijuana. In addition, how a low perception of risk is associated with an intention to use in a context of legalization. Conclusion: this is one of the first studies in Colombia which explores the intention to use (at age 18) in a context of regulatory changes, as well as the attitude of young people towards the legalization of marijuana for medicinal and recreational use.

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INVESTIGATING THE INFLUENCE OF TREE COVERAGE ON PROPERTY CRIME: A CASE STUDY IN THE CITY OF VANCOUVER, BRITISH COLUMBIA, CANADA

ISPRS - International Archives of the Photogrammetry, Remote Sensing and Spatial Information Sciences ◽

10.5194/isprsarchives-xli-b2-695-2016 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol XLI-B2 ◽

pp. 695-702 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Yifei Chen ◽

Yuenan Li ◽

Jonathan Li

Keyword(s):

Property Crime ◽

Ordinary Least Squares ◽

Crime Rates ◽

Airborne Lidar ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Cross Sectional Analysis ◽

Tree Coverage ◽

Sectional Analysis ◽

The Relationship ◽

The City

With the development of Geographic Information Systems (GIS), crime mapping becomes an effective approach to investigate the spatial pattern of crime in a defined area. Understanding the relationship between crime and its surrounding environment can reveal possible strategies that can reduce crime in a neighbourhood. The relationship between vegetation density and crime has been under debate for a long time. This research is conducted to investigate the impacts of tree coverage on property crime in the City of Vancouver. High spatial resolution airborne LiDAR data collected in 2013 was used for the extraction of tree covered area for cross-sectional analysis. The independent variables were put into Ordinary Least-Squares (OLS) regression, Spatial Lag regression, and Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) models to examine their influences on property crime rates. According to the results, the cross-sectional analysis demonstrated statistical evidences that property crime rates had negative correlations with tree coverage, with greater influences occurred around Downtown Vancouver.

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