Consequences of the Adopted Fatal Addictive Duplet

This review focus on strong association of smoking and alcohol use with a variety of adverse human health effects, most prominently with cancer and cardiovascular diseases and a number of negative outcomes as a risk factor for diseases and health impacts: crime, road incidence and for some, alcohol dependence. To keep track of alcohol consumption and smoking and its consequences and to raise awareness amongst the public and policy-makers, national monitoring systems to be developed. Tobacco smoking is highly prevalent throughout the world and is, perhaps, the greatest modifiable risk factor for increased morbidity and mortality. Physicians, Pharmacists, Nurses and other healthcare providers have substantial opportunities to influence the pattern of smoking and alcohol usage. Keywords: Alcohol, Smoking, Coronary Heart Disease, Hepatotoxicity, Cancer, Atherosclerosis, Cytochrome P450 enzymes, Alcohol-Drug Interactions, Smoking-Drug Interactions, Smoking and Alcohol Cessation.

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The role of incentives in deciding to receive the available COVID-19 vaccine

10.1101/2021.08.11.21261829 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Liora Shmueli

Keyword(s):

Health Policy ◽

Online Survey ◽

Healthcare Providers ◽

Monetary Incentives ◽

Policy Makers ◽

The Public ◽

Health Related ◽

To Receive ◽

Sense Of Urgency

Objective: To assess the public intention to get vaccinated immediately after COVID-19 vaccine became available, and to determine the role of incentives beyond socio-demographic, health-related and behavioral factors, in predicting this intention. Methods: An online survey was conducted among adults in Israel (n=461), immediately after the first COVID-19 vaccine became available (22/12/2020 to 10/1/2021). Two regressions were performed to investigate determinants of intention to receive the available COVID-19 vaccine and sense of urgency to receive the vaccine. Results: Although many adults were willing to receive available COVID-19 vaccine, only 65% were willing to immediately receive the vaccine, 16% preferred to wait 3 months and 18% preferred to wait a year. The sense of urgency to get vaccinated differed by age, periphery level, perceived barriers, cues to action and availability. Incentives such as monetary rewards or the green pass did not increase the probability of getting vaccination immediately. Conclusions: Providing data on the role of incentives in increasing the intention to immediately receive the available COVID-19 vaccine is important for health policy makers and healthcare providers. Our findings underscore the importance of COVID-19 vaccine accessibility. Practice Implications: Health policy makers should consider allocating funds for making the vaccine accessible and encourage methods of persuasion, instead of investing funds in monetary incentives.

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The Impact of the Public Expenditure Cuts Policy on the Labor Market in Vietnam

Journal of Economics and Development ◽

10.33301/2012.14.03.02 ◽

2012 ◽

pp. 22-46

Author(s):

Huong Nguyen Thi Lan ◽

Toan Pham Ngoc

Keyword(s):

Labor Market ◽

Computable General Equilibrium ◽

Impact Evaluation ◽

Public Expenditure ◽

Computable General Equilibrium Model ◽

Living Standard ◽

Input Output ◽

Policy Makers ◽

The Public ◽

The Impact

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the impact of public expenditure cuts on employment and income to support policies for the development of the labor mar- ket. Impact evaluation is of interest for policy makers as well as researchers. This paper presents a method – that is based on a Computable General Equilibrium model – to analyse the impact of the public expenditure cuts policy on employment and income in industries and occupations in Vietnam using macro data, the Input output table, 2006, 2008 and the 2010 Vietnam Household Living Standard Survey.

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Penguatan Wilayah Perbatasan: Studi Kasus Pulau Sebatik Kabupaten Nunukan Provinsi Kalimantan Timur

Jurnal Ilmu Pemerintahan Nakhoda ◽

10.35967/jipn.v12i2.2905 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 12 (2) ◽

pp. 110

Author(s):

Baskoro Wicaksono

Keyword(s):

Central Government ◽

Secondary Data ◽

Well Being ◽

Research Strategy ◽

Management Policy ◽

Infrastructure Development ◽

Policy Makers ◽

The Public ◽

East Kalimantan ◽

Border Policy

This study describes the border management policy conducted by the central government, provinceof East Kalimantan and Nunukan. Policies such as the establishment of regulatory, institutionalstrengthening, programs and infrastructure development. The policy is getting good responsefrom the elite and the masses. On the other hand policy makers have expectations of localcommunities border synergism Sebatik Island in order to build and develop the border areas so asto break the chain of dependence on Malaysia. The research was conducted in Sebatik Island,East Kalimantan province Nunukan with the formulation of the problem (a) what policies areoriented to maintain borders, (b) How is the public response to government policy, (c) What areyour expectations of policy makers in local communities to regional border. This study usedqualitative methods to phenomenological research strategy. Techniques of data collection in thisstudy using two ways, namely in-depth interviews and secondary data view Results indicate thatthe existing policy of both the central and provincial to district borders do not solve the problembecause it is made on the island of Sebatik with other border regions. The policy does not includelocal knowledge, where it is desperately needed by the people Sebatik. In addition to policies onprograms and infrastructure development of the center, the district adopted a policy of inactionagainst the illegal cross-border trade, which on the one hand against the rules but if enforced thenpeople can not perform economic activities that impact well-being. Policies like this gets a positiveresponse from the public. Expectations for the future border policy is to load local content orlocal knowledge.Keyword: border policy, local knowledge, dependent relationship

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Partisipasi Masyarakat dalam Proses Kebijakan Daerah

Jurnal Desentralisasi ◽

10.37378/jd.2012.2.163-177 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 10 (2) ◽

pp. 163-177

Author(s):

Abdullah Manshur

Keyword(s):

Public Policy ◽

Public Participation ◽

Policy Evaluation ◽

Policy Process ◽

Policy Formulation ◽

Problem Situation ◽

Policy Cycle ◽

Policy Makers ◽

The Public ◽

Policy Making Process

Public policy is a decision to deal with a particular problem situation, that identifies the objectives, principles, ways, and means to achieve them. The ability and understanding of policy makers in the policy-making process is very important for the realization of public policy of rapid, accurate and adequate. The product to suit the needs of the public policy, public participation in the policy process is needed in the policy cycle, from policy formulation to policy evaluation. This paper attempts to review the importance of community participation and other forms of public participation in the policy process, in particular, policy areas.

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A Review: Effects of Macrolides on CYP450 Enzymes

Current Drug Metabolism ◽

10.2174/1389200221666200817113920 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 21 (12) ◽

pp. 928-937

Author(s):

Liyun Zhang ◽

Xiaoqing Xu ◽

Sara Badawy ◽

Awais Ihsan ◽

Zhenli Liu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Drug Interactions ◽

Prescription Drugs ◽

Macrolide Antibiotic ◽

Animal Origin ◽

Macrolide Antibiotics ◽

Cytochrome P450 Enzymes ◽

Rational Use ◽

Animal Origin Food ◽

Endogenous Substances ◽

Exogenous Substances

: As a kind of haemoglobin, cytochrome P450 enzymes (CYP450) participate in the metabolism of many substances, including endogenous substances, exogenous substances and drugs. It is estimated that 60% of common prescription drugs require bioconversion through CYP450. The influence of macrolides on CYP450 contributes to the metabolism and drug-drug interactions (DDIs) of macrolides. At present, most studies on the effects of macrolides on CYP450 are focused on CYP3A, but a few exist on other enzymes and drug combinations, such as telithromycin, which can decrease the activity of hepatic CYP1A2 and CYP3A2. This article summarizes some published applications of the influence of macrolides on CYP450 and the DDIs of macrolides caused by CYP450. And the article may subsequently guide the rational use of drugs in clinical trials. To a certain extent, poisoning caused by adverse drug interactions can be avoided. Unreasonable use of macrolide antibiotics may enable the presence of residue of macrolide antibiotics in animal-origin food. It is unhealthy for people to eat food with macrolide antibiotic residues. So it is of great significance to guarantee food safety and protect the health of consumers by the rational use of macrolides. This review gives a detailed description of the influence of macrolides on CYP450 and the DDIs of macrolides caused by CYP450. Moreover, it offers a perspective for researchers to further explore in this area.

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Anxiety Level of University Students During COVID-19 in Saudi Arabia

Frontiers in Psychiatry ◽

10.3389/fpsyt.2020.579750 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

Author(s):

Heba Bakr Khoshaim ◽

Areej Al-Sukayt ◽

Karuthan Chinna ◽

Mohammad Nurunnabi ◽

Sheela Sundarasen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Saudi Arabia ◽

University Students ◽

Anxiety Level ◽

Educational Systems ◽

Policy Makers ◽

Level Of Education ◽

Future Studies ◽

The Public ◽

Public Enemy ◽

Anxiety Levels

COVID-19 is the worst pandemic of this millennium, and it is considered to be the “public enemy number one.” This catastrophe has changed the way we live in the blink of an eye. Not only has it threatened our existence and health status, but the damage associated with it could equally affect our economic, social, and educational systems. The focus of this study was on the anxiety level of university students during the COVID-19 pandemic in Saudi Arabia. The study was conducted between March and June 2020. A questionnaire was administered online, and 400 completed questionnaires were returned. In this study, the Zung self-rating anxiety scale was used to determine the anxiety levels among the respondents. The results indicated that about 35% of the students experienced moderate to extreme levels of anxiety. Anxiety was highly associated with age, sex, and level of education. These findings can enlighten government agencies and policy makers on the importance of making prompt, effective decisions to address students' anxiety during the COVID-19 pandemic. Researchers are encouraged to focus their future studies on how to develop strategies to boost students' resilience and enhance their adaptability skills for similar disasters in the future.

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Private Agricultural R&D: Do the Poor Benefit?

Journal of Agricultural & Food Industrial Organization ◽

10.1515/jafio-2021-0007 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Jock R. Anderson ◽

Regina Birner ◽

Latha Najarajan ◽

Anwar Naseem ◽

Carl E. Pray

Keyword(s):

Poverty Reduction ◽

Agricultural Research ◽

Farming Systems ◽

Agricultural Technologies ◽

Policy Makers ◽

The Public ◽

The Poor ◽

The World ◽

Agricultural Research And Development ◽

The Impact

Abstract Private agricultural research and development can foster the growth of agricultural productivity in the diverse farming systems of the developing world comparable to the public sector. We examine the extent to which technologies developed by private entities reach smallholder and resource-poor farmers, and the impact they have on poverty reduction. We critically review cases of successfully deployed improved agricultural technologies delivered by the private sector in both large and small developing countries for instructive lessons for policy makers around the world.

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The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Working Conditions, Employment, Career Development and Well-Being of Refugee Researchers

Societies ◽

10.3390/soc11030071 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 71

Author(s):

Ourania Tzoraki ◽

Svetlana Dimitrova ◽

Marin Barzakov ◽

Saad Yaseen ◽

Vasilis Gavalas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Online Survey ◽

Negative Impact ◽

Well Being ◽

Appropriate Technology ◽

Public Authorities ◽

Policy Makers ◽

Home Setting ◽

The Public ◽

Work From Home ◽

The Impact

The ongoing ‘refugee crisis’ of the past years has led to the migration of refugee researchers (RRs) to European countries. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, RRs often had to work from home and/or to continue their social, cultural and economic integration process under new conditions. An online survey carried out to explore the impact of the pandemic on the refugee researchers showed that RRs found it difficult to adapt their everyday working life to the ‘home’ setting. The majority have had neither a suitable work environment at home nor the appropriate technology. Although they stated that they are rather pleased with the measures taken by the public authorities, they expressed concern about their vulnerability due to their precarious contracts and the bureaucratic asylum procedures, as the pandemic has had a negative impact on these major issues. The majority of RRs working in academia seem not to have been affected at all as far as their income is concerned, while the majority of those employed in other sectors became unemployed during the pandemic (58%). Recommendations are provided to the public authorities and policy makers to assist RRs to mitigate the consequences of the pandemic on their life.

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Ten-year trends in epidemiology and outcomes of pediatric kidney replacement therapy in Europe: data from the ESPN/ERA-EDTA Registry

Pediatric Nephrology ◽

10.1007/s00467-021-04928-w ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Marjolein Bonthuis ◽

Enrico Vidal ◽

Anna Bjerre ◽

Özlem Aydoğ ◽

Sergey Baiko ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Replacement Therapy ◽

Cox Regression ◽

Patient Survival ◽

Healthcare Providers ◽

Resource Planning ◽

Policy Makers ◽

Age Related ◽

Kidney Replacement Therapy ◽

Over Time ◽

Related Population

Abstract Background For 10 consecutive years, the ESPN/ERA-EDTA Registry has included data on children with stage 5 chronic kidney disease (CKD 5) receiving kidney replacement therapy (KRT) in Europe. We examined trends in incidence and prevalence of KRT and patient survival. Methods We included all children aged <15 years starting KRT 2007–2016 in 22 European countries participating in the ESPN/ERA-EDTA Registry since 2007. General population statistics were derived from Eurostat. Incidence and prevalence were expressed per million age-related population (pmarp) and time trends studied with JoinPoint regression. We analyzed survival trends using Cox regression. Results Incidence of children commencing KRT <15 years remained stable over the study period, varying between 5.5 and 6.6 pmarp. Incidence by treatment modality was unchanged over time: 2.0 for hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD) and 1.0 for transplantation. Prevalence increased in all age categories and overall rose 2% annually from 26.4 pmarp in 2007 to 32.1 pmarp in 2016. Kidney transplantation prevalence increased 5.1% annually 2007–2009, followed by 1.5% increase/year until 2016. Prevalence of PD steadily increased 1.4% per year over the entire period, and HD prevalence started increasing 6.1% per year from 2011 onwards. Five-year unadjusted patient survival on KRT was around 94% and similar for those initiating KRT 2007–2009 or 2010–2012 (adjusted HR: 0.98, 95% CI:0.71–1.35). Conclusions We found a stable incidence and increasing prevalence of European children on KRT 2007–2016. Five-year patient survival was good and was unchanged over time. These data can inform patients and healthcare providers and aid health policy makers on future resource planning of pediatric KRT in Europe.

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Predictors of poor health and functional recovery following road trauma: protocol of a British Columbian inception cohort study

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2021-049623 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (4) ◽

pp. e049623

Author(s):

Leona K Shum ◽

Herbert Chan ◽

Shannon Erdelyi ◽

Lulu X Pei ◽

Jeffrey R Brubacher

Keyword(s):

Resource Use ◽

Healthcare Resource ◽

Healthcare Providers ◽

Healthcare Resource Use ◽

Physical And Mental Health ◽

Inception Cohort ◽

Policy Makers ◽

Productivity Costs ◽

Poor Outcome ◽

Lost Productivity

IntroductionRoad trauma (RT) is a major public health problem affecting physical and mental health, and may result in prolonged absenteeism from work or study. It is important for healthcare providers to know which RT survivors are at risk of a poor outcome, and policy-makers should know the associated costs. Unfortunately, outcome after RT is poorly understood, especially for RT survivors who are treated and released from an emergency department (ED) without the need for hospital admission. Currently, there is almost no research on risk factors for a poor outcome among RT survivors. This study will use current Canadian data to address these knowledge gaps.Methods and analysisWe will follow an inception cohort of 1500 RT survivors (16 years and older) who visited a participating ED within 24 hours of the accident. Baseline interviews determine pre-existing health and functional status, and other potential risk factors for a poor outcome. Follow-up interviews at 2, 4, 6, and 12 months (key stages of recovery) use standardised health-related quality of life tools to determine physical and mental health outcome, functional recovery, and healthcare resource use and lost productivity costs.Ethics and disseminationThe Road Trauma Outcome Study is approved by our institutional Research Ethics Board. This study aims to provide healthcare providers with knowledge on how quickly RT survivors recover from their injuries and who may be more likely to have a poor outcome. We anticipate that this information will be used to improve management of all road users following RT. Healthcare resource use and lost productivity costs will be collected to provide a better cost estimate of the effects of RT. This information can be used by policy-makers to make informed decisions on RT prevention programmes.

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